十二种不同杀虫剂对梨小食心虫和桑白蚧的防治效果

试验比较了不同类型的12种杀虫剂对梨小食心虫为害桃梢的防效和对桑白蚧的兼治效果.结果表明:35％氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂8 000倍液、10％啶虫脒微乳剂3 000倍液、1％甲维盐水剂1 500倍液、80％灭多威可溶粉剂1 500倍液具有较好的防效.240 g/L螺虫乙酯悬浮剂1 000倍液防治桑白蚧效果较突出,其次为2.5 g/L高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油2 000倍液、2.5％联苯菊酯乳油1 000倍液和40％毒死蜱乳油1 500倍液.氯虫苯甲酰胺、啶虫脒、甲维盐虽对梨小食心虫防效较好,但本试验发现,可能会导致桑白蚧为害加重,是值得进一步研究和探讨的问题.     

3种杀虫剂喷雾和涂干法防治葡萄光滑足距小蠹

在越冬雌成虫出孔扩散期采用网罩葡萄树干的新方法,比较了高效氯氟氰菊酯、毒死蜱和其混剂(毒死蜱+氯氰菊酯)喷雾和涂干防治葡萄光滑足距小蠹的效果。结果表明,2.5%高效氯氟氰菊乳油2 500倍液喷雾和100倍液涂干、48%毒死蜱乳油1 000倍液喷雾和100倍液涂干、52.25%(毒死蜱+氯氰菊酯)乳油1 500倍液喷雾和100倍液涂干,于越冬雌成虫出孔期用药,1～7 d的防效均好,以52.25%(毒死蜱+氯氰菊酯)乳油100倍和细土涂干的效果最持久,持效期可达13 d。     

5种农药对梨小食心虫成虫杀灭及产卵抑制作用

在室内测定了5种杀虫剂对梨小食心虫成虫的杀灭作用及对其产卵的抑制作用。供试药剂中,20%呋虫胺可溶粒剂对梨小食心虫成虫的速效性和杀灭作用均较强,喷施其2 000倍液后4h成虫校正死亡率为93.56%,12 h达100%;5%阿维菌素乳油速效性较差,杀灭作用较强,喷施其2 000倍液后48h成虫校正死亡率为99.03%,72 h时达100%;10%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂速效性较差,杀灭作用较强,喷施其5 000倍液后48 h成虫校正死亡率为88.59%,72 h时达92.45%。上述3种药剂除对成虫有杀灭作用外,喷施后对新放入成虫的产卵还有不同程度的抑制作用,并改变了产卵动态。其他2种药剂10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂和20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂的杀灭作用较弱,药后成虫校正死亡率均低于50%。     

杜英日本龟蜡蚧药剂防治试验

选用8种杀虫剂对遵义杜英日本龟蜡蚧进行防治试验。结果表明,分别于若虫孵化盛期和末期喷施40%啶虫·毒死蜱乳油1 600倍液、25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂2 500倍液、10%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂1 250倍液,第2次施药后10d防治效果分别为98.62%、97.59%和90.64%,显著高于其他处理。40%矿物油·毒死蜱乳油1 000倍液、70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂2 500倍液、24%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂1 500倍液防效次之,均在80%以上。     

吡虫啉防治香蕉黄胸蓟马的减量使用技术研究

为了降低吡虫啉在香蕉果实中的残留风险,探索减量使用方法,在香蕉蓟马防控窗口期,试验比较了70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂(WG)与9种低毒药剂对黄胸蓟马的防效,并进行了该吡虫啉制剂的不同稀释倍数及与不同药剂组合使用对蓟马的防治试验。结果表明：9种对比药剂中,22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂(SC)3 000倍液,20%氟啶虫酰胺SC 2 000倍液和60 g/L乙基多杀菌素SC 1 500倍液的防效最好,达80%以上,与70%吡虫啉WG 3 000倍液的防效差异不显著。70%吡虫啉WG 5 000倍药液的防效为85.7%,与1 500倍药液和3 000倍药液的防效差异不显著,但显著高于7 000倍药液的防效。70%吡虫啉WG的5 000倍液分别与2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂(EW)的1 500倍液、60 g/L乙基多杀菌素SC的1 500倍液、25%噻虫嗪WG的2 000倍液和70%啶虫脒WG的5 000倍液组合使用,4种不同药剂组合处理的防效均达81.4%以上,与施用2次70%吡虫啉WG 5 000倍液的防效差异不显著。通过科学选择替换吡虫啉的药剂,合理使用70%吡虫啉WG的剂量,在香蕉蓟马防控窗口期...     

