2011年烟台苹果产区腐烂病发病情况调查与原因分析

为了解2011年烟台苹果产区腐烂病的发生情况,2011年5月,在腐烂病发病较重的栖霞、海阳等地选择21个农户的果园,对腐烂病的发生情况进行了调查.结果表明,21个果园中具有新病疤的病株率为68.20％,死株率为2.76％,平均受害枝量为23.98％,死枝量10.74％,病株率超过50％的果园占25％～30％,总体发病情况比一般年份严重.调查共发现967块新病疤,平均每株2.32块,其中源自剪锯口的病疤占80.04％,从旧病疤复发的病疤占60.29％.2010年秋季的连续阴雨、冬季低温和2011年春季干旱可能是导致烟台苹果产区2011年春季腐烂病大发生的主要原因.剪锯口是腐烂病菌侵染的主要途径,旧病疤复发是春季腐烂病发病的主体.     

苹果轮纹病菌对多菌灵抗药性监测初报

苹果轮纹病 ( Macrophoma kawatsukai)是苹果产区重要病害之一[1 ] 。富士、金冠、元帅等品种历年发病较重 ,果实在采收期前后往往大量腐烂 ,造成很大的经济损失。以多菌灵为代表的苯并咪唑类药剂是防治该病最有效的内吸性杀菌剂 ,但是又具有高抗药风险性 ,病菌极易产生抗性使其失去防效。近期调查表明 ,河北保定郊区一些果园的轮纹病对该类药剂似有抗药性的迹象。但尚未见有关苹果轮纹病菌抗药性研究的报道。本研究的目的是筛选有效而简洁的测定苹果轮纹菌抗药性的方法 ,初步确定轮纹菌对多菌灵的敏感基线 ,为进一步查清苹果轮纹病菌的抗…     

应用10%世高水分散粒剂防治草莓、苹果等真菌病害

10 %世高水分散粒剂 (ＷＧ) ,是瑞士诺华公司生产的三唑类内吸性广谱杀菌剂。该药剂除对卵菌亚纲引起的病害 ,如霜霉病等外 ,对多数真菌病害均有良好的防治效果。 1997～ 1999年我们先后用该药进行了防治草莓白粉病、苹果轮纹病、炭疽病、斑点落叶病、梨树黑星病 5种重要病害的试验 ,现将结果报道如下。1　 10 %世高防治草莓白粉病草莓白粉病属草莓常见病害 ,保护地栽培因温度、湿度条件均适宜发病 ,所以比露地栽培区病情更重。为尽快筛选出防治草莓白粉病的优良药剂 ,1997年我们应用 10 %世高作参试药剂 ,进行了防治草莓白粉病药效试验。结…     

粉锈宁防治苹果梭疤病和白粉病

苹果梭疤病(Cylindrosporium mali)是一种树皮腐烂病害,近年在我国北方苹果产区有发展,大国光等品种感病重,发病后对树势影响较大。一般防治办法是结合果树修剪刮治病部,还可结合其他病害的防治减轻危害。三唑类杀菌剂粉锈宁,对梭疤病有效,可配制成2％糊剂,涂敷伤口。     

丙环唑·多菌灵40%悬乳剂防治苹果轮纹病田间药效试验

丙环唑·多菌灵40%悬乳剂防治苹果轮纹病的田间试验结果表明,于苹果轮纹病发病初期开始施药,600~800倍液连施7次,间隔7～8d,对苹果轮纹病有良好的防治效果,采收期平均防效88.25%,贮藏30d平均防效达82.14%。对果树生长安全,是防治苹果树轮纹病的理想药剂。同时延缓了抗药性并对环境友好,对果树生长安全,是防治苹果树轮纹病的理想药剂。     

