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除草剂安全剂作用机理研究进展 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
除草剂安全剂是一类可在不影响除草剂对靶标杂草活性的前提下,有选择性地保护作物免受除草剂伤害的特殊用途化合物,有关安全剂作用机理的研究对新安全剂的开发具有重要意义。目前关于除草剂安全剂的作用机理主要有4种观点:1)影响除草剂在作物体内的吸收和转运;2)与除草剂竞争靶标位点;3)影响靶标酶的活性;4)增强作物对除草剂的代谢。文章对近年来安全剂作用机理及安全剂对杂草的影响等研究进展进行了综述,并分析了当前存在的问题及未来的研究方向,旨在为深入研究安全剂的作用机理及新安全剂开发提供参考。 相似文献
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除草剂药害是除草剂实际使用过程中难以回避的问题,解决除草剂药害问题最为直接且有效的方法是使用除草剂安全剂。除草剂安全剂是一类选择性保护作物免受除草剂药害而不影响除草剂对靶标杂草除草活性的农用化学品。目前已发现一些商品化安全剂在长期使用过程中对农业生态环境存在一定风险。天然产物除草剂安全剂是来源于动植物及微生物体内的内源性化合物,由于其结构新颖且对生态环境相对友好,因此以其为除草剂安全剂有望解决商品化安全剂对环境存在潜在风险的问题。本文综述了以天然产物作为除草剂安全剂在发掘方法、结构与种类、缓解除草剂对作物药害效果等方面的研究进展,归纳了现有天然产物安全剂保护作物免受除草剂药害的作用机理;总结和展望了天然产物安全剂在田间推广应用的局限性以及今后的研究方向,可为该类安全剂在防范除草剂药害的实际应用以及相应产品的研发提供指导。 相似文献
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咪唑啉酮类除草剂的应用及降解 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
咪唑啉酮类除草剂虽具有高效广谱的特点,但有较长的残留活性,长期使用会造成作物药害,并且会制约正常的作物轮作。因此,如何解决其残留问题已成为目前的重要课题。本文介绍了咪唑啉酮类除草剂的种类和特性,阐述了此类除草剂在杂草体内的作用方式、代谢机制、应用情况及其在土壤中的降解途径,并对该类除草剂的应用与降解研究进行了展望。 相似文献
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大多数除草剂都是通过特殊酶的抑制而产生杀草作用的。因此,以靶标进行分子设计,鉴定化合物分子结构中的活性团,开发能有效杀死杂草、而不伤害作物并对动物及环境安全的除草剂品种有着重要意义。本文着重对各种不同类型靶标酶在除草剂的研究与开发过程中的应用加以阐述。 相似文献
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C. FEDTKE 《Weed Research》1987,27(3):221-228
inhibitory activities of existing graminicides on root regeneration from monocotyledonous (oat) and dicotyledonous (soybean) plant cuttings in the light, in the dark and on algal growth were compared with the respective inhibitory activities of the new herbicide 2-(2-benzothiazo-lyl-oxy)-N-methyl-N-phenylacetamide (mefenacet). The mefenacet activity spectrum resembled that of the α-chloroacetamide herbicides. Herbicide groups of other structure-activity can be distinguished by their distinct activity spectrum. The mono-oxygenase inhibitors piperonyl but-oxide (PBO) and 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) were found to antagonize the inhibitory activities of herbicides from the thiolcarbamate, α-chloroacetamide, and oxyacetic acid amide structure groups in the oat rooting and leaf growth tests. The critical evaluation of the presently available information on graminicide and safener mode of action suggests the concept that lipid biosynthesis on the physiological level and mono-oxygenase type enzymes on the biochemical level may hold the target sites for many of the graminicides and safeners discussed. 相似文献
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除草剂的应用为农业生产带来便利, 但长期、单一使用某一种或相同机制的除草剂也引发了杂草对除草剂的抗性问题。抗性杂草种类逐渐增加, 抗性形成机制复杂, 导致农田杂草的治理难度增加。杂草对除草剂的抗性机制主要分为两种, 一种是除草剂靶标位点基因的突变或过量表达导致的靶标抗性, 另一种是杂草对除草剂吸收、转运、固存和代谢等一个或多个生理过程发生变化导致的非靶标抗性。本文综述了杂草对9类不同作用方式除草剂的非靶标抗性机制的生理、生化和分子基础的研究进展, 以期为抗性杂草综合治理提供参考。 相似文献
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Theodoulou FL Clark IM He XL Pallett KE Cole DJ Hallahan DL 《Pest management science》2003,59(2):202-214
