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1.
本文分析了翁牛特旗46年(1957-2002年)逐月降水量和平均气温。结果表明:气温呈非连续增暖趋势,其中年平均气温线性变化率为0.39℃.(10a)-1,年平均最高气温线性变化率为0.19℃.(10a)-1,年平均最低气温线性变化率为0.93℃.(10a)-1;最低气温上升速率是最高气温的1-4倍,气温日较差显著减小。上世纪60年代较50年代有所增暖,80年代后期开始明显升温,90年代是近50年来最暖的10年。1987年开始转暖,其后呈连续性增暖趋势,1998年为1957年以来的最暖年,年平均气温7.7℃,高于1957年2.9℃。降水以平均5-7年的周期变化,并从50年代到90年代呈连续性递减趋势,线性变化率为-11.7mm.(10a)-1,90年代较50年代年降水减少了39.4mm。  相似文献   

2.
开都河源区径流变化的气候响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
气候变化下的山区径流时空变异特征是干旱区水文水资源研究的热点之一。本研究选择天山南坡开都河流域源区为典型研究区,基于1958-2017年大山口水文站和巴音布鲁克水文站径流数据,及巴音布鲁克气象观测数据,采用TFPW-MK趋势检验、小波分析与小波相干等方法分析径流序列的趋势、突变和周期特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:近60 a来,开都河源区径流、降水、气温呈显著增加趋势,并且径流量、降水量与最高气温的增率在加快,而平均气温与最低气温的增率减缓;径流量、降水与平均气温的突变年份集中在20世纪90年代,并且均存在28 a的周期;夏季径流量增加主要受夏季升温的影响,而早春径流量增加主要与冬季降水增加、早春升温有关;在年尺度上,降水是影响开都河径流变化的主要因素,气温主要以积温形式影响着径流的变化;在月尺度上,积温与降水均与径流呈显著正相关关系,且源区上游径流较下游径流对气温变化更为敏感。  相似文献   

3.
近55年来新疆伊宁市气候变化过程分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
利用伊宁市气象台1952-2006年观测资料,采用数理统计、回归分析、趋势分析、滑动平均、滑动t检验等方法,分析伊宁市气温和降水的变化特征与趋势.结果显示:55年来,伊宁市气温在波动中呈显著上升趋势,年均气温线性倾向率为O.39℃/10a,明显高于全国、西北地区、中国天山山区、新疆策勒和莎车绿洲的变化速率;年均及四季气温的线性趋势均可通过α=0.01水平的相关显著性检验.55年来,伊宁市年降水量也在波动中呈明显上升趋势,年降水量线性倾向率为12.3 mm/10a,这与我国年降水量以-2.66 mm/10a的速度减少、中国天山山区年降水量变化不存在显著的线性变化趋势的结论相反,与近50年西北干旱地区降水量变化有增加趋势的结论相一致,并且明显高于西北干旱区和莎车绿洲的变化速率,说明伊宁市气候的湿润化趋势比较明显.滑动t检验结果表明,伊宁市年平均气温分别在1978年、1987年和1997年由低到高发生突变,20世纪70年代中后期是气温明显由冷向暖转变的分界点;年降水量在1985年由少向多发生突变,20世纪80年代中后期是降水量明显由干枯向湿润转变的分界点.对55年气温和降水变化趋势的分析均证实,自20世纪80年代中后期开始,伊宁市气候已由暖干向暖湿转变,这种变化90年代中后期更加强烈和显著.  相似文献   

4.
近54 a来甘肃省河东地区气候时空变化特征   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
用甘肃省河东及其周围地区近54 a来26个观测站气温、降水量资料,分析气温和降水的时空变化特征及其突变情况。结果表明:近54 a来甘肃河东地区气温呈明显的上升趋势,年平均气温倾向率为0.26 ℃/10 a,特别是20世纪90年代以来气温明显升高;空间分布上,年平均气温变化总体上呈增加趋势,以陇东高原中北部和陇中高原北部地区升温幅度最为明显;季节上气温均呈升高趋势,其中以冬季气温升高最为显著。近54 a来全区年平均降水量呈减少趋势,平均每10 a减少12.01 mm,其东南部地区减少的幅度高于西北部。此外,甘肃河东地区气温在1997年发生了由冷到暖的突变,而降水量突变不明显。进而讨论了气温升高和降水减少对该地区农业生产的影响。  相似文献   

5.
山西气候变化特征与旱涝灾害趋势判断   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
根据山西18个气象站自建站以来到2010年的气温和降水资料,应用趋势分析法、Mann-Kendall突变检验、马尔可夫模型等分析了山西近60a来的气候变化及旱涝趋势。结果表明:1)山西近60a来气候总体上具有暖干化特征,年平均气温呈波动上升趋势,其增长率为0.29℃/10a。20世纪90年代以来气温上升迅速,在1992年气温发生突变,1992年以前为冷期,以后为暖期。2)降水量总体呈减少趋势,为-12.77mm/10a。降水变化与气温变化呈负相关。3)马尔可夫模型预测显示在气温突变后2012~2016年降水处于"正常"状态的概率较大。  相似文献   

6.
1961-2014年黄土高原地区降水和气温时间变化特征研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
降水和气温是影响黄土高原地区生态建设的关键气象要素。以黄土高原73个气象站1961-2014年降水和气温实测资料为基础,采用Mann-Kendall法、Hurst指数和小波分析等方法,研究了降水和气温时间变化特征。结果表明:黄土高原地区年、春、夏及秋季平均降水量年际变化趋势均不显著(P>0.05),但冬季以1.41mm/10a的倾向率显著上升(P<0.01),且在1971年发生突变。年、春、秋、冬季平均气温均呈显著上升趋势,且突变时间发生于20世纪80年代中期和90年代中期。73站中,73.9%的站表现为朝着暖干化方向发展,19.2%的站呈现暖湿化态势,但冬季整个黄土高原暖湿化现象明显。降水量具有5a的第一主周期,气温存在13a的第一主周期。  相似文献   

7.
通过对干旱半干旱区环县近38年(1971~2008)来的气温、降水分析发现,环县气候暖干化明显,年平均气温增高,增幅为0.0385℃/a,增温幅度远高于全国近40年增温幅度(0.004/a);气温年代变化以80年代到90年代上升幅度最大;季节变化以春季、冬季增温最为显著,夏季、秋季增温缓慢.年降水量呈略减趋势,逐月降水量变化不一致,6月、9月降水量呈显著增加,7月、11月呈显著减少,其它各月正常或略减变化;年代变化,70到80年代呈现增加,80到90年代减少,90到2000年来呈现增加;从80年代以来,春季降水呈显著减少,表明春旱明显,夏季、秋季和冬季的降水随年代不同有增有减,变化趋势不一.近26年(1983~2008)来,0~100 cm土壤贮水量呈升高趋势变化,年增幅为0.5586 mm/a.其中,春季和秋季呈递增变化,增幅分别为0.941 mm/a、0.5164 mm/a;夏季呈现减少趋势;不论是在干旱年、多雨年、或是不同年代情况下,一年中土壤贮水量的低值区总是出现在作物旺盛生长时期的6月份,而高值区总是出现在秋季,而不是出现在降雨量最多的夏季;气候暖干化对耕作层30 cm以上土壤贮水量影响明显,年景不同,土壤贮水量差异较大.  相似文献   

8.
近52年来磴口地区气候变化分析   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
本文分析了磴口52年(1954-2005)逐月平均气温和降水量。结果表明:年平均气温逐年代递增,低温年发生在50至70年代,暖温年发生在80年代后,体现为"前凉后暖"的特点;年平均气温及各季平均气温均呈明显上升趋势,增长幅度依次为冬季>全年>春季>秋季>夏季。降水量年代际变化比较明显,60年代与90年代降水明显偏多,其它年代偏少,而且70年代是降水偏少的转折时期。年际间降水变化趋势不明显,丰水年与枯水年分别为36.5%和27.0%。降水的年际变幅夏季最大,秋季次之,冬季最小。降水主要集中在夏季,而且年降水的波动形态与夏季基本一致。  相似文献   

9.
近30 a来开都河上游径流量变化的气候响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用巴音布鲁克水文站1980-2010年逐日径流量观测资料,采用线性趋势分析、多元回归分析等方法,研究了近30 a来开都河上游4-9月径流量的变化特征。同时,基于同期巴音布鲁克气象站气温、降水资料,探讨开都河上游气温与降水变化对春季径流量的影响。结果显示:开都河上游年径流量在过去30 a呈明显增加趋势。其中4-6月月平均径流量没有明显变化趋势,7-9月径流量增加明显。虽然年径流量主要分布在夏季,但年最大日径流量大多发生在春季4、5月份。进一步分析表明,前期冬季降水量与当年春季增温均对春季径流量有极显著的影响。  相似文献   

10.
天山北坡经济带42a来气温和降水变化特征分析   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
根据天山北坡经济带6个气象站点的气温及降水资料,利用线性趋势函数及滑动平均法分析了该区域近42a的气候变化。结果表明:近42a来天山北坡经济带年平均气温、平均日最高气温、平均日最低气温及春、夏、秋、冬季气温均呈上升趋势,其中90年代是气温上升最显著时期。平均日最低气温上升的幅度远大于平均日最高气温的上升幅度,并且冬季增温明显。年平均降水量及春、夏、秋、冬季降水自80年代后出现增加趋势。除春季外,其余各季降水均有上升趋势,从线性拟合看,夏季降水量上升趋势最显著。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

13.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

14.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

15.
Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.  相似文献   

16.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

17.
Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.  相似文献   

18.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

19.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

20.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

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