Control of the European grapevine moth<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lobesia botrana</Emphasis> in Greece by the mating disruption technique: A three-year survey

During 1996–1998 mating disruption trials were conducted on all three generations of the grapevine mothLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lep., Tortricidae) in a 25-ha vineyard situated at Spata, Attiki, Greece. Shortly before the beginning of the first flight period ampoule-type pheromone dispensers were set up lining a 6.5-ha rectangular plot. Around the dispenser zone a protection belt was created whereBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and selective insecticides were applied against the second and third generation larvae. The protection belt was 35 m wide and covered 3.5 ha. The rest of the vineyard was divided into the reference plot — where conventional insecticide treatments were implemented to control both carpophagous pest generations, and the untreated control plot — which measured 1 ha. Male catches within the dispenser zone were virtually zero. Nevertheless, no difference was apparent between the percentage of mated females from within and outside of the dispenser zone. Attractant was released from the dispensers throughout the season at a rather constant rate, but by the middle of the third flight period dispensers were found to be almost empty. During the 3 years of the survey pest pressure was often at exceptionally high levels. The effectiveness of the mating disruption technique (MDT) was found to vary with year and pest generation. MDT was used against the first (anthophagous) generation with rather poor results. In the following carpophagous generations results were comparable to control measures with insecticides used and sometimes slightly better. The density of the pest population in the pheromone-treated vineyard as compared with the untreated control, was reduced on average by 67% in the second and by 57% in the third generation. MDT therefore did not accomplish sufficient crop protection. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2003.     

Mating disruption for the control of Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) may contribute to increased effectiveness of natural enemies

BACKGROUND: New directives on sustainable use of pesticides have encouraged research on efficient alternative pest control methods. In the case of the California red scale (CRS), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), this imperative, along with the many difficulties in controlling this pest, have led to the investigation of new approaches. Previously developed mating disruption (MD) dispensers, together with the augmentative releases of the parasitoid Aphytis melinus DeBach, are here considered as a combined strategy for use against A. aurantii. RESULTS: Efficacy of MD was demonstrated by a mean reduction of 80% in CRS male catches and a mean fruit damage reduction of 83% compared with the control. A delay in the development of A. aurantii instars was observed in the MD plot. This delay increased the period of exposure of the susceptible instars to natural enemies, which resulted in higher predation and parasitism levels in the MD plot. Under laboratory conditions, A. melinus mating behaviour and effects on A. aurantii were not significantly altered in a CRS-pheromone-saturated environment. CONCLUSION: Mating disruption pheromone did not affect the behaviour or level of parasitism by A. melinus or the incidence of other generalist predators. Therefore, A. aurantii pheromone appears to be compatible with augmentative releases and biological control, making its use a good strategy for CRS management. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of reservoir dispenser height on efficacy of mating disruption of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple

BACKGROUND: The effect of varying the height of reservoir dispensers for mating disruption of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), was investigated. The goal was to improve the effectiveness of C. pomonella mating disruption through improved understanding of adult distribution within the tree canopy and the impact of pheromone dispenser placement on disruption. Two dispensers per tree were placed at 2 m and 4 m and/or one dispenser at each height on the tree at a label rate of 1000 units ha^?1. Monitoring traps and tethered female moths were deployed in plots at 2 and 4 m heights to assess treatment effects by catches or matings respectively. RESULTS: Fewest male moths were captured with all dispensers placed at 4 m. Female mating was lowest, and with least variation between females tethered at 2 and 4 m, when dispensers were placed simultaneously at 2 and 4 m (28% mated). Mating was 32% with both dispensers at 4 m, 38% with both dispensers at 2 m and 46% in the no disruption control. Mating was highest across treatments when females were tethered at 2 m and dispensers placed at 4 m (40%), and when females were tethered at 4 m with dispensers placed at 2 m (46%). CONCLUSION: Traps at 4 m in trees captured more male moths than traps at 2 m, regardless of disruption dispenser positioning. Female mating was lowest when dispensers were placed simultaneously at 2 and 4 m, suggesting that current recommendations for placement of reservoir dispensers in tree crowns may be suboptimal. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of pheromone emission on the attraction of California red scale males in citrus orchards

