基施尿素对片麻岩新成土旱地谷子生长及土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响

本试验在片麻岩新成山地土壤上,设置0(CK)、N 120kg/hm2(N120)、N 225 kg/hm2(N225)、N 300kg/hm2(N300)4个施氮水平,布置田间微区试验,小区面积为10m2,研究了尿素不同施用量对旱地谷子生长及土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响。定位试验第二年的结果表明:在该试验条件下,N120处理谷子产量达到最高为4.76 kg/10m2,之后提高施肥量N225和N300处理的谷子产量并没有显著增加;从0~60 cm土壤剖面中硝态氮时空分布的差异可以看出:在施肥20 d后,N120、N225和N300处理NO3--N含量在0~40 cm土层显著增加,其中N225和N300处理NO3--N已经下移到40~60 cm土层。施肥80 d后,各施肥处理的硝态氮有一部分已经移出60 cm土层。到施肥96 d(谷子收获),N120、N225和N300处理比CK处理土壤剖面中NO3--N含量显著增加,且氮肥用量越高,土壤中NO3--N含量越高。     

氮、磷、钾肥对苜蓿产量、根瘤菌及养分吸收利用率的影响

试验以新牧4号紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L. cv. Xinmu No.4)为材料,采用"3414"施肥试验方案,研究氮、磷、钾配比施肥对苜蓿的产量、品质、根瘤菌数量等的影响,以期为苜蓿生产中科学施肥提供参考数据。试验结果表明:配比施肥能够提高苜蓿产量,氮、磷、钾配施的产量均大于对照,合理配比施肥增产高达92.02%;氮、磷、钾配施能够改变苜蓿品质性状,如60kg·hm~(-2)尿素+90kg·hm~(-2)过磷酸钙+30kg·hm~(-2)硫酸钾(N_1P_2K_1)组合,其粗蛋白和粗灰分含量最高,分别为18.45%、9.61%,中性洗涤纤维最低,为28.65%,均与不施肥差异显著;施肥能够促进苜蓿根瘤菌生长,提高养分吸收利用率,如不施肥根瘤数量最少,全氮、全钾含量最高的是N_1P_2K_1,其钾肥的利用效率也最高,为56.77%。综合成本-效益分析认为,试验区一年生苜蓿的最佳施肥配比是60kg·hm~(-2)尿素+90kg·hm~(-2)过磷酸钙+30kg·hm~(-2)硫酸钾。     

常用土壤杀菌剂和肥料对绿色木霉菌T23的影响

采用常规土壤微生物分离和真菌生物量测定等方法,检测6种常用土壤杀菌剂多菌灵、甲基托布津、福美双、代森锰锌、百菌清和五氯硝基苯;3种肥料尿素、过磷酸钙和硫酸钾;以及8种营养元素铜、锌、铁、钼、钙、锰、镁和钾对绿色木霉菌菌株T23菌丝生长、产孢及其在土壤中定殖的影响.不同杀菌剂、肥料和营养元素及其不同处理浓度处理对木霉菌株T23菌丝生长、产孢和定殖的影响差异显著,多菌灵和甲基托布津、尿素、硫酸锌和硫酸镁具有明显的抑制作用,20μg/mL多菌灵、甲基托布津原药对菌株123菌丝生长抑制率分别为100.0%和79.0%;0.23%尿素处理土壤21天后对根际定殖抑制率为35.6%;100mg/L硫酸锌和1000mg/L硫酸镁处理土壤21天后对木霉菌定殖的抑制率分别为31.1%和15.9%.适量应用代森锰锌、硫酸钾及二钼酸铵、硫酸钙、磷酸二氢钾等有利于木霉菌根际定殖.     