五种常用杀虫剂对灰飞虱繁殖力的影响

为合理使用杀虫剂防治灰飞虱,采用稻茎浸渍法测定杀虫剂氟虫腈、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、三唑磷和高效氯氟氰菊酯对灰飞虱3龄若虫的室内活性,并用LC50、LC75和LC,90测定灰飞虱的繁殖力.结果表明,经氟虫腈和吡虫啉处理的3龄若虫和成虫,所产的第2代若虫数均少于清水对照;而经毒死蜱、三唑磷和高效氯氟氰菊酯处理的3龄若虫和成虫,所产的第2代若虫数均多于对照,其中经高效氯氟氰菊酯LC50处理的3龄若虫所产的第2代若虫数最多,比对照多53.3%,极显著高于对照.在尼龙网隔离的水泥池内稻麦套作,接灰飞虱成虫后分别用氟虫腈39.9 mL/667m2和吡虫啉53.2mL/667m2处理,第2年的虫量仅为对照的33.5%和64.6%;而用毒死蜱59.9mL/667m2、三唑磷98.6mL/667 m2以及高效氯氟氰菊酯99.8mL/667m2处理,第2年的虫量分别比对照多1.73、1.35和1.93倍.     

防治玉米田桃蛀螟幼虫杀虫剂的筛选

为筛选防治玉米田桃蛀螟幼虫的有效杀虫剂,室内分别采用胃毒法和触杀法测定了5种新型杀虫剂的作用效果,筛选出效果较好的杀虫剂进行了田间药效试验,并分析了防治桃蛀螟对玉米产量性状的影响。胃毒作用效果表明,20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂5 000倍液和6 000倍液、5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐水分散粒剂5 000倍液和6 000倍液、10%溴氰虫酰胺油悬浮剂3 000倍液72h时作用效果好,均达90%以上;触杀作用表明,20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂5 000倍液和6 000倍液72h时作用效果较好,均在80%以上。基于室内作用效果综合分析,选择20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂3 000、4 000和5 000倍液进行田间试验,3个处理均具有良好的防治效果,处理4d时的防治效果分别为96. 4%、94. 1%和83. 4%;3 000倍液处理区的玉米穗长、行粒数、百粒重和玉米穗腐病率均与对照差异显著(P 0. 05)。20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂3 000倍液可作为防治玉米田桃蛀螟的有效药剂及浓度,这为玉米田桃蛀螟的防治与其经济阈值的制定提供了可靠的理论依据。     

几种药剂对柑橘木虱的田间药效试验

采用6种药剂对柑橘木虱田间防效进行试验,结果表明,52.25%高氯·毒死蜱EC1000倍液、4.5%联苯菊酯SC1500倍液、5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EW1500倍液、25%噻虫嗪WG3500倍液、10%吡虫啉EC1500倍液和48%毒死蜱EC800倍液对柑橘木虱具有较好的速效性,施药后1d的总体防效分别为100%、99.88%、99.77%、99.38%、98.02%和94.31%;施药后7d,10%吡虫啉EC1500倍液对柑橘木虱的防治效果最差,为87.9%,其他几种药剂的防效仍维持在90%以上;施药后14d,各处理对柑橘木虱的防效均在75%以下。     

两种植物源杀虫剂对猕猴桃小薪甲的田间药效试验

近年来,猕猴桃小薪甲已成为陕西猕猴桃园发生的重要虫害之一。为解决猕猴桃小薪甲防治无药可用,常规防治药剂存在风险等问题,笔者在陕西省城固县猕猴桃园开展了两种植物源杀虫剂防治小薪甲的探索性试验。结果表明：1%苦皮藤素水乳剂和0.5%苦参碱水剂对猕猴桃小薪甲均有很好的防治效果。其中1%苦皮藤素水乳剂5 000～3 000倍液用药3 d后,防治效果为78.74%～96.79%,用药7 d后防治效果为86.84%～99.65%;0.5%苦参碱水剂3 000～1 000倍液用药3 d后,防治效果为74.28%～89.03%,用药7 d后防治效果为85.73%～96.08%。猕猴桃幼果期,推荐1%苦皮藤素水乳剂按5 000～3 000倍液使用,与常用化学农药防治效果相当,且具有持效期更长的优点;0.5%苦参碱水剂按3 000～1 000倍液使用,防治效果显著高于常用化学农药。     

