Problems of implementing compulsory integrated pest management

Compulsory integrated pest management poses a number of challenges and issues for debate. Some of are discussed with reference to European Union requirements set out in Annex III of Directive 128/2009. Requirements on the use of plant protection products bring with them problems with dose reduction in the light of a resistance prevention strategy, the lack of threshold levels, the necessity of chemical treatments and the limited availability of effective products of biological origin. Use of preventive measures of pest control faces barriers related to profitability and a lack of knowledge on the part of farmers. Challenges to control the system, as well as the fact that some legally enforced rules are not suitable for all crops, seem also to be an issue. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Implementation of integrated pest management in Israel

Supervised control programs were initiated by the Extension Service in the deciduous orchards of Upper Galilee and the Golan almost 20 years ago. The integrated pest management (IPM) project on fruit crops and vines, launched as a systematic state-wide program in 1991, covered 23% of the total acreage at the end of 1996. The program has reached a critical mass and generates a steady demand for this new kind of advisory service. The project has set the right pattern for intensive and continuous collaboration among research, extension and grower. The program has been successful in reaching out to growers with the help of a newly formed group of local and regional pest scouts; the field-level implementation is the responsibility of the extension system. A reduction of approximately 30% in the use of pesticides has been achieved. The project prepares the ground for environment-friendly and sustainable cropping systems, generating produce competitive on both the local as well as foreign markets. The program on indoor vegetables, flowers, herbs and spices initiated in 1992, had to address first the problem of the sweetpotato whitefly. The field program methodology relies on the establishment of model farms and plots. The model plots are used to examine supervised control scenarios which could, in turn, be diffused to all growers. A 30-50% reduction in the use of pesticides was achieved on the model farms. The program represents an integration of supervised control, fully fledged IPM, and biological control practices. The program on corn and cotton covers the entire acreage under these two crops. The cotton program is supported by an integrated resistance management component. Three area-wide pest management programs were initiated: in the Arava and Bet She’ an valleys, and in the Golan.     

番茄潜叶蛾综合防控技术研究进展

番茄潜叶蛾Phthorimaea absoluta Meyrick起源于南美洲的秘鲁,是一种世界检疫性入侵害虫,目前已经扩散到全球100多个国家,严重威胁全球番茄产业。该虫于2017年入侵我国新疆伊犁,之后在南方多个省份相继被发现,且呈现扩散趋势,危害范围加大。本文从农业防治、化学防治、生物防治、物理防治等方面总结番茄潜叶蛾原发地和入侵国的防治进展及治理经验,并结合我国实际提出建议,为国内番茄潜叶蛾的有效治理和抑制其扩散提供参考。     

诱杀技术在害虫综合治理(IPM)中的应用

基于昆虫趋光性和趋化性的诱杀技术是害虫综合治理(IPM)中的一项重要措施,已被广泛应用于农林害虫的监测与防治。本文系统综述了诱虫灯、色板等趋光性诱杀技术和植物源挥发物、昆虫信息素等趋化性诱杀技术在害虫防治中的应用,并提出了将来诱杀技术的研发重点和应用前景,进一步探明昆虫趋光性机制和嗅觉通讯机制,开发适用于靶标害虫精准诱杀的特异性趋光谱,提高信息化合物引诱效果的田间应用技术等。     

Economics of integrated pest control in protected crops

Decision-makers in the protected crop environment face similar pest-management decisions, in economic terms, to growers of field crops or grain store managers. As a result, the principles of economic thresholds, cost: benefit analyses and risk minimisation apply equally to each of these systems. Growers are faced with several general classes of pest-control decisions: the general control strategy to adopt, and then tactical questions such as when to start control and when to stop or change control practices. However, there are a number of aspects of protected crops which require a somewhat different view of the problem. Several economic models for these questions are examined. The high density of protected crops means that a great deal is at risk at any one time. The protected environment reduces uncertainty about losses, but by optimising temperatures and humidities it increases the probability of loss. The feeling of being able to “control” the environment may extend to pests as well, increasing the use of standard pesticide or biocontrol programmes, rather than responsive pest management based on thresholds. The relatively small scale of protected crops, their accessibility for inspection and the high level of management skills involved in their production improve prospects for monitoring and predicting crop levels, insects and diseases, thus reducing uncertainty. However, the high probability of loss may reduce the value of gathering information, and encourage growers to rely on standard prophylactic procedures which allow them to devote management effort to more productive activities, such as marketing. The balance may be shifted towards more information-based decisions in the future to try to avoid excessive pesticide use because of more stringent regulations on pesticide residues and changing market demand for more organic produce. This may affect disease control in particular, where prophylactic biological control is not an option. At the policy level, feedback on environmental impacts to consumers and policy-makers is poor and decisions with expensive implications for the economy and for environmental quality may not be made in an optimal manner.     