Attraction of California red scale males, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), to different release rates of the sex pheromone compound 3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate was evaluated in field trials. This study was aimed to study pheromone emission-response correlations and the existence of an optimum release rate that maximizes trapping efficacy. Release profiles of the pheromone dispensers deployed were determined by gas chromatography to estimate the various emission rates tested. The results reveal that the mean number of A. aurantii males caught correlates with the daily pheromone release rates by means of a quadratic model. The obtained model indicates the existence of a relative maximum of the captures corresponding to an optimum release rate of ca. 300 μg/day. Higher emission rates (up to 1 g/day) resulted in lower captures. Implications for the mating disruption technique are discussed.     

Control of the pink bollworm <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pectinophora gossypiella</Emphasis> by the mating disruption technique on cotton in a semi-arid region of Turkey

This study evaluated the effectiveness of mating disruption pheromones for the pink bollworm (PBW) Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) and determined the damage levels of cotton plants in Turkey in 2007 and 2008. Adult populations were monitored by pheromone traps, with 250 pieces ha⁻¹ of PBW rope dispensers used for each treated field of approximately 12 ha. Calculations were based on comparing cotton yield in the control field with that in treated fields. The PB-Rope L dispensers significantly decreased both number of males in the pheromone traps and cotton boll damage. Results showed that PB-Rope L dispenser application during the square period of cotton plants effectively reduced damage. Cotton yield of treated fields was increased compared with control fields by 20.28% and 10.28% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Infestation ratios were determined by comparing cotton bolls collected from treated fields with bolls from control fields; the results were 25% and 15% for control fields and 16% and 4% for treated fields in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Larval densities in the control fields were higher than those in the treated fields in both years. Results showed that the PB-Rope L dispensers released pheromone satisfactorily to disrupt pest mating.     

Plant volatile compounds shorten reaction time and enhance attraction of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella) to codlemone

BACKGROUND: The codling moth is the most serious pest of deciduous tree fruit (apples, pears, crabapples, walnuts, quince) worldwide. The high frequency of insecticide treatments per season has resulted in breakdown of codling moth control owing to insecticide resistance. As an alternative, integrated pest management includes mating disruption to achieve population suppression in orchards. Under this scheme, the sex pheromone of the codling moth, (E, E)‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol (codlemone), is released from dispensers in crops to hinder mating by luring males. Increasing the attractiveness of codlemone formulations to codling moth males can be regarded as a key to increasing the efficacy of mating disruption. With this aim, the effects of adding plant volatiles on the behavioural responses of codling moth males to codlemone were tested. RESULTS: Adding R(+)‐limonene, linalool, (E)‐β‐farnesene or ethyl (E, Z)‐2,4‐decadienoate to codlemone significantly increases the proportion of males flying to the pheromone source in a wind tunnel. The response level is equivalent to that of males responding to females releasing codlemone. Using real‐time recordings, it is shown how these four plant products also shorten the response time of males to codlemone under the behavioural criteria time to activation, time till upwind flight is induced and time to pheromone source contact. CONCLUSION: Shortening the response time and increasing source location by males of dispensers releasing codlemone with R(+)‐limonene, linalool, (E)‐β‐farnesene or ethyl (E, Z)‐2,4‐decadienoate added would enhance mating disruption through better engagement of males with dispensers, to the detriment of females. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

梨园梨小食心虫性信息素迷向防治技术

为明确梨小食心虫性信息素迷向散发器对单植梨园和毗邻苹果园的梨园内梨小食心虫的防治效果和合理使用密度,本研究于2012、2013和2014年在山西省运城市采用每根含270 mg梨小食心虫性信息素的散发器进行了梨小食心虫迷向防治试验。结果表明,单植梨园和毗邻苹果园的梨园以600、900和1200根/hm²处理,对梨小食心虫的迷向率逐年提高,且高密度处理迷向效果更好;连续使用3年后,梨小食心虫的蛀果率显著低于对照园,单植梨园内防治效果分别为80.00%、90.00%和90.00%,毗邻苹果园的梨园则分别为69.23%、84.62%和84.62%,单植梨园效果好于毗邻苹果园的梨园。综合防治成本和效果,建议单植梨园可使用900根/hm²密度处理,毗邻苹果园的梨园使用1200根/hm²以上密度处理,并建议大面积连片使用3年以上。     