覆盖补水施肥对旱地小麦产量及土壤环境的影响

在覆盖补水条件下，设置了不同覆盖方式、不同补水时期、不同追肥时期和不同施肥量等试验。结果表明，地膜穴播产量较高，较对照增产41．3％，比膜侧条播增产21．1％。在覆盖基础上，底墒较差时，越冬前补水较对照增产30．5％；底熵较好时，拔节期补水较对照增产15％以上。在覆盖补水前提下，将常规的一次性施肥分别改为拔节、越冬和孕穗3个时期追肥，拔节期追肥产量比对照增产14．3％；越冬追肥增产9．0％。不同化肥施用量，N300P300K240产量较CK增产20．0％；次为N150P300K120及N150P225K120，再次为N225P225K180和N150P150K120。在不同施氮水平（纯N75kg/hm^2-300kg/hm^2）和不同施K2O水平（KWO60kg/hm^2-240kg/hm^2)中，产量随着施磷量的增加（P2O575kg/hm^2-300kg/hm^2)而增加。     

不同杀线剂对小麦孢囊线虫病的防治效果

小麦孢囊线虫病目前已在中国13个省(市区)的小麦种植区有发生与分布,其扩散与蔓延将直接威胁我国的粮食生产和经济安全,系统开展小麦孢囊线虫病的防治研究迫在眉睫.本文在大田条件下研究了5％涕灭威颗粒剂(aldicarb)、3％克百威颗粒剂(carbofuran)、5％硫线磷颗粒剂(cadusafos)、10％苯线磷颗粒剂(fenamiphos)和0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂(abamectin)等5种杀线剂各3个不同剂量在小麦返青期使用对小麦孢囊线虫病的控制效果.结果表明,各药剂处理均对土壤中孢囊线虫的繁殖有明显的抑制作用,但各处理间的校正孢囊减退率差异并不显著;不同药剂处理后的小麦株高、单株根重和单株鲜重均优于对照,且小麦产量与对照相比均有增加.其中0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂 30 kg/hm2处理后的校正孢囊减退率最大值为55.13％,且增产效果最好,增产率为18.54％;而0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂60 kg/hm2处理后小麦株高平均值最大,为59.32 cm,促进植物生长的效果明显.由于0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂能够明显抑制土壤中孢囊线虫的繁殖,同时促进植株生长并减少产量损失,因此,在小麦孢囊线虫重病田于小麦返青期施用0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂30 kg/hm2进行土壤处理,可在一定程度上减轻小麦孢囊线虫造成的损失.     

不同氮肥用量下乙草胺对土壤氮转化过程的影响

在实验室培养条件下,研究了不同氮肥用量水平下土壤中分别添加除草剂乙草胺对尿素态氮的水解、硝化及反硝化等氮素转化过程的影响。试验设7个处理,分别为施氮量0、75、150和300mg/kg以及氮75、150、300mg/kg+乙草胺(有效成分10mg/kg)处理。结果表明:当施氮量为75mg/kg时,乙草胺对尿素态氮的水解和硝化作用无明显影响;施氮量为150和300mg/kg时,乙草胺可抑制尿素态氮的水解过程(PP<0.01)。研究表明,施用乙草胺对土壤中氮素的转化过程具有一定影响,然而在不同的施氮量条件下,其影响效果差异较大,高氮时影响更明显。     

施肥对紫花苜蓿产量的影响

在青海大通县长宁地区采用四因素二次通用旋转组合设计,研究氮、磷、钾、硫肥的施用效果.结果表明:在该地区,随着氮、磷、钾、硫施用量的增加,苜蓿产量先增后减.施用量的最优组合为尿素225 kg/hm2,过磷酸钙675 kg/hm2,加拿大钾肥225 kg/hm2,硫磺粉15 kg/hm2.在低氮时,苜蓿产量随磷肥用量增加而增加,随钾肥用量的增加而先增后减;在高氮情况下,产量随磷肥用量先增后减,随钾肥用量增加而增加.在低磷的情况下.产量随氮肥用量增加而增加;在高磷情况下,随氮肥用量的增加产量变化不大,磷、钾配合,在一个因素固定后,另一因素随着施肥水平的增加苜蓿产量先增后减.在低磷条件下,增加硫肥的施肥量,苜蓿产量先增后减,在高磷条件下,增加硫肥施肥量的苜蓿产量逐渐增加.     

