双唑草腈对斜生栅藻的毒性效应

为了评价双唑草腈对水生生物生长的影响,以斜生栅藻为试验对象,在实验室条件下采用OECD推荐的生长抑制法,研究了双唑草腈对斜生栅藻的急性毒性及对光合色素含量的影响。结果表明,双唑草腈对藻细胞的生长具有不同程度的抑制作用,且该抑制作用与药剂浓度呈正相关性。当暴露时间为24、48和72h时,以生物量为指标,双唑草腈对斜生栅藻的EyC_(50)值分别为2.07×10~(-2)mg a. i./L、1.50×10~(-2)mg a. i./L和1.38×10~(-2)mg a. i./L;以生长率为指标,双唑草腈对斜生栅藻的ErC_(50)值分别为2.60×10~(-2)mg a. i./L、2.45×10~(-2)mg a. i./L和2.41×10~(-2)mg a. i./L,双唑草腈对斜生栅藻表现为高毒。同时,双唑草腈对斜生栅藻光合色素的影响因光合色素种类而异。随着双唑草腈浓度的升高,藻细胞中叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量及其比值C_a/C_b均表现出不同程度的下降趋势,双唑草腈与叶绿素a、叶绿素b之间均表现出明显的浓度-效应关系,双唑草腈对叶绿素a和叶绿素b的72h-IC_(50)值分别为1.68×10~(-2)mg a. i./L和2.33×10~(-2)mg a. i./L,而对藻细胞中类胡萝卜素的影响较小。结果表明,双唑草腈对斜生栅藻的生长影响较大,且对叶绿素a具有显著的抑制效应(p 0.05)。     

多效唑和PVA 对轻度干旱下多年生黑麦草幼苗抗旱性的影响

轻度干旱下,对聚乙烯醇(Polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)浸种预处理的多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)品种'旋风'的幼苗叶面喷施不同剂量(150、300、450 mg/m2)的多效唑,探讨PVA浸种及叶面喷施多效唑处理对多年生黑麦草生长及幼苗抗旱性的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,2%PVA浸种的多年生黑麦草成苗率提高0.13倍(P＜0.01),叶片相对含水量提高0.03倍(P＜0.05);2%PVA漫种 叶面喷施150 mg/m2多效唑处理的多年生黑麦草叶片相对合水量增加0.04倍,SOD、POD和CAT活性分别提高0.40、0.44和0.17倍,MDA含量降低51.58%.植株生长高度降低42.57%,差异均显著(P＜0.05),且比单独喷施多效唑、单一2%PVA漫种的抗旱效果显著;2%PVA浸种处理下,300～450 mg/m2多效唑缓解轻度干旱对黑麦草的胁迫作用明显或显著降低.综合效应表明,2%PVA浸种预处理 叶面喷施150 mg/m2多效唑处理能有效减轻水分匮乏对幼苗的胁迫并廷缓植株生长,处理效果最佳.     

铬砷及其交互作用对黑麦生理的影响

通过测定黑麦叶片叶绿素和浸出液电导率来揭示铬(Cr)、砷(As)及其交互作用对植物生长的影响及生态效应机理。结果表明:(1)As处理浓度小于70 mg/kg时,随着As浓度的增大黑麦叶片叶绿素含量增加,但随着As浓度的增大对叶绿素合成的刺激作用逐渐减弱;随着As浓度的增大,叶片浸出液电导率增高。(2)Cr处理浓度小于100 mg/kg时,对黑麦有很强的毒害作用,导致叶片浸出液电导率增高;但叶绿素a b较对照有增大趋势。(3)交互处理中,Cr的加入会抑制低浓度As(小于10 mg/kg)对叶绿素a b合成的刺激作用,但随着As浓度的增大,Cr的抑制作用消失;As的加入加强了Cr对叶绿素a b合成的刺激作用。交互作用中As比Cr对黑麦叶绿素含量的影响大。(4)Cr的加入会使叶片浸出液相对电导率增加;低浓度As(小于30 mg/kg)抑制了Cr的毒害作用,使得浸出液相对电导率值降低,但随着As浓度的增加(大于30 mg/kg),叶片浸出液电导率增大。     

5%多效唑悬浮剂促进花生生长药效试验

花生Arachis hypogaea为豆科作物,是优质食用油主要油料品种之一,是我国重要的经济作物。多效唑是20世纪80年代研制成功的三唑类植物生长调节剂,是内源赤霉素合成的抑制剂,对作物生长具有控制效应,可以延缓植物生长,抑制茎秆伸长,缩短节间,增强植物抗逆性,提高作物产量。为了研究多效唑对花生生长的促进作用,笔者于2010年用5%烯效唑可湿性粉剂作对照,进行了5%多效唑悬浮剂促进花生生长的田间药效试验。     

不同化学及营养调控措施配合对旱地冬小麦生长及产量的影响

黄土高原南部旱作区,田间试验不同化学及营养调控措施对小麦生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,施氮可以明显促进小麦分蘖,使用植物生长调节剂及其与微量元素(MnSO4)配合对小麦分蘖有促进,其中以多效唑及其与MnSO4配合处理较为突出;多效唑处理降低了小麦株高。植物生长调节剂及其与MnSO4配合增加了小麦叶面积和叶片的SPAD值,其中多效唑 MnSO4 甜菜碱处理的叶面积及SPAD值的增加尤为突出。采用多效唑、MnSO4和甜菜碱以及多效唑和MnSO4配合显著提高了小麦产量,较清水对照产量分别提高了1 014.7kg/hm2和640.5 kg/hm2。说明不同的化学及营养调控措施可以有效地调节小麦生长,提高作物产量。     

