甘肃黄土高原土壤农业水分常数分布特征

通过对黄土高原23个农业气象观测站及3个农业气象试验站作物观测地段的土壤农业水分常数分析,以揭示该地域农业水分特性的分布特征。结果显示:在甘肃黄土高原,土壤容重从北到南、从浅层到深层呈减少趋势;凋萎湿度地域及垂直分布变化不大;田间持水量地域分布特征明显,陇西黄土高原大于陇东黄土高原;干旱的临界土壤含水量基本上为北部小于南部,最大值出现在陇西黄土高原的中部。     

基于Z指数的陇东黄土高原干旱特征分析

选取甘肃陇东地区10个代表站1961～2008年48年逐月降水量资料,根据计算出的Z指数按旱涝等级划分标准,把Z指数划分成7个等级,确认陇东干旱强度,研究发现在过去48 a中,陇东年Z指数有显著的下降趋势,即陇东地区近48 a来总的趋势是向干旱发展的,20世纪90年代干旱强度明显增强.春秋干旱严重,总趋势为增多,夏冬干旱较轻,总趋势为减少.分片干旱特征显示48 a中的Z指数变化有显著的下降趋势,年干旱具有连续性,综合分析春、夏、秋冬四季最严重的干旱都发生在90年代,1997年春夏秋冬四旱相连,对农业的危害最重.     

黄土高原旱作农区气候干旱时空特征分析

研究区域气候干旱的变化规律,是制订农业抗旱减灾的前提.利用陕西黄土高原旱作农区42个站点38年的气象观测资料及修正的palmer干旱指数、小波分析和EOF(经验正交分解函数)等分析方法,研究陕西黄土高原旱作农区年际、季节及空间上干旱变化趋势.结果表明:干旱在年际与季节性变化的趋势,都趋于干旱化变化,在2003年后具有明...     

黄土高原土壤系统熵研究

通过对黄土高原土壤系统熵研究，发现土壤起始熵不仅可以反映土壤肥力高低，而且可以反映土壤的适种性；生产投入熵可用来克有定投入化肥的能量转换效率以及估侧作物的最佳施肥量，并为化肥在不同肥力土壤上的合理分配提供依据。     

黄土高原主要小杂粮作物的干旱适应性研究

小杂粮是黄土高原传统的旱作作物种群。通过对主要小杂粮作物生理生态特性、生长发育与降水分布的时序关系、生产力稳定性等的分析研究,表明小杂粮作物或具有抗旱的生理特性,或具有避旱的生长习性,生长发育与黄土高原春旱严重,秋季雨热同季的气候条件耦合性较好,生产力稳定,具有较强的干旱适应性。为该区重视和发展小杂粮作物,建立合理的作物种植结构提供理论依据和科学指导。     

基于水分亏缺指数的北疆春小麦不同生育阶段干旱时空特征

基于水分亏缺指数模型,结合新疆历史干旱资料记载,对比分析典型年份干旱指数,确定北疆春小麦干旱等级指标,利用ArcGIS探究1986—2016年北疆春小麦各生育阶段干旱强度、干旱站次比的年际变化规律以及干旱频率的时空分布特征.结果表明:除春小麦营养生长和生殖生长并进阶段干旱站次比呈微弱增大趋势(0.355％·10a-1)...     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用的土壤养分特征

以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区第3副区典型流域为研究区,采用实地调查、土壤采样分析和数理统计相结合的方法,基于33个样点的土壤养分数据,研究了林地、草地、果园、梯田、坡耕地5种土地利用的土壤养分特征。结果表明：土地利用方式对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型流域土壤有机质、全N和速效P含量的影响达到显著水平,对其他养分指标影响不明显。土壤有机质和全N含量从高到低依次为：林地＞坡耕地≈梯田＞果园＞草地,林地明显高于其他土地利用类型,而草地土壤养分最差。速效P含量从高到低依次为：果园、坡耕地、梯田、林地和草地,农业耕作植被下的速效P含量明显高于自然生态植被。研究表明：梯田作为传统的水土保持措施,在研究区具有良好的土壤保肥作用,而分布于陡坡的草地,养分保持效果在5种土地利用中最差。     

