A new blast resistance gene identified in the Indian native rice cultivar Aus373 through allelism and linkage tests

Blast, caused by Pyricularia grisea , is a major constraint on rice production. To widen genetic diversity for disease resistance, the Indian native rice cultivar Aus373 was screened by F₂ segregation analyses to investigate the genetic basis of its high resistance. Aus373 was crossed with a series of Japanese differential cultivars (JDCs) and the Chinese susceptible cultivar Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH). The resistance ratios of subsequent F₂ progenies were used to determine the number of blast-resistance loci present as well as allelic relationships with known loci. Resistance of Aus373 was governed by dominant alleles at two loci, one at the Pi-k locus and the second apparently at a new locus linked to an isozyme gene Amp-1 with a recombination fraction of 37.9 ± 3.0% on chromosome 2. This putative new locus and allele were designated Pi16 (t).     

Natural Variation at the Pi-ta Rice Blast Resistance Locus

ABSTRACT The resistance gene Pi-ta protects rice crops against the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea expressing the avirulence gene AVR-Pita in a gene-for-gene manner. Pi-ta, originally introgressed into japonica rice from indica origin, was previously isolated by positional cloning. In this study, we report the nucleotide sequence of a 5,113-base pair region containing a japonica susceptibility pi-ta allele, which has overall 99.6% nucleotide identity to the indica Pi-ta allele conferring resistance. The intron region shows the levels of sequence diversity that typically differentiate genes from indica and japonica rices, but the other gene regions show less diversity. Sequences of the Pi-ta allele from resistant cultivars Katy and Drew from the southern United States are identical to the resistance Pi-ta sequence. Sequences from susceptible cultivars El Paso 144 and Cica 9 from Latin America define a third susceptibility haplotype. This brings the total number of Pi-ta haplotypes identified to four, including the resistance allele and three susceptibility alleles. The Pi-ta locus shows low levels of DNA polymorphism compared with other analyzed R genes. Understanding the natural diversity at the Pi-ta locus is important for designing specific markers for incorporation of this R gene into rice-breeding programs.     

Rice Pi-ta gene Confers Resistance to the Major Pathotypes of the Rice Blast Fungus in the United States

ABSTRACT The Pi-ta gene in rice prevents the infection by Magnaporthe grisea strains containing the AVR-Pita avirulence gene. The presence of Pi-ta in rice cultivars was correlated completely with resistance to two major pathotypes, IB-49 and IC-17, common in the U.S. blast pathogen population. The inheritance of resistance to IC-17 was investigated further using a marker for the resistant Pi-ta allele in an F(2) population of 1,345 progeny from a cross of cv. Katy with experimental line RU9101001 possessing and lacking, respectively, the Pi-ta resistance gene. Resistance to IC-17 was conferred by a single dominant gene and Pi-ta was not detected in susceptible individuals. A second F(2) population of 377 individuals from a reciprocal cross between Katy and RU9101001 was used to verify the conclusion that resistance to IC-17 was conferred by a single dominant gene. In this cross, individuals resistant to IC-17 also were resistant to IB-49. The presence of Pi-ta and resistance to IB-49 also was correlated with additional crosses between 'Kaybonnet' and 'M-204', which also possess and lack Pi-ta, respectively. A pair of primers that specifically amplified a susceptible pi-ta allele was developed to verify the absence of Pi-ta. We suggest that Pi-ta is responsible for resistance to IB-49 and IC-17 and that both races contain AVR-Pita genes.     

New gene for bacterial blight resistance in rice located on chromosome 12 identified from minghui 63, an elite restorer line

ABSTRACT Bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is a serious disease of rice worldwide. A new dominant gene for bacterial blight resistance in rice, Xa25(t), was identified from Minghui 63, a restorer line for a number of rice hybrids that are widely cultivated in China. This gene conferred resistance to Philippine race 9 (PXO339) of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in both seedling and adult stages. It was mapped to the centromeric region of chromosome 12, 2.5 cM from a disease resistance gene-homologous sequence, NBS109, and 7.3 cM from a restriction fragment length polymorphism marker, G1314. The genomic location of this gene is similar to the previously identified blast resistance genes, Pi-ta and Pi-ta2.     

A population genetics-based approach reveals candidate gene regions important in the determination of resistance specificity for the Pik family of rice blast resistance genes

Allelic resistance (R) genes at the Pik locus for rice blast resistance consist of two genes, designated as the first gene and the second gene, which each have a nucleotide-binding site and a leucine-rich repeat. We investigated allelic nucleotide sequence diversity at this locus in 36 rice lines and searched for gene regions showing high rates of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions. We detected such regions within and near the coiled-coil domain of the first gene but detected only a few nucleotide substitutions in the second gene, suggesting the importance of the N-terminal part of the first protein in the determination of R specificity.     

