首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
为探究施肥与灌水方式对糯玉米各生育期株高、叶面积指数、产量品质及水氮利用率的影响,以晋糯41号为材料进行田间试验,设置I0(播种期75%θf~85%θf,苗期~拔节前期65%θf~75%θf,拔节后期~孕穗期70%θf~80%θf,孕穗期~开花期70%θf~80%θf)、I1(播种期75%θf~85%θf,拔节后期~孕穗期75%θf~85%θf)2种灌水方式,F0(N、P、K肥全部基施)、F1(N、K肥基施30%+拔节期30%追施+大喇叭口期追施40%,P肥全部基施)和F2(N、K肥基施30%+大喇叭口期追施70%,P肥全部基施)3种施肥方式。结果表明:不同施肥水平F1、F2相比F0可增加株高2.86%~4.29%,增加叶面积指数6.47%~11.61%,增加鲜穗产量0.63%~8.42%,提高水分利用效率6.41%~21.34%,提高灌溉水利用率1.94%~21.88%,提高氮肥农学效率10.02%~19.80%,I1水平效果更加显著,I0相比I1在F0、F1、F2施肥方式下分别可增加鲜穗产量13.57%、5.54%、8.59%,增加籽粒产量16.14%、2.77%、6.49%,I1水平相比I0水平可减少灌水量29.55%、37.02%、25.20%,减少土壤耗水量20.82%、22.01%、13.44%,增加灌溉水利用率11.50%、33.31%、17.57%,增加水分利用效率4.09%、18.69%、6.51%。研究表明F1I0处理为最优水肥管理方案。  相似文献   

2.
为明确干旱胁迫下不同叶位光合、荧光特性的变化规律,进而选择出典型叶片来准确测量干旱条件下植株光合、荧光参数,以实现干旱条件下植株光合能力的快速评价。研究通过盆栽试验对不同干旱处理下(充分供水(CK):75%~85%田间持水量;中度胁迫(MS):65%~75%田间持水量;重度胁迫(SS):55%~65%田间持水量)辣椒幼苗不同叶位叶片的光合、荧光特性进行比较分析。结果表明:充分供水时,随叶位的增加,气体交换参数(净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率)、叶绿素含量、叶面积、叶绿素荧光参数(光化学淬灭系数、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学量子产量)均呈先增大后减小的趋势,在第3叶位达到最大值;在干旱条件时,各叶位的参数随水分胁迫程度的增加在1~3叶位逐渐减小,4~6叶位先增加后减小,并在第4叶位达到最大值(CiF0Fv/FmNPQ除外);水分胁迫对辣椒叶片光合作用影响较大,MS与SS处理,第3叶位的Pn分别较CK下降14.05%和55.91%,第4叶位的Pn MS处理较CK增加25.20%,SS处理较CK降低15.42%;第3、4叶位是对辣椒幼苗生长具有主要贡献的叶片,但在水分胁迫条件下,第3叶位光合参数、叶面积、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的变异系数较第4叶位更大,尤其对于Ci、Chlb、F0,在光合参数、叶绿素参数及叶绿素荧光参数中变幅最大,其第3叶位的变异系数分别较第4叶位增大了133.33%,180.00%及200.00%。第3叶位对于水分胁迫更加敏感,因此,在干旱胁迫实验中,宜选用第3叶位测量辣椒幼苗光合、荧光参数。  相似文献   

3.
为探明耐旱根瘤菌对干旱胁迫下拉巴豆(Dolichos lablab L.)植株生长的影响,以拉巴豆耐旱根瘤菌Rhizobium radiobacter Y-1(Y-1)、Rhizobium radiobacter 4-4(4-4)和Rhizobium radiobacter 37-1(37-1)作为供试菌株,润高拉巴豆种子经表面灭菌并催芽后接种菌液(以等量无菌水为对照),以砂-石屑基质(塑料盆上部为石英砂,下部为石漠岩屑)进行沙培盆栽实验。通过控制无菌水添加量来模拟重度石漠化生境下的轻度、中度及重度干旱胁迫,并测定各处理幼苗生长和生理相关指标。结果表明:干旱胁迫下接种耐旱根瘤菌Y-1和37-1能显著促进拉巴豆幼苗的生长,处理30 d后,菌液处理幼苗的生长和生理指标均优于对照;重度干旱胁迫(30%田间持水量(θf))下,Y-1菌液处理的株高、叶面积、根长、根鲜重及根体积较对照分别增加50.25%、73.17%、72.41%,136.00%和289.47%(P<0.05),原初光能转化效率F/Fm和可溶性蛋白含量分别提升42.09%和108.57%,而叶片MDA含量仅为对照的60.66%(P<0.05);轻度至中度干旱胁迫(45%~60%θf)下,37-1菌液处理的幼苗根长为对照的39.93%~47.99%,而MDA含量仅为对照的72.14%~90.92%。拉巴豆种子接种耐旱根瘤菌Y-1和37-1能促进幼苗株高、叶面积、根鲜重和根体积的增加,提升叶片可溶性蛋白含量及叶片原初光能转化效率,减轻叶片损伤并提高根系活力,表明接种耐旱根瘤菌可促进拉巴豆在干旱胁迫下的生长,提升幼苗的抗旱能力。  相似文献   

