NaCl胁迫对骆驼蓬属植物渗透调节作用的影响

研究NaCl处理对骆驼蓬属植物幼苗生物量、植株中主要无机离子和有机溶质的含量及渗透调节能力的影响。结果表明,骆驼蓬在NaCl浓度小于200 mmol/L,骆驼蒿和多裂骆驼蓬小于100 mmol/L时促进根系和地上部干重的增加,超过相应浓度时,幼苗生物量明显下降。3种植物根系和叶片的Na 和Cl-含量随NaCl浓度升高而增加,NO3-含量及K /Na 比则下降,K 对Na 的选择性吸收和运输SK,Na增大,但多裂骆驼蓬叶片的离子运输SK,Na则降低,Ca2 、Mg2 含量有升有降。无机离子占总计算渗透势(COP)的68.37%~83.82%,但随NaCl浓度增大而降低;可溶性糖和氨基酸含量随NaCl浓度增大明显增加,有机酸和脯氨酸变化不明显。有机物质约占COP的16.18%~31.63%,且随NaCl浓度提高而增大。骆驼蓬、骆驼蒿和多裂骆驼蓬的渗透调节能力随NaCl浓度增加而增强,其中叶片的渗透调节能力大于根系,渗透调节能力骆驼蓬>骆驼蒿>多裂骆驼蓬,表明骆驼蓬比骆驼蒿和多裂骆驼蓬具有更强适应盐渍生境的能力。     

水分和盐分胁迫下春小麦幼苗渗透调节物质积累的比较研究

利用不同浓度NaCl和PEG处理3种不同基因型春小麦幼苗，在处理的第7天采样测定叶片组织含水量、胁迫伤害率、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖及无机离子Na^ 、K^ 含量。结果表明，在等渗条件下，NaCl胁迫引起的小麦叶片组织含水量的下降、胁迫伤害率的增大及叶片和根部的脯氨酸、可溶性糖、Na^ 、K^ 含量的增加，均大于PEG胁迫引起的变化。小麦改良品种京3377在盐分和水分胁迫下，其抗旱抗盐性都较强，而地方品种红芒麦抗旱抗盐性都较弱。     

硬枝碱蓬幼苗对盐旱胁迫的生理响应

以硬枝碱蓬幼苗为材料,通过NaCl和PEG6000设置不同程度的盐旱处理,对硬枝碱蓬苗期抗性生理指标进行测定,研究其的抗盐性和抗旱性。结果表明:1)与对照(0)相比,在NaCl为100~500 mmol/L范围内,随着NaCl浓度升高,硬枝碱蓬幼苗的相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著变化,脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈增加的趋势;2)与对照(0)相比,在渗透势为-0.7~-0.1 MPa范围内,硬枝碱蓬幼苗的相对电导率和丙二醛含量在高渗透时无显著变化,但在低渗透势时显著增加,脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、CAT活性随着渗透的下降呈增加趋势,POD活性随着渗透的下降呈先下降后增加的趋势;3)综合盐旱处理下硬枝碱蓬幼苗的生理指标变化,硬枝碱蓬幼苗表现出较好的抗盐性和抗旱性,但低渗透势(-0.7 MPa)会对其幼苗造成一定程度伤害。     

干旱胁迫下牛心朴子幼苗的抗旱生理反应和适应性调节机理

为探讨牛心朴子抵御干旱的生理反应和适应性调节机理，对其幼苗进行不同PEG（聚乙二醇）浓度和不同胁迫时间的处理。结果表明：各项生理反应主要受PEG浓度的影响，而受胁迫处理时间长短的影响较小；在10％－20％的PEG浓度胁迫下，叶片相对含水量、根系活力、根系及地上部生长量下降的幅度较小，根冠比、可溶性糖、Pro、K^ 上升的幅度也较小，表现出耐旱的生理特性；在25％的PEG浓度胁迫下，上述指标发生了很显著的变化，叶片相对含水量，根系活力明显下降，可溶性糖最大含量出现的时间较20％浓度胁迫提早3d，且较20％PEG浓度时的最大含量低，并在延长处理3d后进一步下降，根系和地上部的生长受到严重抑制,且地上部影响大于根系，根冠比显著增大，胁迫后期趋于恒定状态，生长几乎完全停止；在PEG浓度为25％的严重干旱胁迫下，处理9d时，其渗透调节物质的累积量开始下降，致使渗透调节效应减弱。研究表明，25％的PEG浓度是牛心朴子抗旱胁迫的最大适应阈值。     

