西安市二环内表层土壤重金属污染评价

采用3S技术相结合的方法在西安二环内采集城市表层土壤样品78个,利用X-Ray荧光分析仪(XRF)测定土壤样品中Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、V等8种重金属元素的含量,将其与其他城市相比较,在此基础上进行污染评价。结果表明:西安二环内表层土壤中重金属Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、V的平均值分别为19.32、81.10、54.27、671.50、34.46、59.69、186.17、85.20mg.kg-1,均高于陕西省土壤背景值。西安二环内表层土壤中8种重金属综合污染水平属于中度污染。其中,56.41%的采样点为轻度污染,29.49%的采样点为中度污染,14.10%的采样点为重度污染。不同重金属元素呈现出不同的污染水平,Mn、Ni和V基本无污染累积,Co、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr均有不同程度的污染,主要与工业生产、交通等人类活动有关。     

宝鸡二电厂周边农田土壤重金属污染特征及评价

采集宝鸡二电厂周边34处农田土壤样品,采用X-Ray荧光光谱仪测定土壤样品中Cu、Pb、Zn、Co、Cr、Mn、Ni、V的含量,利用内梅罗综合污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价土壤重金属的污染水平及潜在生态风险。结果表明:宝鸡二电厂周边农田土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Co、Cr、Mn、Ni、V的含量均高于陕西表层土壤背景值,电厂西南方向土壤中Cr、Mn含量最大,东北方向土壤中含量最小,其他重金属元素的含量在各方位变化不明显;电厂周边农田土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Co、Cr、Mn、Ni、V均处于轻度污染状态,各采样点重金属综合污染属于轻度;土壤中各重金属元素均处于轻度生态风险,总的潜在生态风险处于中等水平。     

西安市护城河沉积物重金属形态、污染及潜在生态风险

采集西安市护城河沉积物样品,分析其中重金属含量和形态,并对其污染水平和生态风险进行分析。结果表明:沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr、As和Hg平均含量分别是138.70、153.24、424.86、614.47、78.36、81.53、123.36、20.01μg·g-1和6.55μg·g-1,高于中国水系沉积物背景值和陕西省土壤背景值,尤其是Cu、Pb、Zn、Co和Hg。沉积物中,Cu主要以可氧化态存在,Pb主要以可还原态存在,Ni、Cr和Co主要以残余态存在,Zn主要以乙酸可提取态和可还原态存在,Mn平均分布在乙酸可提取态、残余态及可氧化态中,重金属的迁移为:Zn(83.53%)Cu(75.09%)≈Pb(74.54%)Co(64.93%)Mn(62.31%)Ni(47.50%)Cr(45.89%)。沉积物中,Mn未污染,Cr和As为轻度污染,Cu、Pb、Ni和Zn属于偏中度污染,Co处于中度污染,Hg达到严重污染。根据调整后的生态风险分级标准,护城河沉积物重金属总的潜在生态风险达到严重水平,重金属生态风险系数为:HgCo≈CuPbAsNiZnCrMn,Hg达到严重生态危害,其他重金属处于低等生态危害。     

省道路边菜地土壤重金属含量分布及污染评价

采集西安市S107省道路边菜地土壤样品,利用XRF法测定土壤样品中重金属的含量,研究路边土壤中重金属的含量变化特征及污染水平。研究结果显示,路边菜地土壤中存在着Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Mn、Ni和V的累积现象。土壤重金属含量空间变化分析表明,防护林能够有效限制扩散能力强的Pb和Cr的传播范围,可阻挡通过大颗粒污染物扩散的Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni、V和As进入菜地土壤。单项污染指数评价结果显示,菜地土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Mn、Ni、V单因子污染指数均在1.0～1.7范围内,都达到了轻度污染,其中Pb、Cr污染指数能达到1.6和1.7,污染相对较重。路边菜地土壤重金属的综合污染指数分别为1.9和1.8,污染水平为轻度。     

关中东部全新世剖面土壤重金属元素分布特征与环境演变

以关中东部全新世黄土-古土壤剖面为研究对象,分析了Ni、Mn、Cu、Zn、Nb、As、Ti、V、Co和Pb十种土壤重金属元素的含量及其分布特征,并与磁化率、Rb/Sr曲线进行了比对和相关性分析,研究结果表明:Ni、Cu、As、V、Mn、Zn和Nb重金属元素的动态变化与全新世以来成壤环境的变化趋势是一致的,暗示全新世土壤...     

千河下游土壤-小麦系统重金属富集特征及风险评价

为探讨千河下游土壤-小麦系统中重金属富集特征及土壤污染风险,采集千河下游土壤和小麦籽粒各28份,使用ICP-MS测定8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn)含量,采用污染负荷指数对土壤重金属污染风险进行分析,并运用GIS空间化和生物富集系数相结合的方法揭示研究区土壤-小麦系统重金属之间富集关系.结果...     