4.
以甘肃省农业科学院自育品种陇藜1号(L-1)、2号(L-2)、3号(L-3)和4号(L-4)及外引品种白藜(BL)幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽人工控水法,共设置轻度干旱胁迫(LD,土壤含水量为田间持水量的50%~60%)、中度干旱胁迫(MD,土壤含水量为田间持水量的30%~40%)和重度干旱胁迫(SD,土壤含水量为田间持水量的10%~20%)3个水分梯度,以正常浇水为对照(CK,土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%~80%),干旱胁迫15 d后,通过测定幼苗株高、根长、生物量及叶片叶绿素含量、初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)及非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ),研究干旱胁迫对藜麦幼苗生长和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:(1)随干旱胁迫程度的加剧,参试藜麦品种幼苗株高、地上部分鲜重和地上部分干重呈逐渐降低的变化趋势,SD处理下,各供试品种株高分别降低了30.64%、28.36%、32.67%、37.88%和38.09%,地上部分鲜重分别下降了63.60%、6073%、59.74%、55.92%和61.74%,地上部分干重分别下降了62.96%、52.63%、29.41%、35.71%和60.00%;(2)5个藜麦品种幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素及叶绿素a/b随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧而呈现先升高后降低的趋势,SD处理下,品种L-2、L-3和L-4叶绿素a分别比CK降低了28.48%、33.66%和17.99%,叶绿素b分别比CK降低了47.80%、45.08%和13.90%,总叶绿素含量分别比CK降低了33.22%、36.20%和15.99%;(3)随干旱胁迫程度的加剧,各供试藜麦品种Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo均呈下降趋势,SD处理下,各供试品种Fo分别较CK下降了30.61%、14.56%、31.28%、24.39%、24.16%,Fm下降了19.11%、16.56%、16.76%、17.67%、22.19%,Fv/Fm分别下降了5.73%、4.29%、7.81%、4.58%和3.85%,Fv/Fo分别下降了19.40%、14.93%、24.02%、11.34%和12.11%;(4)5个供试品种叶片NPQ随干旱胁迫程度的加剧呈升高趋势,SD处理下,各供试品种NPQ较CK升高了74.79%、161.54%、104.55%、200.00%和196.00%。综上所述说明中度和重度干旱胁迫下,植物细胞失水,叶绿体遭到破坏,光合作用降低,叶绿素合成受到抑制,光合产物减少,从而抑制幼苗生长,地上部分生物量下降。在幼苗生长和叶绿素荧光特性等方面,藜麦品种L-2表现优于其他品种,表明其在干旱胁迫下较其他供试品种具有更强的适应能力。  相似文献   

5.
以抗旱玉米自交系郑58和干旱敏感自交系TS141为材料,研究了5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-ALA)对15% PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗生长的缓解效应及抗氧化酶基因表达的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,郑58及TS141在干旱胁迫下幼苗的苗长、鲜重、干重明显降低,郑58分别下降18.49%、29.06%和20.00%,TS141分别下降25.66%、23.97%和13.64%;叶片丙二醛(MDA)及过氧化氢(H2O2)含量明显增高,MDA含量分别提高了164.58%、263.53%,H2O2分别提高了134.95%、203.83%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化酶(APX)活性增加,郑58分别提高了65.61%、29.48%、68.49%、141.51%,TS141分别提高了63.01%、48.00%、85.68%、204.29%;叶绿素含量降低,分别降低33.46%、 42.26%;光合参数PnGsTr下降,郑58的PnGsTr分别下降48.78%、45.31%、52.39%,TS141的PnGsTr分别下降57.66%、57.46%、65.14%;抗氧化酶基因SOD3、POD3、CAT1相对表达量提高,郑58分别提高54.58%、34.12%、69.70%,TS141分别提高54.95%、21.36%、59.34%。喷施25 mg·L-1的5-ALA能明显缓解干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗造成的损伤,与PEG处理相比,玉米自交系郑58和 TS141的幼苗苗长、鲜重、干重明显增加,苗长分别增加了13.31%和11.21%,幼苗鲜重分别增加了22.29%和18.23%,幼苗干重分别增加了16.67%和10.53%;叶片中MDA含量分别降低了17.85%、25.39%,H2O2含量分别降低了23.26%、19.15%;SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性进一步增加,郑58分别增加16.49%、18.15%、36.98%和28.13%(P<0.05),TS141分别增加16.65%、16.54%、28.49%和26.76%(P<0.05);叶绿素含量和光合参数PnGsTr增加,叶绿素含量分别增加18.29%、19.87%;光合参数Pn分别增加35.87%、42.12%,Gs分别增加36.63%、36.81%,Tr分别增加37.67%、67.88%;玉米幼苗叶片中抗氧化酶基因SOD3、POD3、CAT1相对表达量较干旱胁迫处理都有进一步提高,郑58分别提高20.99%、32.18%和23.51%,TS141分别提高25.97%、23.16%和40.94%。  相似文献   

6.
探究生物炭对亏缺灌溉下温室重壤土栽培番茄产量和品质的影响,确定番茄产量和综合品质最优的灌水量及生物炭添加量,为重壤土地区温室番茄栽培提供灌水及生物炭施加依据。采用桶栽试验,设置3个生物炭添加量(0,3%,6%,按干土重的百分比计)和3个灌水水平(充分灌溉W1:75%~85%θf;中度亏缺W2:55%~65%θf;重度亏缺W3:40%~50%θf。θf为田间持水量),共9个处理。结果表明:无生物炭添加时,亏缺灌溉下番茄产量降低了13.8%~54.0%(P<0.05),果实硬度、果色指数、VC、可溶性固形物、有机酸含量等营养品质指标均显著降低,果型指数、番茄红素则呈现增加的趋势,灌溉水利用效率在重度亏缺下降低了10.9%(P<0.05);在充分灌溉条件下添加生物炭,番茄产量和灌溉水利用效率分别提高了12.3%~22.0%和23.3%~28.6%,可溶性固形物含量降低了6.4%~17.7%(P<0.05),对VC、番茄红素、有机酸含量及外观品质无显著影响;在亏缺灌溉条件下添加生物炭不利于增产,C1W3、C2W3处理产量较C0W3处理分别降低了37.6%(P<0.05)、17.1%(P>0.05),但外观品质指标、VC、可溶性固形物均有一定幅度的提升,对灌溉水利用效率的影响表现为低添加量时降低而高添加量时提高。综合分析表明,各灌水水平下添加生物炭均能提高番茄品质的综合排名,充分灌溉下生物炭低添加量效果较好,而亏缺灌溉下高添加量较优,尤其是C2W2处理,番茄品质综合排名可达到充分灌溉的效果。综合考虑番茄品质、产量及灌溉水利用效率,C1W1处理(灌水水平为75%~85%θf,施炭量为3%)为最优处理。  相似文献   

7.
为了研究加气灌溉对云南冬马铃薯根区生境因子(土壤呼吸、土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤氧气摩尔分数)和产量的影响,采用水气分离方法进行加气灌溉,试验设置加气(Y)和不加气(N)2种处理以及高水(100%ETc,W1)和低水(60%ETc,W2)2个灌溉水平,共计4个处理。结果表明:加气处理和灌水量均对土壤呼吸速率影响显著(P<0.05)。加气灌溉对土壤含水率的影响较小,除块茎膨大期外,其他生育期加气灌溉对土壤含水率的影响均不显著,影响土壤含水率的主要因素是灌水量。加气处理和灌水量对根区土壤温度均有一定影响,W1Y处理下的土壤平均温度较W1N处理高1.68℃,W2Y处理较W2N处理高0.52℃,且在高水灌溉条件下,加气处理对土壤温度有显著影响(P<0.05)。在马铃薯生育期内土壤氧气摩尔分数的变化呈先增大后降低的特征,4种处理下土壤氧气摩尔分数的大小关系为W1Y>W2Y>W2N>W1N。同一灌溉水平下,加气处理的土壤氧气摩尔分数显著高于不加气处理(P<0.05)。同一加气条件下,高水处理的土壤氧气摩尔分数显著高于低水处理。加气处理和灌水量都对冬马铃薯产量和水分利用效率有显著影响,W1Y处理下冬马铃薯的产量和水分利用效率均最大。综合分析表明,W1Y(高水加气)处理有利于冬马铃薯根区形成良好的水气平衡状态。  相似文献   