改土材料复配对风沙土质量的影响研究

为探讨最利于风沙土质量提升和酸枣生长发育的配施组合,以毛乌素沙地风沙土为研究对象,采用盆栽试验与大田试验相结合的研究方法,依据L₁₆(4⁵)正交试验设计方案,将蚯蚓粪肥、保水剂、复合肥及灌溉量进行复配,研究分析了不同配施处理对风沙土土壤质量和酸枣生长发育的影响。结果表明：1)蚯蚓粪肥、保水剂、复合肥和灌溉量配施较T1(CK)均能不同程度地提高土壤养分含量,以T3(Q₁B₃F₃S₃)和T10(Q₃B₂F₄S₃)对土壤养分的提升作用最为显著,即0kg/hm²蚯蚓粪肥、150kg/hm²保水剂、600kg/hm²复合肥、最大田间持水量的90%灌溉量配施和15000kg/hm²蚯蚓粪肥、75kg/hm²保水剂、900kg/hm²复合肥、最大田间持水...     

不同技术措施对蔬菜根结线虫种群的影响

采用土壤熏蒸结合水旱轮作、清除病残植株结合翻耕晒垡进行蔬菜根结线虫的田间防治。结果表明,两种措施均对蔬菜根结线虫2龄幼虫(J2)具有较好的防控效果。用化学杀线虫剂10%噻唑磷颗粒剂、10%硫线磷颗粒剂、5%丁硫克百威颗粒剂和3%氯唑磷颗粒剂实施了大田应用技术试验,结果表明,10%噻唑磷颗粒剂对根结线虫种群数量的控制作用最好,其制剂用量15kg/hm2处理后30d和60d对土壤中J2的相对防效分别为75.12%和95.18%。     

不同肥料组合对大豆产量、品质的影响及其经济效益分析

通过大田试验研究了8种不同肥料组合对大豆的产量性状及其产量、品质的效应.结果表明:90%常规施肥+低浓度生物菌剂+两次叶面肥处理的大豆产量性状最好,产量最高,达3 574.95 kg/hm2,经济效益分析结果表明,该组合肥料净收益最高,为1 578.15元/hm2;大豆籽粒的蛋白质含量和蛋脂总量也高于其他处理,蛋白质、...     

Metribuzin mobility in soil columns as affected by urea fertiliser

Application of urea fertilisers to soils influences the soil solution characteristics and thus may affect the sorption of soil-applied herbicides. The present investigation reports the influence of urea co-application on sorption and leaching of metribuzin, a triazine herbicide. Urea application at 60 and 120 kg N ha(-1) increased metribuzin sorption in soils over that in untreated natural soil. The Kf (Freundlich adsorption coefficient) values of metribuzin for natural, 60 and 120 kg N ha(-1) treatments were 0.43, 0.46 and 0.84 microg(1 - 1/n) g(-1) ml1/n respectively. Downward mobility of metribuzin was studied in packed soil columns (300 mm length x 59 mm i.d.) at two irrigation intensities, 720 m3 ha(-1) (72 mm) and 3600 m3 ha(-1) (360 mm). After 720 m3 ha(-1) irrigation, metribuzin did not leach out of any column and was not detected in the leachate. Urea amendment slowed the leaching of metribuzin by 20 and 40% in 60 and 120 kg N ha(-1) urea-treated columns respectively. Also, following urea application, greater amounts of metribuzin were retained in the application zone. Upon increasing the irrigation intensity fivefold, urea application did not have any effect on metribuzin mobility, and its breakthrough from both natural and urea-amended columns occurred after 126 mm irrigation. However, there was a marked difference in the maximum concentration of metribuzin in the breakthrough curves obtained from natural and urea-amended columns. The study indicated that co-application of metribuzin and urea fertiliser is a safe practice as far as leaching of herbicide is concerned.     

Effect of ammonium sulphate and other additives upon the phytotoxicity of glyphosate to Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv

In several pot and field experiments additions of 1–10% w/v ammonium sulphate and/or 0.1–2.5% w/v surfactant increased the phytotoxicity to A. repens of sprays containing 0.2–0.5 kg/ha glyphosate. There were similar results with technical glyphosate-isopropylamine salt and formulated ‘Roundup’. Higher ammonium sulphate concentrations were sometimes antagonistic. Additions of ammonium sulphate without surfactant generally had less effect on phytotoxicity. While several surfactants increased glyphosate activity the order of effectiveness of these products varied according to whether or not ammonium sulphate was also present. When used alone, relatively hydrophilic non-ionic or cationic products had more effect. In mixtures with ammonium sulphate, however more lipophilic surfactants gave superior results. Ammonium sulphate (5%) with a lipophilic cationic surfactant (0.5% Ethomeen C12) enhanced the effects of very low volume controlled-drop applications as well as conventional medium volume sprays. In a field trial 0.25 kg/ha glyphosate applied with those additives in 20 l/ha of spray had as much effect on bud viability as l kg/ha applied conventionally.     