Insecticide resistance management: Relationship to integrated pest management

Insecticide resistance management (IRM) is a component of integrated pest management (IPM) that has the goal of forestalling resistance development to all insecticides. Since the advent of the organochlorine insecticides in the 1940s, an average of about one class of insecticide has been lost every 10 years because of resistance. Effective insecticides are necessary for optimum IPM and are too important and too expensive a resource to be lost so rapidly. By adhering to the principles of IPM and utilizing other IPM components such as biological and cultural control, IRM has the potential of conserving the susceptibility of pests to insecticides. Although initial attempts of IRM appear to be successful, it is imperative that research to undergird IRM be greatly accelerated.     

生物防治——害虫综合防治的重要内容

本文阐述了生物防治在综合防治中的重要性和如何全面正确认识生物防治技术。指出生物防治技术在生产上的成功应用,必须要注意与其他植保技术协调。文章还介绍了国内外成功的生防实例和生防必须遵循的基本原则。     

对东亚飞蝗综合控制模式的探讨

阜南县位于淮北平原西南部,淮河及其支流谷河、洪河等流经本县。其中洼地面积452km2,占全县土地面积的24.5%,内有国家设置的蓄洪库和行洪区。地势低洼,旱涝灾害频繁,植被稀疏,杂草丛生,是东亚飞蝗栖息繁衍的适宜场所。由于特殊的气候条件和复杂的地形地貌,东亚飞蝗成为本县的历     

柑桔溃疡病发生特点及综合防治对策

柑桔溃疡病(Xanthomnas campestris pv.citri(Hasse)Dye是国际、国内植物检疫对象。目前该病在我国14个省(市)有发生,发生面积约8.7万hm2,虽然发生面积小,仅占柑桔种植面积的4.38%,但是对溃疡病柑桔生产和贸易造成了重大影响。柑桔是江西省农业的支柱产业,控制柑桔溃疡病的发生危害,确保柑桔生产安全,提高产量和果品质量,使其具有国内外市场竞争力,是当前江西省植物保护工作的重要内容之一。     

The integrated control concept and its relevance to current integrated pest management in California fresh market grapes

The foundation of an integrated pest management program involves valid treatment thresholds, accurate and simple monitoring methods, effective natural controls, selective pesticides and trained individuals who can implement the concept. The Integrated Control Concept written by Stern, Smith, van den Bosch and Hagen elucidated each of these points in an alfalfa ecosystem. Alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa L.) has a low per acre value, requires little hand labor and is primarily marketed in the USA. In contrast, fresh market table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) has a high per acre value, requires frequent hand labor operations, suffers unacceptable cosmetic damage and is marketed throughout both the USA and the world. Each of the components of a working IPM program is present in table grape production. Marketing grapes to foreign countries presents special problems with pests considered invasive and where residue tolerances for some selective insecticides are lacking. However, fresh market grape farmers are still able to deal with these special problems and utilize an IPM program that has resulted in a 42% reduction in broad‐spectrum insecticide use from 1995 to 2007. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Assessing the integrated pest management practices of southeastern US ornamental nursery operations

BACKGROUND: The Southern Nursery Integrated Pest Management (SNIPM) working group surveyed ornamental nursery crop growers in the southeastern United States to determine their pest management practices. Respondents answered questions about monitoring practices for insects, diseases and weeds, prevention techniques, intervention decisions, concerns about IPM and educational opportunities. Survey respondents were categorized into three groups based on IPM knowledge and pest management practices adopted. RESULTS: The three groups differed in the use of standardized sampling plans for scouting pests, in monitoring techniques, e.g. sticky cards, phenology and growing degree days, in record‐keeping, in the use of spot‐spraying and in the number of samples sent to a diagnostic clinic for identification and management recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: Stronger emphasis is needed on deliberate scouting techniques and tools to monitor pest populations to provide earlier pest detection and greater flexibility of management options. Most respondents thought that IPM was effective and beneficial for both the environment and employees, but had concerns about the ability of natural enemies to control insect pests, and about the availability and effectiveness of alternatives to chemical controls. Research and field demonstration is needed for selecting appropriate natural enemies for augmentative biological control. Two groups utilized cooperative extension almost exclusively, which would be an avenue for educating those respondents. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cultural practices and integrated pest management (IPM) in glasshouses1

Sufficient hygiene is an important instrument in preventing infestations of glasshouse crops. Since chemical soil sterilization is more and more restricted, soil-steaming and closed growing systems are coming more and more in use. With closed systems, the question of disinfecting the circulating nutrient solution arises. Screens of different mesh are being tested for the exclusion of pests from glasshouse crops. More and more attention is being paid to the influence of the glasshouse microclimate on the occurrence and spread of pests. Various aspects are discussed in relation to temperature, humidity, leaf wetness, radiation, etc.     