Mating disruption of the pine processionary caterpillar by pityolure

Mating disruption obtained by the release of pityolure at 1 or 3.6 g/ha from rubber and cardboard dispensers, largely prevented oviposition by the moths of the pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tarns). However, as the prolonged flight period of the moths necessitates repeated pheromone application, it is doubtful whether mating disruption can replace conventional control methods.     

Field electroantennogram and trap assessments of aerosol pheromone dispensers for disrupting mating in Epiphyas postvittana

An electronically controlled aerosol system for mating disruption was evaluated against Epiphyas postvittana Walker in apple orchards in New Zealand. The area in which male moths were affected by the aerosol system was examined using catches in traps radiating from a central single-point source of either one aerosol can dispenser or 100 polyethylene tubing dispensers, compared with catches in orchard plots without pheromone dispensers. Both pheromone dispensing systems decreased moth catch to similar levels at 5-10 m from the central release point, but there was 5.5-fold more pheromone released from aerosol cans than from polyethylene dispensers over a 24 h period. Trap catches were reduced by about 90% in plots treated with either five aerosol cans per hectare or uniform deployment of polyethylene dispensers. Recordings of electroantennograms in open grassed plots and orchards indicated that the treated cotton pad of an aerosol dispenser and a point source of 100 polyethylene tubing dispensers produced similar electroantennogram recordings. Electroantennogram recordings provided evidence that pheromone plume detection from a single-point source was maintained over a range of 5-40 m downwind in the orchard. On present evidence, aerosol pheromone dispensers could not be recommended for further testing towards control of E. postvittana under New Zealand conditions owing to their higher cost of purchase and operation.     

Studies on the development of a mating disruption system to control the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Povolny (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

BACKGROUND: The tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta Povolny) has rapidly colonised the whole Mediterranean and South‐Atlantic coasts of Spain, and it has become a key problem in both outdoor and greenhouse crops. New control methods compatible with biological control are required, and mating disruption appears to be a perfect method in current agriculture, as it is an environmentally friendly and residue‐free technique. IPM packages tested have included the use of pheromones to detect populations, but there has not been much previous research on mating disruption of T. absoluta. In this work, pheromone doses varying from 10 to 40 g ha^?1, emitted at a constant rate over 4 months, were tested in greenhouses with different levels of containment in order to evaluate the efficacy of mating disruption on T. absoluta. RESULTS: Trials on containment level revealed that the flight of T. absoluta was satisfactorily disrupted with an initial pheromone dose of 30 g ha^?1, and levels of damage did not significantly differ from those in reference plots with insecticide treatments. Later efficacy trials confirmed previous experiences, and release studies showed that control of damage and flight disruption were taking place when releasing at least 85 mg pheromone per ha per day. CONCLUSION: Effective control using pheromone application against T. absoluta can be achieved, in greenhouses with high containment levels, for 4 months, with initial doses of 30 g ha^?1. Further research must be conducted in order to evaluate the prospect of outdoor application of mating disruption systems. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Development of single-dispenser pheromone suppression of Epiphyas postvittana, Planotortrix octo and Ctenopseustis obliquana in New Zealand stone fruit orchards