万荣县麦田土壤干旱研究

万荣县气象局1964-2008年0～100 cm各旬旱地麦田土壤湿度资料分析表明,小麦生育期的耕作层土壤相对湿度有下降趋势,特别是拔节抽穗期土壤相对湿度下降4.9％ ·10a-1,作物旱情指标Kd和作物水分亏缺率G也显示拔节抽穗期干旱化明显.另外,冬前和越冬期分蘖数增大.土壤干旱的综合原因是降水量(特别是夏季)减少、冬前和越冬期作物系数增大和四月日照不显著增多引起的参考作物蒸散增加.拔节抽穗期有明显的干旱化趋势.     

黄土高原不同土壤类型有机碳密度与储量特征

土壤有机质的理化特性是黄土高原地区水土保持及生态修复的重要物质基础,充分了解黄土高原区不同土壤类型的有机碳密度与储量,对生态建设具有重要的实际意义。利用第二次全国土壤普查数据,对黄土高原不同土壤类型0～20 cm表层土体有机碳密度及储量进行估算,并分析两者的空间特征。结果表明：黄土高原区土壤有机碳密度加权平均值为2.00 kg·m-2,棕壤碳密度值最高,为15.56 kg·m-2,风沙土最低,仅为0.24 kg· m-2,空间上呈中间低四周高的分布格局。黄土高原地区总碳储量为1 239.85 Tg（1 Tg=1012 g）,灰褐土及黄绵土碳储量较高,两者占总体的46.86%,灰漠土、冻漠土、碱土较低,总量仅占0.17%,空间上呈由西北向东南递增的分布规律。黄绵土、风沙土在黄土高原区分布较广,但两者碳密度较低。因此,在今后的生态修复措施中,提高两者有机碳含量十分关键。     

Solute transport characteristics of a deep soil profile in the Loess Plateau,China

Understanding solute transport behaviors of deep soil profile in the Loess Plateau is helpful for ecological construction and agricultural production improvement. In this study, solute transport processes of a deep soil profile were measured by a conservative tracer experiment using 25 undisturbed soil cores(20 cm long and 7 cm diameter for each) continuously sampled from the surface downward to the depth of 500 cm in the Loess Plateau of China. The solute transport breakthrough curves(BTCs) were analyzed in terms of the convection-dispersion equation(CDE) and the mobile-immobile model(MIM). Average pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient(or effective dispersion coefficient) were calculated using the CDE and MIM. Basic soil properties and water infiltration parameters were also determined to explore their influence on the solute transport parameters. Both pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient(or effective dispersion coefficient) generally decreased with increasing depth, and the dispersivity fluctuated along the soil profile. There was a good linear correlation between log-transformed pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient, with a slope of about 1.0 and an average dispersivity of 0.25 for the entire soil profile. Generally speaking, the soil was more homogeneous along the soil profile. Our results also show that hydrodynamic dispersion is the dominant mechanism of solute transport of loess soils in the study area.     

黄土高原典型塬区土壤湿度特征分析

利用2005和2006年黄土高原陆气相互作用观测资料分析了不同下垫面的土壤湿度状况,并从土壤物理学的角度分析了造成各种下垫面湿度分布和变化不同的原因,得到如下结论:在近地层,各站的土壤湿度具有微弱的日变化特征;5cm层土壤含水量对降水比较敏感,随着降水的发生,土壤含水量迅速上升。随着深度的增大,土壤含水量上升的幅度逐渐减小,且滞后时间逐渐延长,但到了40cm深度处,土壤含水量就基本不受降水的影响了。从全年来说,该地区一年中可以区分出两个主要的水分时期,即蓄水期和失水期。蓄水期处于雨季,从6月到9月,10月开始到次年5月为失水期。冬春季节是土壤含水量最少的季节,从1月下旬一直持续到3月上旬,9月是土壤含水量最大的季节。土壤含水量变化规律可以分为两层,在25cm深度以上,冬春季节从上层到下层依次减小,夏秋季节从上到下依次增大;25cm到40cm土层全年都是从上层到下层依次增大;20cm土层附近相对于其余各层土壤含水量在全年都是最低的。     