坚持综合治理有效控制小麦条锈病流行为害

天水市是全国小麦条锈病流行的核心区域。长期的防锈实践证明,必须走综合治理的路子,才能有效控制其流行为害。坚持生态治理,调整越夏区种植结构,压缩小麦种植面积,提高作物多样性,是控制小麦条锈病的根本途径;加大抗锈品种选育力度,提高品种整体抗锈水平,实行多品种、多抗源合理布局,是控制小麦条锈病的关键措施;加强预警体系建设,落实常规综防措施,是降低小麦条锈病灾害损失的有效手段。     

Bt maize and integrated pest management ‐ a European perspective

The European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), the Mediterranean corn borer (Sesamia nonagrioides) and the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) are the main arthropod pests in European maize production. Practised pest control includes chemical control, biological control and cultural control such as ploughing and crop rotation. A pest control option that is available since 1996 is maize varieties that are genetically engineered (GE) to produce insecticidal compounds. GE maize varieties available today express one or several genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that target corn borers or corn rootworms. Incentives to growing Bt maize are simplified farm operations, high pest control efficiency, improved grain quality and ecological benefits. Limitations include the risk of resistance evolution in target pest populations, risk of secondary pest outbreaks and increased administration to comply with licence agreements. Growers willing to plant Bt maize in the European Union (EU) often face the problem that authorisation is denied. Only one Bt maize transformation event (MON810) is currently authorised for commercial cultivation, and some national authorities have banned cultivation. Spain is the only EU member state where Bt maize adoption levels are currently delivering farm income gains near full potential levels. In an integrated pest management (IPM) context, Bt maize can be regarded as a preventive (host plant resistance) or a responsive pest control measure. In any case, Bt maize is a highly specific tool that efficiently controls the main pests and allows combination with other preventive or responsive measures to solve other agricultural problems including those with secondary pests. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

数据包络分析CCR在病虫防治综合评价中的应用

本文将数据包络分析中的CCR模型应用于农作物病虫防治效果的综合评价.该方法通过比较各种防治措施的投入和产出,确定一种成本最低,综合效果最好的防治策略.本文以各种防治措施对苹果果园病虫害进行防治的模拟数据为例,详细介绍了CCR模型在病虫综合防治评价中的应用.结果表明,CCR模型对各种防治措施进行综合评价时具有多输入和多输出且不依赖权重调整的优势,评价结果客观、易用.     

Pymetrozine: Selectivity spectrum to beneficial arthropods and fitness for integrated pest management

Pymetrozine is the first and only substance from the group of azomethine pyridines, a novel class of insecticides. The spectrum of activity covers sucking pests such as aphids, whiteflies and planthoppers.Tests were carried out in the laboratory and under field conditions to evaluate its impact on beneficial arthropods.In laboratory tests it demonstrated full selectivity against predaceous Coleoptera, Heteroptera, Neuroptera and the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri.Following a single application at 250/200g a.i./ha on cotton in Egypt and in the USA, the regular sampling of predators over a period of three weeks revealed a similar population development in the pymetrozine and the untreated control plots. On okra, a vegetable crop in Egypt, it suppressed populations of Aphis gossypii with two sprays at 100g a.i./ha for the whole observation period of 23 days. It also allowed the survival of predators.These positive features make pymetrozine an ideal component in situations where sucking pests have to be controlled and natural enemies can play a substantial role as complementary control tools.     

南方芦笋主要病虫害无害化综合治理对策

东山县是我国南方知名的芦笋主产基地,自1979年引种成功后,迅速发展,栽培面积达2000hm2,常年产量3万t,产值1亿元,出口创汇3千多万美元,2004年获得国家原产地认证。由于采取留母茎采收的连作栽培方式,随着连作年限增长,病虫害发生逐年加重,导致防治用药不断增加,从而加大产品农药残留和农田环境污染,直接影响芦笋产品质量和出口创汇。为此,我们通过多年调查和试验研究,总结出我县芦笋主要病虫害无害化综合治理措施,可供我国南方芦笋产区推广,其技术要点如下:     

Risks,forecasting and tactical decision-making in integrated pest and disease management1

The uncertainty of pest and disease outbreaks and the associated damage (risk) may limit the adoption of integrated farming systems. This risk can be reduced by preventive practices and by a selective use of pesticides based on monitoring and forecasts. Whether forecasts based on agrometeorological data may reduce risk depends mainly on the strength of the weather dependency of the host and the parasite and whether outbreaks can be forecast accurately and in time to allow control action. Pests for which the weather only sometimes enables an outbreak, or which exhibit long incubation periods, are good candidates for forecasts based on weather. Epidemics of wheat diseases are discussed as an illustration.