BACKGROUND: Pheromones of two native leafrollers of economic importance to the New Zealand horticulture industry, Planotortrix octo [(Z)‐8‐tetradecenyl acetate and tetradecyl acetate] and Ctenopseustis obliquana [(Z)‐5‐tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)‐8‐tetradecenyl acetate], were reinvestigated and combined with pheromone of Epiphyas postvittana [light‐brown apple moth, (E)‐11‐tetradecenyl actetate and (E, E)‐9,11‐tetradecen‐1‐yl acetate] to develop a single dispenser for mating disruption of three pest species for integrated pest management. RESULTS: Additional compounds identified from pheromone gland extracts were characterised as repellents for P. octo. However, for C. obliquana from Central Otago, a change in ratio of (Z)‐5‐tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)‐8‐tetradecenyl acetate and the addition of three compounds found in the gland (dodecyl acetate, tetradecyl acetate and hexadecanal) led to a significant improvement in catch over previous lures. Males from Central Otago showed antennal electrophysiological responses to hexadecanal, unlike C. obliquana from Auckland, which did not. Three multiple‐species disruption blends were devised in a single dispenser to target E. postvittana, P. octo and C. obliquana. Disruption of traps was recorded in single‐tree replicates with all three blends, but the five‐component blend was overall most effective at disruption and was deployed area wide in commercial orchard plots. CONCLUSIONS: Deployment of single dispensers into commercial stone fruit orchards led to disruption of trapping for the three species and measurable reductions in insecticide use in cherries, peaches and nectarines without increased fruit damage (assessed in apricots). Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Control of the codling moth (cydia pomonella) in apple and pear orchards in Israel by mating disruption

Control of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), by pheromone-mediated mating disruption, was studied in Israel using two types of dispensers: Shin-Etsu twist-tie (normal and long-life) and TNO matrix formulation (square wafers). Factors affecting mating disruption: initial pest population density, timing of the pheromone application, early season insecticide treatments and monitoring of the pest, were evaluated. Efficacy of mating disruption was assessed by comparing catch of males in pheromone traps located in pheromone-treated and chemically sprayed control plots. Fruit infestation during the season and at picking time was the major criterion to assess mating disruption. The preferred time for pheromone application was before the first flight of the moth. When pheromones were applied at a later stage, one or two early insecticide sprays had to be used to reduce the initial level of the codling moth population. In all tests, trap catch in pheromone-treated plots was drastically reduced as compared with respective control plots. In pheromone-treated plots where total seasonal trap catch (after pheromone application) was less than 12 males/trap, fruit infestation was less than 1.5%; zero trap catch resulted in 0.1-0.3% infestation. At high population levels, mating disruption was ineffective, with the rate of infestation at picking-time being similar in pheromone-treated and control plots. All the field tests indicated that mating disruption with either Shin-Etsu ropes or TNO squares can control codling moth infestations in apple and pear orchards, at relatively low densities of the pest, as efficiently as commercial insecticide sprays.     

Pheromone-based communication disruption ofAdoxophyes orana on peach using the new RAK 3+4 dispensers and their effect on development of fruit rot diseases

The effectiveness of the pheromone-based communication disruption method was examined against the summerfruit tortrix,Adoxophyes orana F.v.R. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a pest of peach trees, using the new RAK 3+4 dispenser (BASF). NoA. orana males were captured in pheromone traps inside the experimental orchards, which were saturated with the RAK 3+4 dispensers. The percent of damaged leaves was practically zero, while the level of damaged fruits was 0–6% in pheromone-treated orchards. The percentage of fruit rot caused byMonilinia laxa was lower in pheromone-based communication disruption orchards than in the control. It was concluded that the RAK 3+4 dispenser could be used againstA. orana as an economical and environmentally friendly method.     

Life history parameters and scale-cover surface area of Aonidiella aurantii are altered in a mating disruption environment: implications for biological control

BACKGROUND: In recent years, environmentally safe measures to control the California red scale (CRS), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), have been successfully implemented. These measures include mating disruption (MD) and biological control. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of high concentrations of the CRS sex pheromone on its life history parameters and scale‐cover surface area under controlled laboratory conditions. RESULTS: The developmental time of both males and females of CRS increased with exposure to airborne pheromone. MD had an effect on both the total number of progeny and on the crawler production period for females. Accordingly, demographic parameters such as net fecundity (R₀) and intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) were significantly lower in the pheromone‐treated populations. The largest scale‐cover surface areas were observed in the CRS reared in the pheromone environment. CONCLUSION: A clear influence of airborne pheromone on the biology of CRS has been demonstrated. In addition to the classical mating disruption benefits of this technique, additional benefits, such as increase in the duration of exposure to natural enemies and increase in size, which benefits some species of parasitoids, have been confirmed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Optimisation of the pheromone blend of the swede midge,Contarinia nasturtii,for monitoring

