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1.
通过卤虫初筛和花布灯蛾幼虫复筛,从土壤中获得1株具有较高杀虫活性的链霉菌,编号为LKY208,为明确该菌株的生防效果及分类地位,采用叶片浸渍法、饲料染毒法、玻片浸渍法及常规浸虫法分别测定了其对花布灯蛾、美国白蛾、小菜蛾、菜青虫、亚洲玉米螟、二斑叶螨、马铃薯瓢虫、桃蚜8种农林害虫的杀虫活性;并对该菌株发酵液的稳定性进行了初步研究,同时通过形态学和16S rDNA序列分析初步确定了其分类地位。结果表明:该菌株对8种试虫均有致死作用,杀虫谱广,其中对花布灯蛾的致死作用最强,48 h的校正死亡率达72.1%,菌株发酵液对温度耐受性强,在25~50℃杀虫活性稳定;pH 4~7范围内菌株杀虫活性较好,发酵液有较好的光稳定性、贮存稳定性和菌株遗传稳定性,具有较好的开发应用价值;经形态学和16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定菌株LKY208为雷格链霉菌Streptomyces regensis,此乃国内外首次报道将链霉菌应用于花布灯蛾的防治。  相似文献   

2.
苏云金芽胞杆菌分离过程中无晶体芽胞杆菌的分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本研究选择了在苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)分离过程中发现的与Bt芽胞相似、没有伴胞晶体的8株芽胞杆菌,对其种属、质粒等生物学特性和杀虫活性进行了初步研究.对分离菌株所产芽胞进行形态观察及质粒图谱分析,发现其与Bt相似;但肽指纹图谱分析和16S rDNA聚类研究表明所分离菌株与蜡样芽胞杆菌B.cereus(Bc)匹配最高;杀虫活性测定表明这8株菌对猿叶甲Colaphellus bowringi幼虫均无毒杀作用,而15-3、W23-1和W25-3 3个菌株及其培养上清液对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫有一定的杀虫活性,说明它们能产生活性物质.这些结果说明在Bt菌株的分离过程中要对无晶体菌株加以重视,其含有的活性物质具有潜在的研究和利用价值.  相似文献   

3.
本文对4株苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)的杀虫基因类型、杀虫蛋白表达类型、蛋白表达量以及杀虫活性进行了初步的评价分析。菌株PS9-D12和PS9-C12的基因类型与蛋白表达类型丰富,且其杀虫蛋白表达量是对照菌株HD-1的1.7倍。在相同培养条件下,制备菌株胞晶混合冻干粉对小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon的生测结果显示,菌株HD-1、PS9-D12、PS9-C12、PS9-D11和PS9-H9的LC50分别为0.71、0.19、0.14、0.24和1.16 mg·g^-1,菌株PS9-D12和PS9-C12的杀虫活性显著高于菌株HD-1(P〈0.05);此4株菌株对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫的校正死亡率均大于78%,它们对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua幼虫的活性均高于菌株HD-1;而对大猿叶甲Colaphellus bowringi幼虫均无活性。可见菌株PS9-D12和PS9-C12比商业化生产的HD-1有更好的杀虫活性,可作为Bt杀虫剂的候选材料。  相似文献   

4.
为了从微生物中筛选天然杀虫活性化合物,从牛筋草中分离到1株具有杀虫活性的内生放线菌砖红链霉菌Streptomyces lateritius CSF09。采用大孔吸附树脂提取和硅胶柱层析技术,从CSF09菌株发酵液中分离到1个杀虫活性成分,通过质谱和核磁共振波谱鉴定了其化学结构,并初步测定了该化合物对3龄粘虫幼虫和家蝇成虫的杀虫活性。结果表明:该菌株发酵液中的杀虫活性成分为4-甲氧基水杨醛,发酵单位约为13 mg/L;4-甲氧基水杨醛对家蝇和粘虫均表现出一定的触杀活性,其中对家蝇的LD50值为1.51 μg/头,对粘虫毒力较弱,以10 μg/头剂量处理时校正死亡率仅为36.6%;4-甲氧基水杨醛杀虫活性的突出特性是作用迅速,其击倒中时(KT50)大多在5 min以内。研究表明,4-甲氧基水杨醛具有一定的卫生杀虫剂开发应用潜力。  相似文献   

5.
草地贪夜蛾是一种世界性重大农业害虫,给玉米等多种主要粮食和经济作物造成严重危害。为实现对草地贪夜蛾的高效、绿色、持续防控,亟需筛选高毒力苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株资源。本研究以前期实验室储备的对斜纹夜蛾、小地老虎具有杀虫活性的363株野生菌株库为候选菌株,基于菌株杀虫基因差异及进化关系,去除冗余菌株后获得172株候选菌株。通过培养获取这些菌株胞晶混合物,进行杀虫蛋白定量后,测定杀虫活性,获得27株对草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫具有较高杀虫活性的菌株,其中菌株B14-D2的杀虫活性最高,LC50为0.155 μg/g。克隆了该菌株中的cry1Ea3基因并在HD73-无晶体突变株中表达,Cry1Ea3蛋白对草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫LC50为1.789 μg/g。本研究为新的Bt产品和杀虫基因的开发利用提供了丰富资源。  相似文献   