渭北旱塬连续40年苹果园土壤重金属元素分布特征研究

文中对洛川塬面40年连续果林园土壤的Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn、Mn分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:洛川塬苹果园土壤中除Cu外,Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn、Mn五种元素都表现为剖面上、下部含量基本相同或下部含量高于上部的含量。尽管Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn、Mn含量未超出土壤环境质量标准,但均高于区域背景值,元素在土壤中发生了累积。主要原因为人类活动造成土层结构的破坏,以及对果园施肥、喷药等管理环节,导致重金属元素向深部的迁移和积累。     

新疆民丰县农田土壤重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

采用地累积指数、污染负荷指数和潜在生态风险指数对新疆民丰县85组农田表层土壤样品中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn八种重金属元素的含量和污染程度进行评价。结果表明:民丰县农田表层土壤中重金属Cd、Hg、Cr、Ni元素的含量是新疆土壤背景值的1.147倍、1.124倍、1.116倍、1.041倍;Pb、Zn、Ni、Cu、As元素之间呈现不同程度的显著相关性。地累积指数从大到小依次为As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Hg;土壤重金属的污染负荷指数PLI平均值为0.1268,属于无污染程度。土壤重金属综合潜在生态风险指数均值为13.828,属于轻微生态风险。民丰县农田土壤环境适宜耕种,农产品安全隐患概率极低。     

杂草对重金属污染土壤修复能力的研究

用电感耦合等离子体分析了市郊排污河岸土壤重金属含量及“种杂草中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb和Zn的含量。结果表明,河岸土壤存在一定程度重金属污染,Cd含量较高,为3级,Cr为1级,Cu为2级,Pb为2级,Zn为2级。杂草对重金属的吸收、积累和运输能力因杂草种类、部位及重金属种类而不同。杂草对重金属的积累能力为：Cd〉Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Mn〉Cr。杂草转移重金属系数为：Cr〉Pb〉Mn〉Cu〉Zn〉Cd。提出了适用于不同重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb和Zn污染土壤的修复植物。     

塔吉克斯坦不同土壤/沉积物元素组成与分布特征

塔吉克斯坦是与我国东部接壤的内陆高山国家,其化学元素背景和资源环境问题对我国同气候类型区域的研究具有重要意义。2011年9-10月采集了中亚干旱－半干旱地区塔吉克斯坦不同区域的表层土壤和沉积物,通过对不同土壤/沉积物元素组成与分布特征,探讨了其形成原因和影响因素。结果表明：不同土壤/沉积物的元素含量为：Ca > Al > Fe > Mg > Na > Ti > P > Mn > Sr > Zn > V > Cr > Ni > Cu > Pb > Co > Cd。主成分分析表明,塔吉克斯坦不同土壤和沉积物的元素分布受自然和人类活动的双重影响,总体所占比例约为60.0%和12.6%。城区和耕地土壤重金属元素(Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn)含量高于人类活动弱的基岩和山区,人口密度相对高的西部地区重金属含量高于东部地区,受工业污染物排放的影响,杜尚别地区河道泥沙中Cd含量明显高于其他区域。塔吉克斯坦地表不同类型土壤人为污染弱,但局部区域不同程度地受到人类活动引起的重金属污染影响,其中,Cu污染相对较重,Pb、Zn较轻,而Cd主要与工业点源污染有关。     

Toxic metal enrichment characteristics and sources of arid urban surface soil in Yinchuan City,China

To investigate the environmental quality of the urban surface soil in Yinchuan City, the capital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(Ningxia), China, we sampled surface soil and measured the concentrations of 8 toxic metals(Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Bi, Ni and V) using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The enrichment characteristics and sources of these toxic metals in the soil were analyzed by the enrichment factor(EF) and multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the mean concentrations of these toxic metals in the soil samples were 25.0, 109.1, 16.8, 26.0, 37.2, 2.7, 25.3 and 59.9 mg/kg for Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Bi, Ni and V, respectively, which were 1.2, 1.8, 0.8, 0.4, 3.2, 8.7, 0.7 and 0.8 times of the corresponding background values of Ningxia soil, respectively. The variations of Pb, Zn, Co, Bi and Ni concentrations in the surface soil of Yinchuan were larger than those of the other metals. Our results also showed that the toxic metals investigated in the soil had different enrichment levels. Both Co and Bi were significantly enriched, whereas Cr was only moderately enriched in the soil. There was a deficiency or minimal enrichment of the other toxic metals in the soil. Source analysis results based on the concentration, enrichment characteristics and multivariate statistical analysis indicated that Cr, V and Ni originated from a combination of fossil fuel combustion, traffic pollution and natural occurrence. Pb, Cu and Zn were predominantly derived from natural and traffic sources, while Co and Bi primarily originated from construction sources.     