Herbicide safeners are known to protect monocotyledonous crops from herbicide injury by accelerating the metabolism of herbicides. We have investigated the effects of the safener cloquintocetmexyl, which protects small-grain cereals against the graminicidal herbicide, clodinafop-propargyl. Subtractive suppression hybridisation was used to identify wheat genes which are up-regulated by treatment not only with cloquintocet-mexyl but also with phenobarbital, which is known to stimulate xenobiotic metabolism in animals and plants. DNA sequences of five glutathione transferases (GSTs) belonging to three different classes and a multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP) homologue were identified in the screen. The chemical inducibility of these clones was confirmed by Northern analysis. The MRP protein was shown to be induced by treatments with cloquintocet-mexyl and phenobarbital and to be localised to the tonoplast. Since clodinafop-propargyl is not known to be metabolised by glutathionylation, the significance of GST induction is interpreted in terms of a generalised response to chemical stress, particularly the generation of active oxygen species. This work establishes herbicide safeners as useful tools for the identification of genes encoding herbicide-metabolising enzymes. 相似文献
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Kevin B. Kelley 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2007,89(1):1-11
Auxinic herbicides mimic the effects of natural auxin. However, in spite of decades of research, the site(s) of action of auxinic herbicides has remained unknown and many physiological aspects of their function are unclear. Recent advances in auxin biology provide new opportunities for research into the mode of action of auxinic herbicides. Of considerable interest is the discovery of auxin receptors (TIR1 and possibly ABP1) that may lead to the discovery of auxinic herbicide site(s) of action. Knowledge of auxin-conjugating enzymes and auxin signal transduction components may shed new light on herbicide activity, selectivity in dicots, and mechanisms leading to phytotoxicity in sensitive plants. Analysis of genes induced in response to auxin may provide a novel approach for detection of off-target herbicide injury in crops. For example, the auxin-responsive gene GH3 is highly and specifically induced in response to auxinic herbicides in soybean, and may offer a novel method for diagnosing auxinic herbicide injury. Advances in our understanding of auxin biology will provide many new avenues and opportunities for auxinic herbicide research in the future. 相似文献
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为探讨除草剂与安全剂混用对杂草的防治效果及对糜子安全性的影响,以‘榆糜2号’为试验材料,在糜子三叶期选取两种茎叶型除草剂——阔世玛 (3.6% 二磺 ? 甲碘隆水分散粒剂)和锐超麦 (20% 双氟 ? 氟氯酯可湿性粉剂)与两种安全剂——芸苔素内酯(brassinolide, BR )和赤霉素(gibbrellic acid, GA)进行混合喷施,同时设置人工除草对照 (CK1)和清水对照 (CK2),测定药害指数、杂草防效、糜子叶片叶绿素相对含量、叶片活性氧代谢、地上生物量与产量的变化。结果表明:BR可完全消除低剂量阔世玛的药害,使高剂量阔世玛的平均药害指数显著下降58.2%;GA可完全消除低剂量锐超麦的药害,使高剂量锐超麦的平均药害指数显著下降81.7%;添加安全剂后药剂的杂草防效降低1.7%~18.0%,但总体防效较好。除草剂与安全剂混用,在一定程度上提高了糜子叶片超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性和叶绿素含量,显著降低了丙二醛 (MDA)含量;与单施除草剂相比,低剂量阔世玛、高剂量阔世玛与BR混合喷施后,糜子叶片SOD活性分别在抽穗后7 d及28 d内明显上升;锐超麦与BR或GA混合喷施后,糜子叶片SOD活性在抽穗后7 d内显著升高。与单施除草剂相比,阔世玛与BR或GA混合喷施,在糜子抽穗后21~28 d时地上生物量显著增加;低剂量锐超麦与BR混用在抽穗后14 d内以及高剂量锐超麦与GA混用在抽穗后28 d内,地上生物量显著增加。除草剂与安全剂混合喷施后显著增加了糜子产量,其中,600 g/hm2 的阔世玛与0.015 g/hm2 的BR混用、100 g/hm2 的锐超麦与14.7 g/hm2 的GA混用的产量最高,分别较CK2增加了26.1%和27.9%,比单施除草剂的分别增产了4.6%和11.6%。研究结果可为糜子田除草剂的安全应用及利用植物生长调节剂缓解除草剂药害提供科学依据。 相似文献