丛枝菌根真菌与小麦孢囊线虫的相互作用

 近年来, 小麦孢囊线虫(cereal cyst nematodes, CCN:主要病原为燕麦孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae)对小麦(Triticum aestivum)的危害日益严重, 亟待探索新的生防途径。丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)作为环境功能生物, 对寄主植物具有生物药肥双重作用, 不仅能促进植物吸收利用养分, 而且能拮抗土传病原物、提高植物抗病性。本研究以AMF与CCN相互作用为切入点, 试图明确AMF与CCN相互作用关系, 并科学评价不同AMF抑制CCN、降低病害的效应。试验于温室盆栽条件下进行, 设接种AMF Gigaspora margarita(Gi.m)、Glomus mosseae(G.m)、Glomus intraradices(G.i)、Glomus versiforme(G.v)、Gi.m +G.m+G.i+G.v、CCN、CCN+Gi.m、CCN+G.m、CCN+G.i、CCN+G.v、CCN+Gi.m+G.m+ G.i+G.v和不接种对照(CK)共12个处理。结果表明, 接种AMF各处理均能降低小麦孢囊线虫侵染率、土壤中孢囊数和根内J2数量, 其中Gi.m处理抑制效果最大;CCN不同程度减少AMF侵入点数和产孢数量。Gi.m 和CCN+Gi.m处理的根内丛枝着生数量最多, 而后者根内的超氧化物歧化酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于其他处理、丙二醛含量则显著低于其他CCN+AM真菌处理。Gi.m和G.i处理的小麦株高、地上部干重高于其他处理;Gi.m 和CCN+Gi.m的处理的单穗重和单株产量均高于其他处理。表明AMF能不同程度拮抗CCN、促进小麦生长和提高产量, 其中, Gi.m是高效菌种。结论认为, AMF与CCN之间存在一定相互抑制作用, AMF能通过诱导植株防御反应拮抗CCN。     

Herbicides in Cotton—Combinations of Trifluralin with Other Products

Abstract

Results are given of a trial in which trifluralin, incorporated in the soil, at rates of 0.5 and 0.75 kg/ha, was combined with fluometuron at 1.6 kg/ha, and with prometryne at 1.0 kg/ha, both incorporated, pre- and post-em. and with noruron + MSMA (1.0:2.2) at 1.7 kg/ha post-em.

Best results were given by incorporated treatments of trifluralin + fluometuron (0.5 + 1.6) kg/ha, or by trifluralin incorporated at 0.5 or 0.75 kg/ha + fluometuron applied pre-em. at 1.6 kg/ha, or by trifluralin incorported at 0.75 kg/ha + prometryne applied pre-em. at 1.0 kg/ha.

It is recommended that noruron + MSMA (1.0:2.2) at 1.7 kg/ha be applied post-em. as a complementary treatment to trifluralin at 0.5 kg/ha in fields where Cyperus spp. are a problem.     

Response of transplanted rice to nitrogen fertilization under different weed management practices

Abstract

Rice yield increased significantly and consistently up to 120 kg N/ha when weeds were not controlled. But when weeds were effectively controlled by two hand weedings (20 and 40 days after transplanting) or by use of thiobencarb at 1–0 kg a.i./ha rice yield increased significantly up to 80 kg N/ha. The optimum dose of N for transplanted rice under mid‐hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh (Palampur) was 82 kg/ha when two hand weedings were done and 86 kg/ha when weeds were managed using thiobencarb. The yield response per kg of N in the respective treatments was 20 and 24 kg of grain. The weed dry weight was significantly lower in thiobencarb and hand weeded plots compared with unweeded check though the difference in weed dry weight due to the former two treatments was not significant.     