Contents and spatial distribution patterns of heavy metals in the hinterland of the Tengger Desert,China

The desert in northern China is one of important sources of loess and one significant source of material for sandstorms in Asia. The sand/dust that is transported from desert when sandstorms occur can destroy the growth of crops, cause serious losses and great harm to the economic construction and life safety, and cause natural environment pollution. Hence, it is very important to deepen the research into heavy metals in surface deposits at vulnerable ecological region of arid land of northern China to guide local industrial and agricultural development and improve environmental protection. In this research, 10 heavy metal elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Th) were tested and analyzed in 33 soil sample sites collected from the hinterland of the Tengger Desert, northern China. The results showed that the average abundance of Th exceeded its background soil value of China by more than 5.2 times, which suggests that the Tengger Desert is polluted by Th. In addition, based on principal component analysis, spatial differentiation, and correlation analysis, we identified the source of element with a coefficient of variation in abundance of greater than 0.5 or exceeding the background soil value of China. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis showed that the sources of heavy metals of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Cd were similar, while those of Th and Zn were different. Moreover, based on the contents and spatial distribution characteristics of those heavy metal elements, we found that the formation of heavy metal elements enrichment areas is caused by industrial pollution, development of irrigated agricultural, geological, and geomorphic conditions, and the sedimentary environment in the study area. Our result can provide information on the environmental background values of soils in the hinterland of the Tengger Desert. Background value of China^a(mg/kg)     

环青海湖地区表层土壤重金属富集含量及其生态风险评价

为评估环青海湖地区表层土壤中重金属富集含量与生态风险状况,按网格法采集87组土壤样品,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry,ICP-AES)测定土壤重金属Cd、Cr、Pb、As、Cu、Zn和Ni,并利用内梅罗综合污染指数法、污染负荷指数法、相关性分析和因子分析等方法,探析了研究区土壤重金属含量、污染程度、生态风险及污染来源。结果表明:环青海湖地区表层土壤中重金属Cd、Pb污染在所研究的元素中最为严重,Cr、As、Cu、Zn和Ni次之,且草地的表层土壤重金属污染情况相比农田和沙地较严重。从污染负荷指数法来看,研究区土壤重金属整体上未达到污染水平,但部分采样点污染严重。内梅罗综合指数法分析显示,研究区整体上为重度污染,且单项污染指数存在不同程度超标,其污染程度依次为Cd>Pb>As>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr。潜在生态风险指数法表明,整个研究区的综合潜在生态风险为中等程度,其中Cd、As的贡献率接近80%,部分区域潜在生态风险较高。相关性和因子分析可以发现,Cr、Pb、As、Cu、Zn和Ni之间的相关性显著,污染程度基本一致,很可能具有同源性。综上可知,环青海湖地区已出现土壤重金属污染,且存在潜在生态风险,需要采取适当的监测和相应治理措施。     

Risikoabschätzung von Schadelementen (Schwermetallen) im System Boden/Pflanze

In rural areas, representing about 97% of the agricultural and horticultural area, the content of heavy metals in harvested products does not create a significant risk to consumers. In urban areas with about 3% of the horticultural area and on agricultural production fields with corresponding history, local contaminations may exceed the precautionary values for soils. For these areas, an estimation of possible risks is advisable and necessary. On the base of investigations of transfer of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb as well as Zn) via the path soil to plant “bio concentration factors” (BCF) have been determined for various horticultural crops (leaf-vegetable, shoot-vegetable, fruit-vegetable, root-vegetable, kitchen herbs and fruit). By use of these BCFs in combination with human toxicological values of the heavy metals (TDI), guiding values can be derived for tolerable soil contamination with the respective metals. These guiding values allow a simple risk assessment of the respective contaminated soils for cultivation and consumption of crops or crop products.     

Heavy metal contamination of urban topsoil in a petrochemical industrial city in Xinjiang,China

Heavy metal pollution is a widespread phenomenon in many countries of the world.In this study,we conducted a field investigation to assess the status of heavy metal pollution in urban soils of Dushanzi,a district of Karamay city in Xinjiang,China.A total of 56 soil samples in the topsoil layer of 0–15 cm were collected within the urban area and seven elements(Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,Cr,As and Ni) were analyzed.The mean concentrations of these metals were all higher than their corresponding background values of soils in Xinjiang.We used the pollution index and ecological risk index to assess the degree of heavy metal pollution and the potential ecological risk of urban soils.The pollution index values of Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,Cr,As and Ni were 1.81,1.35,4.64,1.27,1.80,1.39 and 1.22,respectively;and the potential ecological risk index values for them were 12.03,1.79,185.05,8.39,4.78,18.44 and 1.79,respectively.These results indicated that urban soils in Dushanzi were polluted by heavy metals to some extent and demonstrated a high ecological risk,as influenced by industrial activities.Cd was the key element for the metal pollution of urban soils in the study area.Correlation analyses,principal component analysis coupled with the spatial distribution maps of element concentrations further revealed that heavy metal pollution of urban soils can be mainly attributed to petrochemical industry,coal chemical industry,traffic and commercial activities.     

新疆污灌区重金属含量及形态研究

本文对新疆污灌区土壤中Cu、Zn、N i、Cr、Pb五种重金属元素的含量和形态特征进行了研究。结果表明,Cu、Zn、N i、Cr、Pb主要富集在0—20cm表土中。以《土壤环境质量标准》GB15618—1995二级标准为评价标准,污染综合指数评价均为安全级。新疆污灌表土中Cu、Zn、N i、Cr、Pb以残渣态为主,水溶态和可交换态比例低,其中Cu、Zn、Pb的潜在生物可利用性较高。