BACKGROUND: The swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer, is a serious pest in crucifers. Its pheromone is a blend of (2S,9S)‐diacetoxyundecane, (2S,10S)‐diacetoxyundecane and (2S)‐acetoxyundecane. The pheromone is used in monitoring traps, and this study examines possible ways to optimise the traps. RESULTS: Two dispenser types were compared: polyethylene dispensers and cotton dispensers. Polyethylene dispensers attracted male C. nasturtii for more than 6 weeks, whereas cotton dispensers were attractive for only 2 weeks. All three pheromone components were important for attraction of male midges in the field. The importance of the stereoisomeric compositions of the pheromone compounds was also tested—both in the wind tunnel and in the field. In the case of 2,9‐diacetoxyundecane and 2‐acetoxyundecane, the non‐natural stereoisomers did not inhibit male C. nasturtii attraction, whereas one or both of the stereoisomers of 2,10‐diacetoxyundecane did. CONCLUSION: Pheromone traps with the synthetic pheromone in a 1:2:0.02 ratio emitted from PE dispensers were highly effective and long lasting. As the mixture of stereoisomers of 2,10‐diacetoxyundecane strongly inhibited attraction of male C. nasturtii while those of 2,9‐diacetoxyundecane and 2‐acetoxyundecane did not have any inhibitory effect, it is possible to produce traps that are effective and long lasting but cheaper to produce and maintain. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Sex Pheromone Traps for Monitoring the European Vine Moth,Lobesia botrana: Effect of Dispenser Type,Pheromone Dose,Field Aging of Dispenser,and Type of Trap on Male Captures

The effects of dispenser type, pheromone dose in the dispenser, aging of dispenser in the field, and trap type on trapping efficiency of males of the European vine moth,Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), were investigated. LB Pherocon caps and locally manufactured septa were equally effective in attracting males to traps. Within the range of 0.1 to 100 μg pheromone/dispenser, response of males increased positively with the pheromone dose. Within the first 7 days tested, pheromone loads of 1 or 10 mg/dispenser were significantly less attractive to males than 0.1 mg/dispenser. The effect of aging of the dispenser (loaded with 1 mg pheromone) in the field on trapping efficiency was significant. Captures in traps baited with 4- and 5-week-old septa were significantly lower (by 24%) than those in traps baited with 1-week-old septa. The fairly slow loss of attractancy exhibited by rubber septa indicates that septa may be kept in traps for at least 5 weeks. The release rate of the pheromone from the Israeli dispensers (1 mg loaded) was measured in a flow system. The emission of the pheromone decreased gradually as a function of age, correlating well with the lower trap catches of field-aged septa. Release rates were reduced by 56%, 70% and 84% after 4, 5 and 6 weeks, repectively. The nonsticky IPS trap was as effective in capturing the European vine moth males as the sticky Pherocon 1C trap. The possibility of using the non-sticky, nonsaturating and easy-to-handle IPS traps may lead to better and easier monitoring of the European vine moth populations.     

Efficacy of mating disruption technique against carob moth,Apomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in pomegranate orchards in Southeast Turkey (Şanlıurfa)

Carob moth, Apomyelois (=Ectomyelois) ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a key pest in pomegranate orchards in Southeast of Turkey. The pest causes significant damage and reduces marketability of fruits, and is difficult to control with insecticides. Therefore, it is imperative to develop environmentally sound effective alternative management approaches. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the mating disruption technique and determine the appropriate application dose for the management of the pest. The study was carried out in Central and Suruç districts of ?anl?urfa province (Turkey) in 2011 and 2012. SPLAT EC (Specialized Pheromone-Lure Application Technology) trade named dispenser containing 2% Z7, E9-11-dodecatrienyl formate pheromone mimic was applied at 500, 625 and 750 g/ha in three pomegranate orchards in each district. Results indicated that mating disruption technique significantly reduced the pest populations. But effectiveness of the method was less in terms of the damage rate on fruits. Pheromone applied at 500 g/ha was not effective. However, application at 625 g/ha reduced the pest populations to an acceptable level. Thus, the concentration could be considered an appropriate dose for the less abundant pest population within integrated pest management while higher population would require combining the mating disruption method with a bio-insecticide.     