冠菌素诱导水稻幼苗抗旱性的生理效应

以水稻日本晴为材料,在正常生长条件和用质量分数为17.5%的聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟干旱条件下,分析了0.1 μmoL/L冠菌素(coronatine,COR)处理对水稻幼苗生物量的积累、叶片中抗氧化酶[超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及过氧化物酶(POD) ]活性以及渗透调节物质(脯氨酸和可溶性糖)、可溶性蛋白、内源激素[脱落酸(ABA)、吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、茉莉酸甲酯(Me-JA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)和赤霉素(GA4)]含量的影响。结果表明:在正常条件下,COR处理对幼苗生物量的积累、抗氧化酶、渗透调节物质和可溶性蛋白的含量均无显著影响,但可增加其体内ZR和GA4 2种激素的含量;在模拟干旱胁迫条件下,COR处理可促进幼苗生物量的积累,维持较高的抗氧化酶活性,促进叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的积累,调节植物体内渗透势,维持[JP2]细胞膨压,同时促进ABA和ZR含量大量累积。研究结果表明,COR通过增强水稻叶片中抗氧化酶活性、调节体内渗透调节物质以及内源激素的含量,可改善水稻幼苗在干旱胁迫条件下的耐旱能力。     

硝酸钙浸种对低温下辣椒幼苗渗透调节物质的影响

分析不同浓度硝酸钙和钙调素拮抗剂漫种对低温下辣椒幼苗叶片中3种主要渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明,40 mmol/L硝酸钙浸种能显著增加低温下辣椒幼苗叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸含量.采用钙调素拮抗剂W7[N-(6-氨基己基)-5-氯-1-萘磺胺]浸种处理后,低温胁迫下辣椒幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量低于对照,说明Ca2 信号系统参与了调节辣椒幼苗抗寒过程中渗透物质的积累.     

盐和PEG胁迫对丝瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响

测试不同浓度NaCl和PEG胁迫条件下丝瓜幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖(SS)、叶绿素含量的变化情况.结果表明,在两种胁迫处理条件下,三种抗氧化酶活性均高于对照;MDA含量随NaCl处理浓度的增加先上升后下降, PEG胁迫条件下MDA含量随处理浓度的增加而下降;可溶性糖(SS)含量随NaCl处理浓度的增加先上升后下降,随PEG处理浓度的增加明显上升;两种处理条件下叶绿素含量均随处理浓度增加而下降.     

NaCl和Na2CO3对枸杞的胁迫效应

对5个月苗龄的枸杞幼苗用0.3%～0.9%的中性盐NaCl和碱性盐Na2CO3处理,以观察枸杞幼苗对盐碱的耐受程度.结果表明枸杞耐Na2CO3的最高浓度为0.3%,而耐NaCl的最高浓度为0.9%.在两种盐胁迫下,相对生长率、O2(-*)、 H2O2、 MDA含量以及质膜透性的变化趋势基本相似.但是,在Na2CO3胁迫下,相对生长率明显下降,O2(-*)、 H2O2、 MDA含量上升加剧,质膜透性也明显增加.叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量明显下降;可溶性糖和淀粉含量出现明显下降趋势.而在NaCl胁迫下,叶片可溶性糖含量出现先降后升的趋势,根中的淀粉含量也出现缓慢上升的趋势,并且二者差异显著(P<0.05),由此说明枸杞对盐的耐受力高于碱.     

NaCl和Na_2CO_3对枸杞的胁迫效应

对5个月苗龄的枸杞幼苗用0.3%～0.9%的中性盐NaCl和碱性盐Na2CO3处理,以观察枸杞幼苗对盐碱的耐受程度。结果表明:枸杞耐Na2CO3的最高浓度为0.3%,而耐NaCl的最高浓度为0.9%。在两种盐胁迫下,相对生长率、O2-·、H2O2、MDA含量以及质膜透性的变化趋势基本相似。但是,在Na2CO3胁迫下,相对生长率明显下降,O2-·、H2O2、MDA含量上升加剧,质膜透性也明显增加。叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量明显下降;可溶性糖和淀粉含量出现明显下降趋势。而在NaCl胁迫下,叶片可溶性糖含量出现先降后升的趋势,根中的淀粉含量也出现缓慢上升的趋势,并且二者差异显著(P<0.05),由此说明枸杞对盐的耐受力高于碱。     

盐旱胁迫下侧柏幼苗的生理响应及水杨酸的调控作用

以侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)幼苗为材料,采用根灌外施水杨酸的方式,探讨盐(200mM NaCl)旱(15%PEG6000)胁迫下侧柏幼苗的生长、叶绿素、活性氧代谢和渗透调节物质含量的响应变化以及水杨酸(0.5mM SA)对其的调控。结果显示:NaCl、PEG6000和NaCl+PEG6000三种胁迫处理抑制了侧柏幼苗的生长、叶绿素、抗氧化物酶(SOD和POD)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量显著增加,可溶性蛋白则降低,且均表现为复合胁迫介于单一胁迫之间,除GSH外,影响程度均为NaCl>NaCl+PEG>PEG;外施低浓度0.5mM水杨酸可提高侧柏幼苗的生长、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性和GSH含量、渗透调节物质含量,并降低了H_2O_2和MDA积累。研究发现,盐旱复合胁迫对侧柏幼苗生理特性的影响并不是单一胁迫的简单叠加,与单一干旱胁迫相比,盐旱复合胁迫在一定程度上能够缓解干旱胁迫对侧柏幼苗生长的影响;一定浓度水杨酸同样能够有效缓解盐旱单一或复合胁迫对侧柏幼苗造成的生理伤害,提高其抗性。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.