不同杀菌剂对小麦叶锈病的防治效果

小麦叶锈病是威胁我国小麦安全生产的重要病害之一,近年来其发生程度有逐年加重的趋势。为了筛选有效的化学防治药剂,对5种杀菌剂进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,5%烯唑醇微乳剂1 000~2 000倍液、430g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂3 000~5 000倍液、10%氟硅唑微乳剂1 500倍液、1 750倍液、20%丙环唑微乳剂400~800倍液、2%武夷菌素水剂300倍液、400倍液试验处理防效均高于50%。从增产效果来看,20%丙环唑微乳剂600倍液的增产率最高,达到42.33%。5%烯唑醇微乳剂2 000倍液,430g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂5 000倍液兼具高防效和高效益(产出/投入),建议推广使用。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

A systematic review of the literature reveals trends and gaps in integrated pest management studies conducted in the United States

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a broad‐based approach for addressing pests that negatively affect human and environmental health and economic profitability. Weeds, insects and disease‐causing pathogens (diseases) are the pests most often associated with IPM. A systematic review, widely used in other scientific disciplines, was employed to determine the most commonly studied IPM topics and summarize the reasons for these trends and the gaps. In a field synopsis of the literature, 1679 relevant published papers were identified and categorized into one of the following five broad areas: IPM and organic (organic), climate change and pests (climate), rural and urban IPM (rural and urban), next‐generation education (education) and advanced production systems (technology). Papers were examined in greater detail for at least one of the three main pests in a systematic review. A majority (85%) of IPM papers have been in the area of rural and urban IPM, primarily addressing agriculture (78%). Professionals, landowners and the general public were the focus of a majority (95%) of IPM papers on education. Technology is an increasing area of focus in the literature. Over the past 40 years, IPM papers have primarily (75%) addressed insects and been limited mostly to rural and urban settings. Climate change, technology and education specific to pest management studies are increasingly being published and will help broaden the focus that could result in increased adoption and development of IPM. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Thermal and hormonal regulation of the dormancy–germination transition in Amaranthus tuberculatus seeds

The transition from seed dormancy to germination is a multi‐step process. However, distinguishing between physiological processes involved in seed dormancy alleviation and those involved in germination has been difficult. We studied the seed dormancy alleviation process in Amaranthus tuberculatus, an important weed species in midwestern USA. Using three A. tuberculatus biotypes that differ in dormancy level, it was determined that stratification reduced seed dormancy from a high to a low level. Temperature alternation alleviated low seed dormancy and triggered germination. Exogenously applied abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) had no effect on seeds with high dormancy. However, ABA and paclobutrazol (a GA biosynthesis inhibitor) significantly reduced germination of seeds with low dormancy. Hormones could not replace the effects of stratification or temperature alternation on dormancy alleviation. Based on our results, we propose a seed dormancy–germination transition model in which the dormancy of A. tuberculatus seeds is progressively reduced from a high to a low level; but environmental conditions (i.e. stratification) can accelerate the dormancy alleviation process. Under low dormancy levels, the seed is more sensitive to environmental cues that are responsible for removing dormancy and triggering germination (i.e. temperature alternation). Finally, ABA and GA regulation occurs primarily during the final transition from low dormancy to germination rather than the alleviation of high dormancy.     

Description ofPauesia (Pauesia)anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) sp. nov., a parasitoid of the cedar aphidCinara cedri

The first parasitoid species reared from a population of the cedar aphid,Cinara cedri Mimeur, 1935 (Hemiptera: Aphididae), from the peninsula of Anatolia in Turkey is described.Pauesia anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) is closely related to some species of thelaricis group ofPauesia from which it differs in the number of antenomers, the propodeum and features of the female genitalia. Its potential use as a natural enemy in areas where the aphid has been introduced is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005.     