Weed control in direct-seeded lowland rice under poor water control conditions

Several herbicides applied singly and in combination were evaluated for weed control and for their effects on crop yield in direct-seeded lowland rice under poor water management conditions characteristic of the conditions in which lowland rice is grown by most farmers in West Africa. Several herbicides including cyperquat at 3.0 kg/ha, a mixture of cyperquat and 2,4-D at 2.0 + 0.5 kg/ha, bentazon at 2.0 kg/ha and avirosan satisfactorily controlled sedges in the 3-year study. Crop yield was consistently high in plots where weeds were controlled with post-emergence application of MCPA + propanil at 1.0+1.7 kg/ha, propanil + thiobencarb 2.2+1.2 kg/ha, oxadiazon 1.5 kg/ha, bentazon 2.0, granular 2,4-D at 1.0 kg/ha, and a pre-emergence application of bifenox at 2.0 kg/ha. Crop yields in plots treated with these herbicides were generally better than with two hand-weedings.     

Impact of 2,4-D on Ceuthorhynchidius horridus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their compatibility for integrated control of Carduus thistles

Acute and chronic effects of spring application of 2,4-D on adult C. horridus (Panzer) were examined by determining dose-mortality response and adult vitality. LC₅₀ values for males (70.2 kg/ha) and females (61.4 kg/ha) corresponded to 41.7 and 36.6 times, respectively, the recommended application rate of 1.68 kg/ha. Survival of weevils treated with 1.68 kg/ha was not different from untreated controls, but higher doses (16.8–147.8 kg/ha) caused significantly greater mortality. Adult vitality, measured by number of feeding marks per weevil and rate of weight change. was unaffected by the herbicide. When thistle infested fields were sprayed with 1.68 or 2.24 kg/ha of 2,4-D the host plants died, but the survival, reproduction, and population increase of C. horridus were not affected.     

旱作条件下施肥对老芒麦和冰草种子产量及构成的影响I-氮、磷、钾对牧草种子产量及构成的影响

对老芒麦和诺丹冰草种子生产田的施肥试验表明 ,N肥、P肥单施及 N、P和 N、P、K混施可使老芒麦实际种子产量及各产量构成因子指标有显著提高 ,但 N、P、K及 N、P混施效果优于 N肥、P肥单施。 N肥、P肥、K肥单施对诺丹冰草种子增产效应不明显 ,但 N、P、K混施对提高诺丹冰草种子产量及各产量构成因子指标有显著效应。在老芒麦种子生产中每公顷施用 1 2 0 kg的 N和 90 kg的 P可获得较高的产量 ;而在诺丹冰草种子生产中每公顷施用1 2 0 kg的 N和 60 kg的 P可获得较高的产量。施肥试验的结果亦提示 ,在旱作条件下 ,干旱年份施肥可能并不是一种较经济的提高产量的措施     

Efficacy of malathion seed treatments for chironomid control in aerially‐sown rice crops

Abstract

Malathion seed treatments were evaluated as a means of protecting aerially‐sown rice from attack by Chironomus tepperi Skuse and other chironomids in New South Wales, Australia. Four treatments were examined: malathion applied to seed at 150, 300, and 450 ga.i/ha, and malathion applied directly to water at 300 ga.i./ha. Chironominae were significantly suppressed for 10 days by all treatments, but populations were often significantly above control levels at 20 and 25 days post‐treatment. None of the treatments significantly reduced other chironomids(predominantly Tanypodinae) at any stage of the trial. Emergence trap data from control and water treatment bays showed that there was, in practical terms, only a single generation of C. tepperi during crop establishment, and that malathion applied directly to water at 300 ga.i./ha almost completely eliminated adult emergence in this species. Bioassays of field‐collected water samples showed that malathion dissipates readily from seed into the water column. Toxicity profiles over time for the 150 and 300 g a.i./ha seed treatments were statistically similar to that for the 300 ga.i./ha water treatment. Although the 450 ga.i./ha seed treatment provided slightly longer residual toxicity, control was not enhanced sufficiently to justify an increase in the existing application rate of 300 ga.i./ha.