CLDAS和GLDAS土壤湿度资料在黄土高原的适用性评估

本研究基于2011～2013年3～9月CMA陆面数据同化系统(CLDAS)和全球陆面数据同化系统(GLDAS) Noah陆面模式提供的表层10 cm土壤湿度数据,以国家气象信息中心提供的站点土壤湿度观测资料为参考,通过对比分析两套模拟数据在黄土高原区域的时空差异,并分别计算其与观测资料的相关系数(Corr)、平均偏差(MBE)和均方根误差(RMSE)等统计特征值,就两套模拟数据在黄土高原地区的适用性进行综合对比和评估,旨在选出一种适用于研究黄土高原地区土壤湿度时空特征的大范围、长时间序列的替代资料。结果显示:(1)两套陆面模式资料均能较好模拟黄土高原地区土壤湿度的空间变化特征,主要呈现出从西北向东南和西南增加的趋势,其中CLDAS具有较高的空间分辨率,能够较好刻画研究区细部特征;(2)从站点角度的统计特征值来看,两套资料的Corr值普遍偏高,CLDAS有71%和63%的站点分别达到极显著和显著差异水平,而GLDAS的略低,分别为70%和62%;研究区内各套资料的MBE和RMSE分布均类似;正负偏差站点个数相差不大,分布区间主要为-0.05～0.05,其中CLDAS有26和32个站点分别处于-0.05～0和0～0.05之间,而GLDAS则为28和24; GLDAS的RMSE主要集中在0.05～0.07之间,而CLDAS绝大部分低于0.05;(3)从时间序列来看,GLDAS资料与实测最为接近,但在春季存在一定程度的偏干情况,偏干程度小于CLDAS;(4)从整个研究区土壤湿度的模拟状况来看,GLDAS的Corr、MBE和RMSE值分别为0.821、0.0126和0.0221,较CLDAS资料具有更小的平均偏差、均方根误差和更大的相关系数。总体来说,两套陆面模式资料在黄土高原区域土壤湿度模拟上均存在各自的优势,均可作为土壤湿度观测的替代资料,对于土壤湿度研究和业务应用都具有积极的意义。     

黄土高原坡面刺槐林土壤水分生态位特征分析

通过定位观测并引入土壤水分生态位适宜度,以刺槐林根系分布作为土壤水分生态位权重,对黄土高原刺槐林不同地理位置、不同坡向和不同时期土壤水分生态位进行了分析.结果表明:由南向北,土壤水分生态位递减,淳化刺槐林土壤水分生态位为97.5%,可满足刺槐生长,米脂刺槐林土壤水分生态位为53.2%,林木生长较大受水分的限制;在不同坡向间刺槐林土壤水分生态位表现为阴坡最高,阳坡最低,在生长季节,刺槐的生长受土壤水分的制约,半阴坡和半阳坡介于二者之间;在年内,春旱及春末旱,导致土壤储水量减少,7月初土壤水分生态位降到最低.随着林龄和林木密度的增加,土壤水分生态位降低,保持适当的林分密度,可实现林木的正常生长.     

黄土高原地区干旱长期变化趋势及预测

根据黄土高原地区21个分布较为均匀的气象站1957~2001年的降水资料,应用Mann-Kendall趋势检验方法对其年、季气象旱涝指标的变化趋势进行分析,同时分析该区水文干旱和农业干旱变化趋势,结果表明:黄土高原地区年、夏、秋和冬季有向干旱化发展趋势,春季有向湿润化发展趋势;夏、秋季的干旱化趋势造成了年干旱化趋势。以渭河流域为例,黄土高原地区地表水资源呈显著性减少趋势,气象干旱可能是造成水文干旱的主要原因。黄土高原各省份旱情呈逐年代加重态势,尤其是进入20世纪90年代后趋势更加明显。用灰色-Markov链模型对该区旱涝指标进行预测,模型平均精度为88.26%。     

抗旱救灾农作制度的建立

在分析甘肃省中东部黄土高原旱作区当前干旱灾害和农业生产现状的基础上,进一步分析了干旱灾害和农业生产模式以及二者的互作效应对农田系统抵御干旱灾害能力的影响.认为抗旱减灾农作制度必须以科学轮作的作物体系、耕地质量保育和自然降水高效利用的栽培技术体系为支撑点.只有建立基于多样化的作物体系、秸秆还田、科学轮作、垄沟种植、二元覆盖和少免耕技术的农作制度,协调农田生产和生态之间的关系,才能够实现甘肃省中东部黄土高原旱作农田水土资源的可持续利用,达到抗旱救灾和农田生产力持续提高的目标.     

Effects of artificially cultivated biological soil crusts on soil nutrients and biological activities in the Loess Plateau

Biological soil crusts （BSCs） play an important role in the early succession of vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, China. To evaluate the effects of artificially cultivated BSCs on the soil surface micro-envir- onment, we obtained natural moss crusts and moss-lichen crusts from the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi province, and subsequently inoculated and cultivated on horizontal and sloping surfaces of loess soil in a greenhouse. The chemical and biological properties of the subsoil under cultivated BSCs were determined after 10 weeks of cul- tivation. The results indicated that BSCs coverage was more than 65% after 10 weeks of cultivation. Moss crust coverage reached 40% after 5 weeks of cultivation. Compared with the control, soil organic matter and available nitrogen contents in moss crust with the horizontal treatments increased by 100.87% and 48.23%, respectively; increased by 67.56% and 52.17% with the sloping treatments, respectively; they also increased in moss-lichen crust with horizontal and sloping treatments, but there was no significant difference. Available phosphorus in cultivated BSCs was reduced, soil pH was lower and cationic exchange capacity was higher in cultivated BSCs than in the control. Alkaline phosphatase, urease and invertase activities were increased in artificially cultivated BSCs, and alkaline phosphatase activity in all cultivated BSCs was obviously higher than that in the control. Numbers of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were increased in the formation process of cultivated BSCs. These results indicate that BSCs could be formed rapidly in short-term cultivation and improve the mi- cro-environment of soil surface, which provides a scientific reference for vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction in the Loess Plateau. China.     

Assessment of drought and its impact on winter wheat yield in the Chinese Loess Plateau

Drought has pronounced and immediate impacts on agricultural production, especially in semi-arid and arid rainfed agricultural regions. Quantification of drought and its impact on crop yield is essential to agricultural water resource management and food security. We investigated drought and its impact on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield in the Chinese Loess Plateau from 2001 to 2015. Specifically, we performed a varimax rotated principal component analysis on drought severity index (DSI) separately for four winter wheat growth periods: pre-sowing growth period (PG), early growth period (EG), middle growth period (MG), and late growth period (LG), resulting in three major subregional DSI dynamics for each growth period. The county-level projections of these major dynamics were then used to evaluate the growth period-specific impacts of DSI on winter wheat yields by using multiple linear regression analysis. Our results showed that the growth period-specific subregions had different major DSI dynamics. During PG, the northwestern area exhibited a rapid wetting trend, while small areas in the south showed a slight drying trend. The remaining subregions fluctuated between dryness and wetness. During EG, the northeastern and western areas exhibited a mild wetting trend. The remaining subregions did not display clear wetting or drying trends. During MG, the eastern and southwestern areas showed slight drying and wetting trends, respectively. The subregions scattered in the north and south had a significant wetting trend. During LG, large areas in the east and west exhibited wetting trends, whereas small parts in south-central area had a slight drying trend. Most counties in the north showed significant and slight wetting trends during PG, EG, and LG, whereas a few southwestern counties exhibited significant drying trends during PG and MG. Our analysis identified close and positive relationships between yields and DSI during LG, and revealed that almost all of the counties were vulnerable to drought. Similar but less strong relationships existed for MG, in which northeastern and eastern counties were more drought-vulnerable than other counties. In contrast, a few drought-sensitive counties were mainly located in the southwestern and eastern areas during PG, and in the northeastern corner of the study region during EG. Overall, our study dissociated growth period-specific and spatial location-specific impacts of drought on winter wheat yield, and might contribute to a better understanding of monitoring and early warning of yield loss.