Current statistical issues in Weed Research

The correct design of experimental studies, the selection of the appropriate statistical analysis of data and the efficient presentation of results are key to the good conduct and communication of science. The last Guidance for the use and presentation of statistics in Weed Research was published in 1988. Since then, there have been developments in both the scope of research covered by the journal and in the statistical techniques available. This paper addresses the changes in statistics and provides a reference work that will aid researchers in the design and analysis of their work. It will also provide guidance for editors and reviewers. The paper is organised into sections, which will aid the selection of relevant paragraphs, as we recognise that particular approaches require particular statistical analysis. It also uses examples, questions and checklists, so that non-specialists can work towards the correct approach. Statistics can be complex, so knowing when to seek specialist advice is important. The structure and layout of this contribution should help weed scientists, but it cannot provide a comprehensive guide to every technique. Therefore, we provide references to further reading. We would like to reinforce the idea that statistical methods are not a set of recipes whose mindless application is required by convention; each experiment or study may involve subtleties that these guidelines cannot cover. Nevertheless, we anticipate that this paper will help weed scientists in their initial designs for research, in the analysis of data and in the presentation of results for publication.     

Electrophoretic and serological comparisons of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins from different plant species

Preparations of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins (PRs) from differentNicotiana species, tomato,Gynura aurantiaca, bean, and cowpea were compared to each other and to bean chitinase and a constitutive apple agglutinin by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels both in the absence and in the presence of SDS, and by serological double diffusion analysis using antisera against tobacco PRs and bean chitinase. PRs from different plant genera displayed a similar but not identical range of relative mobilities in both native and SDS gels, whereas bean chitinase and apple agglutinin were clearly different. None of the antisera reacted with any of the PR preparations from plant genera other than the one from which the antigen(s) had been derived. Whilst PRs within the genusNicotiana are serologically related and can be identical, PRs from different plant genera seem to be sufficiently different to be considered as genus-specific.     

Contribution of Biological Control to Integrated Pest Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Tropics and Subtropics

The biological control of pest tephritid flies using parasitoids has been successful in relatively few subtropical and tropical regions. The best documented successes were in Hawaii and Florida, USA, Fiji and southern Europe. There were relatively limited successes in Australia, Costa Rica and Mexico. With the accidental establishment of new pest tephritids, such as Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Hawaii or Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock in Australia, foreign exploration for new parasitoids is essential. A renewal of interest in classical biological control has recently occurred, although not at the same level as in the 1940s and 1950s. New parasitoid species are currently being obtained for several tephritids, such as Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), B. latifrons and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). The advances in mass rearing and quality control technology for parasitoids has enabled researchers to perform large-scale field testing of these parasitoids to determine the potential of augmentative releases. Numerous studies on the augmentative release of parasitoids have been done. Historically, the larval—pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been the most frequently studied parasitoid, due to the ease of rearing this species. However, recent successes in rearing other species with different biologies, e.g. the egg—pupal parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), the gregarious eulophid, Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri) and the pupal parasitoid, Coptera sp., will enable researchers to broaden the repertoire of parasitoid species for the future. Both successes and failures in augmentative releases have occurred. Without knowledge of the behavioural ecology of parasitoids, the reasons for success or failure can only be surmised. Recent research on the dispersal and host habitat finding of tephritid parasitoids will provide insights into improving augmentation and conservation strategies. The integrated pest management (IPM) of tephritid flies in the tropics has been less well-developed than research and programmes for tephritids in temperate zones. Significant emphasis is now being placed on the development of quarantine treatment methods that are environmentally sound; thus IPM will take a larger role. Several existing pest management strategies are reviewed which show the potential for compatibility with the activities of tephritid parasitoids. These include trap cropping, insecticides with selective toxicity to the target pests, mass trapping with parapheromones, the sterile insect technique and field sanitation.     

Rapid Identification of Clavibacter michiganensis Subspecies sepedonicus Using Two Primers Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (TP-RAPD) Fingerprints

Twenty strains of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus from different geographic origins and other reference strains of the same and different species, including other potato pathogens, were analysed with a new procedure named TP-RAPD that originates fingerprints of bacterial species. This procedure uses two primers to amplify the 16S rDNA gene. At 45 °C of annealing, the PCR product electrophoresed in agarose gels produced a band pattern that was different in all bacterial species studied as well as in the subspecies of C. michiganensis. All strains of C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus displayed the same TP-RAPD number of pattern. Unlike Gram negative bacteria, Gram positives of high G + C content, such as Clavibacter, produced low bands in TP-RAPD. By using a different set of two primers also based in the 16S rDNA sequence from Escherichia coli a more adequate amplification of Gram positives of high G + C including a greater number of bands was obtained. TP-RAPD patterns using the new set of primers described in this work is a reliable and fast method to identify C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus.