盐类对南方根结线虫迁移能力和侵入能力的影响

为探讨无机盐和有机盐对南方根结线虫的作用方式,在室内利用沙柱法和染色法测定了二者对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫迁移能力及侵入番茄根部能力的影响。结果表明,随着各盐处理浓度的增加,南方根结线虫2龄幼虫的迁移能力和侵入能力显著降低。在4μg/m L KSCN、C6H8O7、KCl、KH2PO4、KHCO3和Mn SO4·H2O沙柱中,15 d后2龄幼虫的平均迁移距离最小,分别为0、0.33、0.52、0.53、0.55和0.58 cm,而对照为0.94 cm。2龄幼虫在Ba NO3、K2HPO4、KHCO3、Cs Cl和KSCN各浓度沙柱中的平均迁移距离均小于0.94 cm。2μg/m L NH4NO3、KH2PO4、(NH4)2CO3、Cs Cl、(NH4)2SO4、Na SCN和NH4SCN处理15 d后,2龄幼虫对番茄根部的侵入率最低,分别为1%、2.33%、1.33%、2%、2%、1%和1.67%。表明对2龄幼虫侵入番茄根部抑制效果最明显的盐为NH4NO3、KH2PO4、(NH4)2CO3、Cs Cl、(NH4)2SO4、Na SCN和NH4SCN。     

铵类化合物对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫存活的影响

在实验室内寄主体外测定了铵类化合物对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫（Meloidogyne incognita J2）存活的影响。结果表明：供试的8种化合物在不同浓度下对南方根结线虫J2有不同程度的致死作用，并且随着浓度的升高致死效果均显著增加。其中NH4HCO3对J2作用最为敏感，浓度为0.025 mol/L（25 ℃，pH 7.95）时校正死亡率达53.5%，浓度达到0.05 mol/L（25 ℃，pH 8.20）时校正死亡率可达100%，而其他化合物只有在高浓度时致死效果才显现出来。致死浓度由低到高的顺序为：NH4HCO3＜(NH4)2SO4＜NH4CNS＜NH4NO3 ＜NH4H2PO4＜NH4Cl＜(NH4)3PO4•3H2O＜(NH4)2HPO4。同时测定了南方根结线虫J2的酸度适应范围是pH4.1~11.0。     

三种化合物处理对南方根结线虫生长发育及致病能力的影响

为明确不同浓度NH4HCO3、Cu SO4·5H2O和Fe Cl3·6H2O对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita 2龄幼虫活性的影响,在盆栽条件下将化合物处理后的2龄幼虫接种番茄,通过根染色和根系冰冻切片法观察2龄幼虫的发育状况和根系内巨细胞的形成,并测定了番茄根系各生理指标的变化。结果表明,50mmol/L NH4HCO3、1.4mmol/L Cu SO4·5H2O和1.4 mmol/L Fe Cl3·6H2O处理南方根结线虫后,番茄根系内2龄、3龄及4龄幼虫数量均显著小于对照;根系内丙二醛、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸的含量均显著低于对照,根系活力显著增强;经NH4HCO3处理后,根系内巨细胞形成缓慢,14 d时出现巨型细胞空洞现象。3种化合物处理对南方根结线虫生长发育的抑制作用显著,处理后的线虫对番茄植株致病力减弱,表现为NH4HCO3抑制作用最强,Cu SO4·5H2O次之,Fe Cl3·6H2O最弱。     

四种无机盐对南方根结线虫卵囊、卵孵化及其幼虫存活的影响

为了明确NH4HCO3、CuSO4.5H2O、CsCl、NH4NO34种无机盐对南方根结线虫卵囊、卵孵化及其幼虫存活的影响。在室内条件下,采用浸渍法测试了4种无机盐在不同浓度和时间处理的作用效果。结果显示：各种无机盐均对线虫卵、卵囊孵化有抑制作用,对2龄幼虫有致死作用。随着无机盐浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,线虫卵、卵囊孵化的抑制率和2龄幼虫的死亡率显著提高。其中0.05 mol/L NH4HCO3对线虫卵囊孵化的抑制效果最好,处理16 h达81.17%,24 h后达100%;对线虫卵孵化也有很强的抑制作用,处理16 h达93.33%,24 h后达100%。各种无机盐在不同浓度和处理时间内均对2龄幼虫有致死效果,且半致死中浓度LC50不同,其中CuSO4.5H2O的LC50最小,NH4HCO3和CsCl次之。表明CuSO4.5H2O对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫有较强的致死活性,南方根结线虫2龄幼虫对CsCl的敏感性较高。     

无机化合物对南方根结线虫行为的影响

利用体外生物测定方法,研究常见无机化合物对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita 2龄幼虫(J_2)存活、趋性以及卵囊内卵孵化的影响.结果表明,不同化合物不同浓度处理对M.incognita的影响差异显著.随着无机化合物浓度的增加,J_2死亡率上升,NH_4HCO_3、Na_2SO_4、CuCl_2·2H_2O、CuSO_4·5H_2O和FeCl_3·6H_2O浓度分别为O.03、0.03、0.0003、0.0004和0.0007 mol/L即可抑制其存活.除Cu~(2+)化合物外,其它无机化合物在供试浓度下均对卵囊内卵的孵化有明显抑制作用.含Ca~(2+)化合物均对南方根结线虫J_2有吸引作用,而含NH_4~+的NH_4HCO_3和NH_4NO_3对J_2排斥.除碳酸氢铵LC_(90)抑制种子萌发外,其它化合物对番茄种子萌发无抑制作用,但对后期幼根的伸长有抑制作用.盆栽试验结果显示,CuSO_4·5H_2O防治效果最佳,在LC_(50)处理下与对照相比防效可达70.8%.     

有机酸类化合物对南方根结线虫的生物活性

采用室内离体测定方法,测试了15种有机酸对南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita) 2龄幼虫致死率和卵孵化抑制率。结果表明,甲酸和丙酸对2龄幼虫和卵的生物活性最高,明显优于其他供试有机酸,但是活性低于对照药剂阿维菌素。对生物活性结果及有机酸化学结构进行比对发现,小分子量化合物对南方根结线虫具有较高生物活性。     

中国南方稻田及其周边环境根结线虫种类鉴定

为了解根结线虫在中国南方稻区的分布和种类, 从15个省(直辖市/自治区)采集1 181份土样, 经生物测定发现312份土样中种植的水稻或番茄幼苗根系会产生根结, 阳性总检出率为26.42%。利用线虫特异性引物从171份阳性样品中鉴定出6种根结线虫:拟禾本科根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicola、北方根结线虫M.hapla、花生根结线虫M.arenaria、爪哇根结线虫M.javanica、象耳豆根结线虫M.enterolobii和南方根结线虫M.incognita, 分别占鉴定总样品数的88.89%、41.52%、29.82%、10.53%、4.09%和3.51%。被1、2、3、4、5、6种根结线虫混合侵染的土样比例分别为42.11%、41.52%、12.87%、2.92%、0.58%和0, 其中最常见的为拟禾本科根结线虫单独侵染(34.50%)、拟禾本科根结线虫与北方根结线虫(22.81%)或花生根结线虫(13.45%)混合侵染。本研究结果将为制定相应的传播阻断策略和防控措施提供参考。     

南方根结线虫侵染对黄瓜植株生长和抗氧化系统的影响

为探明野生黄瓜对南方根结线虫的抗性机制,采用温室盆栽苗期人工接种技术,研究了线虫侵染对黄瓜抗感品种植株生长和抗氧化系统的影响。南方根结线虫的侵染显著降低了感病品种津春4号的株高、叶面积、地上部鲜重与干重及根系活力,并显著增加其根系鲜重与干重,而对抗病品种西印度瓜的各项生长指标均未造成明显影响。西印度瓜中超氧阴离子(O.2-)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加幅度均小于津春4号,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低,过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性增加幅度均显著高于津春4号。研究表明西印度瓜遭受的氧化胁迫较小,其抗氧化系统有效清除了氧化损伤。     

芹菜根结线虫病的为害及其防控对策

对福建省龙岩市新罗区芹菜根结线虫病原进行了调查鉴定。结果显示,新罗区芹菜根结线虫包括南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)、爪哇根结线虫(M.javanica)和花生根结线虫(M.arenaria)。其中,南方根结线虫为优势种群。测定了根结线虫病对产量的影响,根结严重度达4级以上可以引起显著的产量损失;提出了对芹菜根结线虫病的防控对策。     

根结线虫种群的线粒体DNA分析

 在同工酶和形态学鉴定的基础上,利用引物#C2F3和#1108对42个根结线虫种群线粒体DNA (mtDNA)中的COⅡ和LrRNA间区域进行特异性PCR扩增,35个种群的扩增产物约为1.7kb,其中29个是南方根结线虫,6个是爪哇根结线虫;3个花生根结线虫种群的扩增产物约为1.1kb;1个种群的扩增产物约为0.7kb,为根结线虫属在中国的新记录种;3个北方根结线虫种群的扩增产物约为0.5kb。用单条2龄幼虫提取物作模板得到的结果与大量提取DNA作模板的结果相同。为了区分产生相同大小片段的南方根结线虫和爪哇根结线虫,用限制性内切酶HinfⅠ对扩增产物进行酶切,结果表明:所有供试的南方根结线虫都可以被HinfⅠ酶切,且产生约1.3和0.4kb的2个限制性片段;但供试的爪哇根结线虫种群不能被酶切。由此表明,利用mtDNA PCR及酶切实验可以作为快速而准确地鉴定常见根结线虫的方法。     