8.
以‘XR4347’冬小麦品种为供试作物,在温室内开展盆栽试验。设置低氮(N0.5,74 mg ·kg-1),中氮(N1.5,223 mg·kg-1)和高氮(N3,446 mg·kg-1)3个氮素水平,各氮素水平下设置3种水分处理,分别为W85:干旱锻炼(40%土壤持水量(SWHC))后复水至85% SWHC;W60:干旱锻炼后复水至60% SWHC;W40:干旱锻炼后复旱至40% SWHC,研究氮素水平及干旱锻炼后复水程度对小麦生理特性及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:干旱锻炼后复水能够改善植株水分状况,但中氮和低氮处理时,复水程度过高降低小麦根水势(RWP)。叶片气孔导度(gs)受水力信号和脱落酸(ABA)信号的调控,叶片内在水分利用效率(WUEint)与gs呈显著负相关关系,因此降低复水程度或增施氮肥通过调控gs提高WUEint。干旱锻炼后复水程度高增加小麦叶面积(LA)、地上部干物质量(SDB)和植株耗水量(PWU),促进氮素吸收,但降低根系生长。与复水程度相比,氮素水平对植株水分利用效率(WUEp)的影响更显著,高氮处理在保证SDB积累的同时使PWU降低9.1%,WUEp提高10.1%。植株叶片的碳同位素组成(δ13C)随着氮素水平的提高而增加,WUEp与叶片δ13C呈显著正相关关系,表明叶片δ13C可以用来表征干旱锻炼条件下WUEp的高低,增施氮肥通过增强叶片的光合能力或优化调控叶片的气孔开度提高WUEp。在所有处理中,N3W85和N3W60处理在保证SDB积累的同时提高WUEp,但N3W60处理的PWU显著降低10.4%且根冠比较高,相比之下更有利于小麦植株的生长且节约灌溉用水,为本试验的最优处理。因此,在干旱缺水地区,增加施氮量或干旱锻炼后适当复水,不仅可以显著降低PWU、节约灌溉用水、维持作物生长和养分吸收,还可以提高叶片和植株的WUE。  相似文献   

9.
PEG胁迫下不同品系藜麦抗旱性评价   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用不同浓度PEG溶液模拟干旱胁迫,研究5种品系藜麦幼苗的形态、生理生化及光合特性,并对其进行耐旱性评价。结果表明:15%PEG处理下各品系藜麦株高增量、叶面积及生物量显著(P<0.05)低于对照,其中株高增量、叶面积、生物量下降幅度最小的品系分别是NK1、NK2和NK5,分别比对照下降了44.38%、25.39%和48.23%;随着干旱胁迫加剧, 各藜麦品系叶片内相对含水量显著(P<0.05)下降, 叶片的质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量上升,15%PEG胁迫下NK2和NK3的Pro含量分别是对照的2.69和1.93倍, 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均先升后降,SOD、CAT和APX活性在5%PEG处理下达到最大值, 而POD活性在10%PEG处理下达到最大; 随干旱胁迫增强,5种品系藜麦幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)先降后升,叶绿素(Chl)先升后降,其中NK5品系Pn下降幅度最小,比对照下降了51.15%。运用隶属函数法对藜麦抗旱能力进行综合评定,不同藜麦品系耐旱性为NK5>NK1>NK2>NK4>NK3。  相似文献   