产酶溶杆菌OH11代谢产物HSAF对梨树腐烂病的防治效果

HSAF(heat stable antifungal factor)是产酶溶杆菌Lysobacter enzymogenes OH11中分离鉴定的一种小分子广谱抗真菌和卵菌物质,为进一步明确HSAF防治梨树腐烂病的潜力,分别采用生长速率测定法、显微镜观察法和刮治涂抹法测定了HSAF对梨树腐烂病菌的室内毒力以及对梨树腐烂病的田间防治效果。结果表明,HSAF对梨树腐烂病菌有较强的生长抑制作用,EC50值为0.5μg/m L;HSAF可导致梨树腐烂病菌菌丝体出现扭曲、近顶端处分枝和顶端肿胀等畸形现象;40μg/m L HSAF凝胶剂对梨树腐烂病的涂治愈合率可达81.3%,与2.12%腐植酸铜水剂的涂治愈合率(85.3%)无显著差异;对于分枝裂口或冻伤处、向阴、主杆或中心枝上的病疤,经40μg/m L HSAF凝胶剂涂抹后的愈合率高于2.12%腐植酸铜水剂。对于剪锯口处和向阳或分枝上的梨树腐烂病病疤,经2.12%腐植酸铜水剂涂抹后的愈合率高于40μg/m L HSAF凝胶剂;两种药剂对不同位置病疤的涂治效果不同,可作互补使用。本研究结果为梨树腐烂病的田间防治提供了一种新的生防制剂,同时也可望为其他果树腐烂病害的防治提供生防药剂资源。     

长顺县高钙苹果主要病害的发生与防治技术

介绍长顺县高钙苹果斑点落叶病、褐斑病、轮纹病、白粉病、腐烂病、炭疽病等的发病规律和防治方法,以供果农参考。     

临沂苹果主要病虫的发生与防治

一、苹果腐烂病该病是临沂苹果树上的一种重要病害。病菌在染病树皮内越冬 ,主要借风雨传播 ,从树皮伤口侵入。在长势旺盛、抗病力强的苹果树上 ,病菌侵入后可长期潜伏 ,当树体衰弱 ,抗病力降低时 ,病菌开始活动 ,侵害活组织后使果树腐烂。在临沂 ,从２月下旬开始发病 ,３月中旬至４月上旬出现第１次发病高峰 ,５月初病部逐渐停止扩展 ,并产生大量分生孢子进行再侵染。到１１月份 ,苹果树逐渐进入休眠 ,抵抗力减弱 ,病疤迅速扩展 ,形成第２次发病高峰。管理粗放、施肥不平衡、大小年严重、早期落叶的果园发病重。防治措施 :１．加强管理强壮…     

4%增效农抗120对几种主要果树病害的试验效果

利用 4%增效农抗 1 2 0水剂 ,针对苹果轮纹病、苹果轮斑病、苹果炭疽病和梨黑星病 4种病害开展了室内和田间试验。对苹果轮纹病菌、炭疽病菌和轮斑病菌的室内抑菌试验采用平板稀释法测定 ,对梨黑星病菌采用孢子萌发法测定。室内对 4种病菌的EC50 分别为 1 .92、5.56、1 7.1 4、4 3 6mg/L。田间试验结果 :4%增效农抗 1 2 0浓度为 68mg/L防治 4种病害的效果分别为75 3 3 %、90 1 6%、73 2 2 %、81 61 % ,均高于对照药剂多菌灵 560mg/L防治 4种病害的效果     

中草药源杀菌剂“轮纹一扫光”对苹果枝干轮纹病防治作用研究

本文选苹果重要病害轮纹病作为研究对象，通过皿内抑菌试验、抑制孢子萌发试验、离体枝条及田间药效试验，研究中草药源杀菌剂“轮纹一扫光”对苹果枝干轮纹病的防治作用，以便为果农提供有效防治该病害的药剂。结果表明，在室内试验中，“轮纹一扫光”对菌丝生长、分生孢子器的产生、孢子的萌发有100%的抑制作用；在离体枝条的试验中，“轮纹一扫光”的保护效果为68.06%，治疗效果较好为87.26%；田间防治试验中，刮除病斑后“轮纹一扫光”的防治效果达到100%。该研究结果为苹果轮纹病的生物防治提供了新思路，对苹果病害的防治具有重要意义。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.