Activity of Hydroxamic Acids from Secale cereale Against the Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Xiphinema americanum

ABSTRACT Cyclic hydroxamic acids are secondary metabolites found in the family Poaceae and have been implicated in the allelopathy of rye (Secale cereale). The toxicity of these compounds against plant-parasitic nematodes is unknown. DIBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one), DIMBOA (2,4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one), and their degradation products BOA (benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one) and MBOA (6-methoxy-benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one) were screened in vitro against Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) and eggs and mixed-stages of Xiphinema americanum. Xiphinema americanum was more sensitive to DIBOA and DIMBOA than M. incognita J2, with a maximum apparent mortality of 96 and 92% compared to 73 and 72% at 90 mug/ml. Eggs of M. incognita were less sensitive to the hydroxamic acids than J2; only DIBOA resulted in a 50% reduction in egg hatch, with a lethal concentration (LC(50)) of 74 mug/ml compared to 21 mug/ml for J2. When M. incognita J2 were exposed to DIBOA for 48 h and the compound was removed and replaced with water, the LC(50) value increased from 21.0 to 40.7 mug/ml. MBOA was not toxic to X. americanum or M. incognita eggs, but was toxic to M. incognita J2, with LC(50) values of 44 and 20 mug/ml before and after the compound was removed and replaced with water. BOA was the least toxic hydroxamic acid tested; it did not reduce M. incognita egg hatch after 1 week of exposure or increase X. americanum mortality after 24 h of exposure. While in vitro studies provide a valuable starting point in determining the toxicity of the chemical component of rye, the relevance of the data to soil remains to be determined.     

Species-dependent effects of border cell and root tip exudates on nematode behavior

ABSTRACT Effects of border cell and root tip exudates on root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) behavior were examined. In whole-plant assays using pea, M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) accumulated rapidly around the 1- to 2-mm apical region ensheathed by border cells, but not in the region of elongation. Within 15 to 30 min, J2 which had accumulated within detached clumps of border cells lost motility and entered into a quiescent state. When border cells (and associated root tip exudates) were washed from pea roots prior to challenge with nematodes, no such accumulation and quiescence was induced. Attraction of nematodes by roots was species dependent: no attraction or accumulation occurred in snap bean. Using a quantitative assay, three categories of chemotaxis responses occurred: attraction (pea and alfalfa cv. Thor), repulsion (alfalfa cv. Moapa 69), and no response (snap bean and alfalfa cv. Lahonton). In contrast, total root tip exudates from all three plant species acted as a repellent for M. incognita in the sand assay. An in vitro assay was developed to characterize the induced quiescence response. When total root tip exudate from the tested legumes (as well as corn) was incubated with J2 populations, >80% of the nematodes lost motility. A similar response occurred in Caenorhabditis elegans. Border cell exudates did not induce or contribute to the induction of quiescence. Cocultivation of pea border cells with M. incognita resulted in changes in border cell shape similar to those observed in response to exogenous plant hormones. No such changes occurred in snap bean border cells. Understanding the cell- and host-specific extracellular recognition that occurs between roots and pathogenic nematodes in the early stages before infection occurs could lead to new avenues for disease control.     

非洲山毛豆提取物对香蕉交脉蚜的忌避作用研究

运用正交回归旋转组合试验研究了非洲山毛豆乙醇提取物和机油乳剂对香蕉交脉蚜的忌避作用及其混用效果 ,结果表明非洲山毛豆乙醇提取物和机油乳剂对香蕉交脉蚜均有明显的忌避作用。当非洲山毛豆乙醇提取物中干物质的量为0.1250g/100ml时 ,忌避作用率为0.3201,0.5g/100ml时忌避作用率为0.1393,两者混用后有明显的增效作用。建立了两种药剂对香蕉交脉蚜的忌避作用的回归模型 :非洲山毛豆Y₁=0.2645-0.0904X₁-0.0348X²₁;机油乳剂Y₂=0.2645-0.0736X₂-0.0068X²₂,以及混用后的忌避作用模型Y=0.2645-0.0904X₁-0.0736X₂-0.0348X²₁。     