高浓度性信息素和杀虫剂胁迫下梨小食心虫种群特征和为害

为了明确高浓度性信息素和杀虫剂胁迫对梨小食心虫的种群特征与为害的影响，2019—2020年连续2年在山西省运城市梨园内测定了性信息素迷向、杀虫剂等不同处理条件下，梨小食心虫种群数量、交配率以及蛀果率的动态变化。结果表明：2年内迷向防治区、迷向＋杀虫剂防治区、杀虫剂防治区与空白对照区内梨小食心虫种群发生动态基本一致，但各处理区梨小食心虫种群数量逐年递减；其中，迷向＋杀虫剂防治区梨小食心虫种群总量显著低于其他防控区，单个诱捕器诱蛾量分别为98.20头和67.20头；同时，迷向防治区和迷向＋杀虫剂防治区，梨小食心虫的交配率和蛀果率也显著降低。综上所述，性信息素迷向和杀虫剂结合能更好地压低梨园梨小食心虫种群数量，降低其交配率和为害。研究结果为进一步提升梨小食心虫性信息素迷向防治效果提供了科学依据。     

Mobile mating disruption of light-brown apple moths using pheromone-treated sterile Mediterranean fruit flies

BACKGROUND: Public opposition to aerial application of sex pheromone for mating disruption of light‐brown apple moth (LBAM), Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.), in California stopped its further use in the ca $ 74 million eradication programme in 2008, underscoring the need for other eradication tactics. It is demonstrated that pheromone‐treated sterile Mediterranean fruit flies (medflies), Ceratitis capitata Wied., can disrupt communication in male moths. RESULTS: Medflies topically dosed with moth pheromone (E)‐11‐tetradecenyl acetate showed a no observed effect level (NOEL) of ～10 µg fly^?1, with increasing toxicity from 30 to 100 µg fly^?1. Greater potency and longevity of attraction and lower mortality were achieved using microencapsulated pheromone. Releases of 1000 pheromone‐treated medflies ha^?1 prevented male moth catch to synthetic lures in treated 4 ha plots for 1 day in suburban Perth, Australia. Releases of ca 3000 pheromone‐treated medflies ha^?1 disrupted catch to single female moths in delta traps, and to synthetic pheromone lures. Percentage disruption on the first four nights was 95, 91, 82 and 85%. CONCLUSIONS: Disruption of moth catch using pheromone‐treated medflies is a novel development that, with future improvement, might provide a socially acceptable approach for application of the insect mating disruption technique to control invasive insects in urban environments. Adequacy of payload and other issues require resolution. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

我国昆虫性信息素技术的研发与应用进展

昆虫性信息素是昆虫性成熟后求偶时所分泌的能引诱同种异性个体以进行交尾的微量挥发性化学物质,具有种的特异性,因此广泛应用于害虫的监测与防治。近年来,我国在昆虫性信息素的工业化合成、纯化、稳定,缓释生产工艺的改进和完善,各种干式诱捕器的开发研制,智能化性诱测报技术研发,以及多种害虫田间性诱实用技术试验示范方面取得了一系列进展,极大地促进了重大害虫的监测预报和绿色防控。本文详细介绍和比较了群集诱杀技术的诱芯、诱捕器种类及其应用特点,交配干扰技术的释放器及其智能化的原理、种类和应用特点;系统总结了求偶与交配之间的关系、性信息素引诱力和专一性,以及生物和非生物因子对群集诱杀和交配干扰效果的影响;总结了群集诱杀和交配干扰技术在水稻、玉米、蔬菜、果树、棉花等作物重要害虫中的应用进展。最后,分析了当前性信息素技术研发与推广应用中仍存在的问题,并提出了改进对策及建议。