6.
一株粘质沙雷氏菌菌株的鉴定及对黄胫小车蝗的毒力测定   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
从粘虫自然病死虫尸中分离到一株产紫红色色素的昆虫病原菌HBZBS-1菌株,经鉴定该菌株为粘质沙雷氏菌,血清型为O-6型。生物测定结果表明,该菌株对黄胫小车蝗有很高的杀虫毒力,蝗虫感染4d后的死亡率达80%以上。  相似文献   

7.
以我国筛选出的对金龟科幼虫具有杀虫活性的HBF-1菌株为供试菌株,采用菌悬液与含有土豆丝的土壤混合饲喂幼虫的方法,测定了HBF-1菌株孢晶粉剂对华北地区主要金龟子幼虫的毒力,其敏感性依次为四纹丽金龟Popillia quadriguttata、黄褐丽金龟Anomala exoleta、蒙古丽全龟A.mongolica、铜绿丽金龟A.corpulenta和苹毛丽金龟Proagopertha lucidula,LC50为3.104、18.987、30.924、34.713和55.995μg/s土。HBF-1菌株悬浮剂防治花生田金龟子幼虫的田间小区试验结果表明,50倍液的虫口减退率为71.4%~75.4%,保果效果为58.7%~72.9%。在花生产量比较试验中,HBF-1菌株悬浮剂50倍液处理区比空白对照区的产量增加363.0—903.0kg/hm^2。HBF-1菌株悬浮剂施入草坪后可免受阳光中紫外线的照射,杀虫活性保持较长时间;经调查,HBF-1制剂在土壤中经过120天后仍保持杀虫活性。  相似文献   

8.
本文报道一株拟青霉代谢产物杀虫和生理活性的测定结果。室内试验表明:该菌株代谢产物对棉蚜、山植叶螨和菜青虫都有杀虫活性,以对棉蚜的杀虫效果最好,72小时棉蚜死亡率可达88.4%。田间喷雾处理48小时后,棉蚜死亡率可达86.4%。该菌株的代谢产物还具有一定生理活性,用小麦芽鞘切段伸长试法和黄瓜子叶扩张试法的测定表明,该代谢产物具有类似生长素和细胞分裂素的作用,值得进一步研究。  相似文献   

9.
为获得对大黑鳃金龟甲幼虫具有较高杀虫活性的菌株,利用拌土法测定了本实验室分离的500株苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)对大黑鳃金龟甲的杀虫活性,建立Bt菌株比较鉴别技术来进行多样性分析,并对菌株的晶体形态及幼虫感染Bt后的中肠组织切片进行观察。结果显示,从500株Bt菌株中筛选到42株对大黑鳃金龟甲幼虫具有不同程度活性的菌株,分属于14个菌株类型;其中有10株校正死亡率大于60%,261-1菌株杀虫活性最高,7 d校正死亡率达100%。从14个菌株类型中各选取1个代表菌株进行基因鉴定,仅P65-1、1126-1、FCD114和78-2菌株分别含有cry8Ma、cry8Ca、cry8Ab、cry8Ga、cry8Ea共5个cry8类新基因,其它10个菌株均不含cry3、cry8、cry18、cry23、cry37、cry43等对鞘翅目害虫有效的杀虫基因。14个菌株中,78-3、127-2和1198-1菌株能产生双锥体型晶体,261-1、FCD114、P65-1、FTL84、78-2和1126-1菌株能产生球形晶体。幼虫感染261-1、1198-1、FCD114、1126-1、QDL40-2菌株后,中肠组织发生明显的病理变化:2 d时肠壁细胞明显出现空洞化,排列疏松,4 d时受到严重破坏并脱离底膜。表明筛选到的Bt菌株具有防治大黑鳃金龟甲幼虫的潜力。  相似文献   

10.
苦楝内生真菌及其代谢产物的杀虫活性   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
在对290株苦楝内生真菌分离纯化鉴定的基础上,研究了30株具有代表性的内生真菌及其代谢产物的杀虫活性。结果表明其中5个菌株对马尾松毛虫5d校正死亡率大于60%,杀虫活性最强的KL042菌株经鉴定为球孢白僵菌。球孢白僵菌作为内生真菌,在国内尚未见报道。进一步选取杀虫活性较强的9株内生真菌,研究其代谢产物的胃毒和触杀活性,结果表明拟青霉KL017菌株发酵液10倍浓缩液对柳蓝叶甲胃毒活性最强,48h校正死亡率达90.09%。球孢白僵菌KL042、拟青霉KL017和交链孢KL062发酵液10倍浓缩液点滴马尾松毛虫前胸背板后,48h校正死亡率分别为76.67%、56.67%和53.33%。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

13.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

14.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

15.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

16.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

17.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

18.
Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.  相似文献   

19.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

20.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

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