具有除草活性的小麦根腐病菌发酵条件优化

通过单因子试验和正交试验对小麦根腐病菌菌株进行了发酵条件优化,以提高其活性物质的产量。结果表明:最适合小麦根腐病菌产毒的培养基是察氏培养基;该培养基的最佳碳源为葡萄糖,氮源为氯化铵,无机盐为氯化钾、磷酸氢二钾、硫酸镁和硫酸亚铁;发酵培养基各组分的最佳配比为:葡萄糖2.0%,氯化铵0.25%,氯化钾0.05%,磷酸氢二钾0.025%,硫酸镁0.025%,硫酸亚铁0.000 5%;有利于提高菌株活性物质产量的培养条件为初始pH7.0,转速为130r/min,温度为28℃,培养时间为5d,装液量为120mL/250mL,接种量为6%。小麦根腐病菌菌株发酵产物具有良好的热稳定性和光稳定性,在弱酸性及中性条件下较稳定。发酵条件优化后提高了小麦根腐病菌的除草活性。     

温湿度对南方根结线虫卵孵化和二龄幼虫的影响

根结线虫病害是世界上最难防治的蔬菜病害之一，是否可以通过控制生态条件经济有效地防治根结线虫病害值得深入研究。本文利用室内纯培养技术研究了温湿度单因素和双因素对南方根结线虫（Meloidogyne incognita）2龄幼虫(J2)的致死率和卵囊中卵孵化率的影响。试验结果表明，该线虫对温度敏感，40 ℃以上高温和5 ℃以下低温即可抑制J2存活和卵囊中卵孵化，15～30 ℃是线虫的适宜温度；该线虫对湿度不十分敏感，只有干旱（含水量低于1%）和高湿（含水量高于30%）时，对线虫才有一定抑制作用。低温（5 ℃以下低温、含水量5%以上湿度）和高温高湿（35 ℃以上温度和30%含水量）抑制卵囊中卵孵化和J2的存活。本数据的获得将为设施园艺中生态控制南方根结线虫病害提供理论指导和数据支持。     

乌桕对南方根结线虫与地上不同食性昆虫互作的光合生理响应

本文通过比较乌桕对两种地上不同食性昆虫(专食性癞皮夜蛾、广食性斜纹夜蛾)与南方根结线虫互作的光合生理响应,分析不同空间植食性生物间的互作关系及植物的响应机制。结果表明:无南方根结线虫胁迫下,2种地上不同食性昆虫对乌桕的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)及胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)的影响与对照组无显著差异;而南方根结线虫胁迫下,2种地上昆虫显著降低了乌桕G_s及C_i。其中,与对照组及癞皮夜蛾处理组相比,南方根结线虫与斜纹夜蛾的共同胁迫显著降低了乌桕P_n、G_s及C_i。此外,斜纹夜蛾为害增加了乌桕叶绿素含量,南方根结线虫胁迫降低了叶绿素含量。因此,南方根结线虫与斜纹夜蛾间形成一种加性效应,并对乌桕光合生理产生了拮抗效应,而这种效应在南方根结线虫与癞皮夜蛾间并不显著。由此可见,乌桕对地上-地下植食性生物胁迫形成不足补偿机制,且具体的响应机制与植食性生物的食性相关。     

Effect of Temperature on and Histopathology of the Interaction Between Meloidogyne incognita and Thielaviopsis basicola on Cotton

ABSTRACT Controlled environments were used to study the relationship between the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and Thielaviopsis basicola on cotton. Temperature treatments were continuous 20, 24, and 28 degrees C or two cyclic linear regimes with ranges of 14 to 32 or 18 to 28 degrees C over 24 h. Cotton seeds were planted in fumigated soil infested with T. basicola, M. incognita, or both. After 42 days, pathogen effects on plant growth and pathogen development were evaluated. Histology was conducted on roots collected 14, 28, and 42 days after planting in the continuous 24 degrees C treatment. Reductions in plant height-to-node ratio and total fresh weight were observed for soils infested with both pathogens compared with the control or with soils infested with either pathogen, except for M. incognita-infested soil at 28 degrees C. T. basicola reduced root galling and reproduction of the nematode at all temperatures. Vascular discoloration caused by T. basicola was greater in the presence of M. incognita compared with that by T. basicola alone. At 2 and 4 weeks, histological studies showed that plants grown in all T. basicola-infested soils contained chlamydospore chains on the root surface and in cortical cells. The fungus was not observed inside the vascular cylinder. Roots from 4-week-old plants from soils infested with T. basicola and M. incognita showed fungal sporulation in vascular tissue and localized necrosis of vascular tissue adjacent to the nematodes. At 6 weeks, plants grown in soil infested with T. basicola alone exhibited no remaining cortical tissue and no evidence of vascular colonization by the fungus. Six-week-old plants grown in T. basicola + M. incognita-infested soils exhibited extensive vascular necrosis and sporulation within vascular tissue. These studies suggest that coinfection expands the temperature ranges at which the pathogens are able to cause plant damage. Further, M. incognita greatly increases the access of T. basicola to vascular tissue.