10.
为探索适宜豫西旱地烤烟高质量发展的烟薯产业综合体模式,以烤烟‘LY1306’和鲜食甘薯‘普薯32’为材料,采用田间试验研究“烟垄栽薯”2∶2间作模式下烤烟不同株距(65、60 cm和55 cm)配置对烟株生长及产量质量的影响。结果表明:在烟株移栽后90 d,与烤烟单作相比,烤烟株距为65 cm时,烟薯间作烟叶的最大叶长和最大叶宽分别提高5.09%~5.12%和5.17%~8.17%,叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)提高4.90%~6.81%,净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)分别提高16.39%~21.50%、23.82%~27.72%和36.21%~45.31%,土传根茎病害发病率降低74.38%~78.42%;烤烟株距为60 cm时,烟薯间作烟叶的最大叶长和最大叶宽分别提高3.71%~4.79%和4.69%~7.61%,SPAD值提高3.80%~5.55%,PnGsTr分别提高14.03%~19.77%、15.68%~22.49%和29.83%~35.78%,土传根茎病害发病率降低75.30%~78.11%;两种株距下烤后烟叶内在化学成分配比较烤烟单作更为合理。随着烤烟株距的减小,间作处理的土地当量比(LER)、总产值及烤烟感官评吸总分表现为先增加后减小;当烤烟株距为60 cm时,烟薯间作的总产值在2021年和2022年分别达82 855.40 CNY·hm-2和81 654.55 CNY·hm-2,较烤烟单作提高15.85%和22.43%。综上,豫西旱地采用“烟垄栽薯”2∶2间作模式的LER>1,具有间作优势,且烤烟株距调整为60 cm时(烤烟单作株距65 cm),烟株生长较好,产量质量指标最优,综合效益最大。  相似文献   

11.
The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.  相似文献   

12.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

13.
Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.  相似文献   

14.
Samples of heavily infested crop residues were incorporated in static compost heaps (2.5–4.6 m3) of the Indore type. Temperature increased to 50–70°C within 6 days depending on the type of crop residues used and the location within the heap. The heat phase (>40 °C) lasted 2–3 weeks and was followed by a c. 5-months maturation phase (<40 °c).="" among="" the="" 17="" pathogens="" tested,="">Olpidium brassicae and one of the four formae speciales ofFusarium oxysporum that were tested survived composting, but also their inoculum was greatly reduced.Survival during specific phases of composting was studied by incorporation and retrieval of samples at various stages of the process.F. oxysporum f. sp.melonis was completely inactivated andO. brassicae andPlasmodiophora brassicae were almost completely inactivated during the short heat phase. The three pathogens survived the long-lasting maturation phase without loss of viability. Heat evolved during composting was found to be the most important factor involved with sanitation of crop residues. The possible involvement of fungitoxic conversion products and microbial antagonism is discussed.  相似文献   

15.
The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.  相似文献   

16.
Mango sudden decline is a recently introduced, economically serious disease in Oman. Affected mango trees have wilting symptoms that usually begin on one side and later spread to involve the entire tree. Trees exude amber-coloured gum from the bark of their trunks or branches and vascular tissues are discoloured. Having entered Oman in the recent past, survey data is presented that shows the disease to have spread throughout the northern part of the country. Evidence is presented that the vascular wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata causes mango sudden decline disease in Oman, possibly in concert with Lasiodiplodia theobromae and the recently described Ceratocystis omanensis. Isolates of these fungi from affected trees, cause infection and can be recovered from inoculated seedlings. Bark beetles (Hypocryphalus mangiferae) are shown to carry C. fimbriata and L. theobromae and are presumably responsible for transmitting both pathogens to healthy mango trees. Acting as a wounding agent and vector, the bark beetle is likely to have assisted the rapid spread of the disease across Oman.  相似文献   

17.
A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.  相似文献   

18.
Five Pythium species (Pythium irregulare, P. mamillatum, P. myriotylum, P. spinosum and P. ultimum var. ultimum) were isolated from the hypocotyls and roots of kidney bean plants with damping-off from a commercial field and from experimental plots that have undergone either continuous cropping with kidney bean or rotational cropping with arable crops. In inoculation tests, all five Pythium species were pathogenic to kidney bean. This is the first report of damping-off of kidney bean caused by Pythium species; we named this disease damping-off of kidney bean. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB291811, AB291944 and AB291945.  相似文献   

19.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

20.
TwoCirculifer leafhopper populations of thehaematoceps complex have been collected in large numbers in Israel for several years. One of these leafhoppers inhabited prickly saltwort (Salsola kali) plants on sandy soil on the Mediterranean coast. It has a narrow host range and was found to survive for one generation on turnip. The other leafhopper population was collected in 1986 on common goosefoot (Chenopodium album) plants in the Golan Heights. This population is polyphagous and in the laboratory reproduced well onMatthiola incana, turnip, sugar beet andChrysanthemum coronarium; however, reproduction was nil onPhaseolus vulgaris and very low onBrassica oleracea, Portulaca oleracea andCarthamus tinctorius. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2502-E, 1988 series.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号