4-羟基-3-甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯的生物活性及其除草作用机制

为明确以天然产物阿魏酸为母体进行化学结构改造得到的化合物4-羟基-3-甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯的生物活性及其除草机制,利用茎叶喷雾法和小杯法测定其对马唐和反枝苋的生物活性,基于生理生化指标及功能基因表达量对其除草作用机制进行研究。结果表明:4-羟基-3-甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯对马唐茎叶鲜重抑制中浓度IC50为46.27 mg/L;对反枝苋胚根和芽的IC50分别为129.94 mg/L和147.33 mg/L,且在500 mg/L浓度处理时可抑制反枝苋种子萌发;对拟南芥根长的IC50为43.82 mg/L,在160 mg/L浓度处理时拟南芥几乎停止生长、叶片发黄、根毛堆积。该化合物以1 000 mg/L浓度处理马唐叶片2、3、8 h后,电导率较对照组分别增加了22.70%、18.46%和25.62%;1 000 mg/L浓度处理下叶绿素a/b为2.43,较对照的3.62显著下降;处理后叶表微观结构观察发现化合物浓度越大,植物叶片表皮毛倒伏和褶皱越严重;拟南芥AT4G04820基因表达量显著下降,在处理45 min时下降最显著,与对照组相差42.52倍,微管蛋白含量下降,造成微管解离,从而抑制植物生长。表明4-羟基-3-甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯具有较强的除草活性,可能通过破坏细胞结构、抑制光合作用及阻止根生长等途径使杂草生长受到抑制甚至死亡。     

不同氮水平下化学调控对旱地冬小麦生长及产量的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同氮水平下分阶段采用多效唑及其与6-BA配合对小偃6号和小偃22两小麦品种生长及产量的影响.结果表明,多效唑浸种显著增加了小麦的单株分蘖,拔节初期喷施多效唑明显降低了两品种的株高.不同生长阶段使用生长调节物质均增加了两品种的叶面积和叶片叶绿素SPAD值,尤其以灌浆初期喷施6-BA后对成熟期叶片SPAD值的增加幅度最为突出,表明其具有延缓叶片衰老,延长叶片功能期的效果.采用多效唑及其与6-BA配合进行分阶段化学调控具有明显增产作用,其中多效唑与6-BA相结合处理较清水处理小麦产量提高了601.2 kg/hm2,增产幅度达显著水平;小麦穗粒数和千粒重的增加是其籽粒增产的主要原因.由此可见,在小麦生长的不同阶段采取不同的化控措施,可以有效地调节小麦生长发育,达到提高作物产量的目的.     

低浓度Cu和Cd复合污染对小白菜生理生化特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同质量浓度Cu(0,25,50,100,200 mg/kg)和Cd(0,1.0,10.0 mg/kg)及其复合污染对小白菜生理生化指标的影响。以不添加Cu和Cd为对照组。结果表明,小白菜外观正常,没有出现Cd中毒症状,但是Cd-Cu复合处理组小白菜的生物量、叶绿素a、叶绿素总量、叶绿素a/b值都低于对照及单一处理组,Cu、Cd复合处理对叶绿素a的影响程度大于叶绿素b;复合处理组的细胞膜透性明显低于单一处理组,硝酸还原酶(NR)活性显著高于对照及单一处理组,过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性高于相同浓度Cd单一处理组。     

水分胁迫后复水对豌豆叶片叶绿素含量的影响

采用盆栽人工控水法,研究了水分胁迫及复水对豌豆叶片叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:苗期水分胁迫,豌豆叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量上升,均显著或极显著高于对照水平;叶绿素a与b的比值(a/b)则呈现先增大而后又减小的趋势;初花期短历时水分胁迫,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量均显著高于对照水平,长历时胁迫后,叶绿素各组分含量均低于对照水平;a/b值也是呈现先增大而后又减小的趋势;荚果充实期短历时胁迫后,豌豆叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素总量高于对照水平,叶绿素b则是轻度胁迫高于对照水平,重度胁迫低于对照水平,a/b值轻度胁迫接近对照水平,重度胁迫高于对照水平;水分胁迫10 d后,叶绿素各组分含量均下降;复水后,叶绿素各组分均表现出了一定程度的补偿效应,且苗期与初花期水分胁迫后复水的补偿效应高于荚果充实期。     

液相色谱法同时测定水溶性肥料中4种植物生长调节剂

用高效液相色谱法同时测定了水溶性肥料中赤霉素、氯吡脲、噻苯隆、多效唑4种植物生长调节剂,色谱柱为C18不锈钢柱,流动相为乙腈＋磷酸0.05％水溶液,采用紫外检测器.结果表明赤霉酸在2～80mg/L、氯吡脲、噻苯隆、多效唑在1～40mg/L的范围线性相关系数良好.4种植物生长调节剂的平均回收率为100.48％～103.68％,相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.53％～4.08％.     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.     

甲基硫菌灵标样的制备

本文介绍了用进口甲基硫菌灵样品，采用溶剂萃取，高速离心，重结晶，高效液相色谱，红外光谱等分析方法进行系统分离与鉴定，得到其标样的方法。