水稻品种抗瘟遗传多样性分析及其应用

以水稻的Xa21基因中富含亮氨酸重复区域（leucine-rich repeat regions）设计的XLRR for（CCGTTGGACAGGAAGGAG）与XLRR rev（CCCATAGACCGGACTGTT）为引物,通过PCR扩增、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和银染检测,进行了江西省水稻主栽品种和地方资源品种的抗病基因类似序列（resistance gene analogue,RGA）分析.结果表明,水稻抗病基因类似序列类型丰富,供试的23个品种的RGA-PCR指纹聚类后,当以欧氏距离4.5划分时,可分为6个遗传相似组.同一遗传相似组内的品种,在品种的特性上,有较强的相似性,如第二组,由两个品种大禾谷和长粒糯组成,它们均为高秆的地方优质老品种,生产上均较感稻瘟病.烂蔸糯和流稻糯两个糯稻品种,属同一遗传相似组.当以欧氏距离5.0划分时,可分为2个遗传相似组,其中一组包括圆粒糯、大禾谷、长粒糯等江西三个地方老品种和巴西陆稻.主栽品种汕优63、两优培九等与烂蔸糯、圆粒糯等优质地方老品种,遗传距离较远.田间试验表明,遗传背景差异较大的品种混合间栽,对稻瘟病平均防效达91.98%～95.68%.     

水稻主要抗瘟基因对我国菌株的抗性分析和利用评价

为了明确主要抗瘟基因的抗性现状和利用价值,１９９５－１９９６年采用徕自浙江,四川,湖北,广东等７个省（市）的１５５个稻瘟病菌菌株,测定了日本１３个已知基因粳稻品种的抗性表现。结果表明,１３个抗瘟基因对我国菌株的抗性均不强,菌株毒力频率均在２０％以上。但对我国各稻区的菌株而言多数稻区仍有１－３个基因的抗性保持较高的水平,浙江稻区Ｐｉ－ｚ＾ｔ基因仍有很好的抗性,能抗９５．７％的浙江菌株,四川稻区Ｐｉ－     

Genetic and physical mapping of the partial resistance gene, pi34, to blast in rice

ABSTRACT Partial resistance to rice blast in the Oryza sativa japonica group cv. Chubu 32 is controlled by Pi34, a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 11, and several uncharacterized QTLs. The objectives of the study were (i) high-resolution genetic and physical mapping of Pi34 and (ii) identification of new QTL imparting resistance to rice blast. Chubu 32 was crossed with a susceptible chromosomal segment substitution line (CSSL) of cv. Koshihikari. From 4,012 of segregating individuals, 213 recombinants in the Pi34 region were screened by using polymerase chain reaction-based markers and tested resistance in the field and greenhouse. The Pi34 locus is located in the 54.1-kb region on the genomic sequence of cv. Nipponbare. We constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of Chubu 32, selected the clone containing Pi34, and sequenced it. The Pi34 locus consequently was located on an interval of 65.3 kb containing 10 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). Two of these ORFs were predicted only in Chubu 32 and encoded transposable elements. The other eight ORFs were found in both Chubu 32 and Nipponbare and one of them, which encoded an unknown protein, showed significantly different amino acid sequences between two cultivars. The new QTL, Piq6(t), was detected on the short arm of chromosome 6 and the genetic distance of flanking markers was 16.9 centimorgans in Nipponbare. Pi34 and Piq6(t) acted additively on resistance to rice blast but the effect of Piq6(t) was relatively small compared with Pi34.     

Identification and location of Stb9, a gene for resistance to septoria tritici blotch in wheat cultivars Courtot and Tonic

This study reports the discovery of a gene for resistance to septoria tritici blotch (STB) in two spring wheat cultivars, Courtot and Tonic. The gene, named Stb9 , confers resistance to Mycosphaerella graminicola isolate IPO89011. It was mapped by quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using an existing map of Courtot × Chinese Spring and was located between markers Xfbb226 (3·6 cM) and XksuF1b (9 cM) on the long arm of chromosome 2B. Markers linked to Stb9 in Courtot were then shown to be linked to resistance to IPO89011 in F₃ families of Tonic × Longbow. Allelism tests in which Tonic was crossed with Courtot confirmed that Tonic has a gene for resistance to IPO89011 at or very close to the Stb9 locus. SSR markers flanking Stb9 may be used in marker-assisted selection to introgress this gene into winter cultivars or in spring wheat breeding programmes outside Europe.     

Inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight in 21 cultivars of rice

ABSTRACT Genetic analysis for resistance to bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) of 21 rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars was carried out. These cultivars were divided into two groups based on their reactions to Philippine races of bacterial blight. Cultivars of group 1 were resistant to race 1 and those of group 2 were susceptible to race 1 but resistant to race 2. All the cultivars were crossed with TN1, which is susceptible to all the Philippine races of X. oryzae pv. oryzae. F(1) and F(2) populations of hybrids of group 1 cultivars were evaluated using race 1 and F(1) and F(2) populations of hybrids of group 2 cultivars were evaluated using race 2. All the cultivars showed monogenic inheritance of resistance. Allelic relationships of the genes were investigated by crossing these cultivars with different testers having single genes for resistance. Three cultivars have Xa4, another three have xa5, one has xa8, two have Xa3, eight have Xa10, and one has Xa4 as well as Xa10. Three cultivars have new, as yet undescribed, genes. Nep Bha Bong To has a new recessive gene for moderate resistance to races 1, 2, and 3 and resistance to race 5. This gene is designated xa26(t). Arai Raj has a dominant gene for resistance to race 2 which segregates independently of Xa10. This gene is designated as Xa27(t). Lota Sail has a recessive gene for resistance to race 2 which segregates independently of Xa10. This gene is designated as xa28(t).     

Molecular approaches for characterization and use of natural disease resistance in wheat

Wheat production is threatened by a constantly changing population of pathogen species and races. Given the rapid ability of many pathogens to overcome genetic resistance, the identification and practical implementation of new sources of resistance is essential. Landraces and wild relatives of wheat have played an important role as genetic resources for the improvement of disease resistance. The use of molecular approaches, particularly molecular markers, has allowed better characterization of the genetic diversity in wheat germplasm. In addition, the molecular cloning of major resistance (R) genes has recently been achieved in the large, polyploid wheat genome. For the first time this allows the study and analysis of the genetic variability of wheat R loci at the molecular level and therefore, to screen for allelic variation at such loci in the gene pool. Thus, strategies such as allele mining and ecotilling are now possible for characterization of wheat disease resistance. Here, we discuss the approaches, resources and potential tools to characterize and utilize the naturally occurring resistance diversity in wheat. We also report a first step in allele mining, where we characterize the occurrence of known resistance alleles at the wheat Pm3 powdery mildew resistance locus in a set of 1,320 landraces assembled on the basis of eco-geographical criteria. From known Pm3 R alleles, only Pm3b was frequently identified (3% of the tested accessions). In the same set of landraces, we found a high frequency of a Pm3 haplotype carrying a susceptible allele of Pm3. This analysis allowed the identification of a set of resistant lines where new potentially functional alleles would be present. Newly identified resistance alleles will enrich the genetic basis of resistance in breeding programmes and contribute to wheat improvement.     

Genes Governing Resistance to Puccinia hordei in Thirteen Spring Barley Accessions

ABSTRACT Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia hordei, is an important disease of barley in many parts of the world. In the eastern United States, this disease was effectively controlled for over 20 years through the deployment of cultivars carrying the resistance gene Rph7. Isolates of P. hordei with virulence for Rph7 appeared in this region in the early 1990s rendering barley cultivars with this gene vulnerable to leaf rust infection. From a preliminary evaluation test, 13 accessions from diverse geographic locations possessed resistance to P. hordei isolate VA90-34, which has virulence for genes Rph1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 11. Each of these 13 accessions was crossed with susceptible cvs. Moore or Larker to characterize gene number and gene action for resistance to P. hordei. Additionally, the 13 accessions were intercrossed and crossed to host differential lines possessing genes Rph3, Rph5, and Rph9 to determine allelic relationships of resistance genes. Seedlings of F(1), F(2), and BC(1)F(1) populations were evaluated in the greenhouse for their reaction to P. hordei isolate VA90-34. Leaf rust resistance in six of the accessions including Collo sib, CR270.3.2, Deir Alla 105, Giza 119, Gloria, and Lenka is governed by a single dominant gene located at or near the Rph3 locus. All accessions for which the gene Rph3 was postulated to govern leaf rust resistance, except for Deir Alla 105, likely possess an allele different than Rph3.c found in Estate based on the differential reaction to isolates of P. hordei. The resistance gene in Grit and Donan is located at or near the Rph9 locus. Alleles at both the Rph3 and Rph9 loci confer resistance in Femina and Dorina. In addition to Rph3, Caroline and CR366.13.2 likely possess a second unknown recessive gene for leaf rust resistance. Resistance in Carre 180 is governed by a recessive gene that is different from all other genes considered in this study. Identification of both known and unique genes conferring leaf rust resistance in the barley germplasm included in this study provides breeding programs with the knowledge and opportunity to assess currently used sources of leaf rust resistance and to incorporate new sources of resistance into their programs.     

Complementation between genes for resistance to race 1 of Fusarium oxyspomm f.sp. ciceri in chickpea

The reactions of parents and F₁ and F₂ generations of crosses of chickpea cultivars K-850 with C-104 and JG-62 and F₃ progenies of K-850 × C-104 to race 1 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri were studied. The results indicate that K-850 carries a recessive allele for resistance at a locus different from and independent of that carried by C-104 and recessive alleles at both loci together confer complete resistance. The possible contribution of this recessive gene to late wilting in K-850 is discussed. These observations have important implications in breeding for resistance to wilt in chickpea.     

转基因水稻对稻瘟病的抗性研究

 采用苗期初筛、复筛、抗谱测定和田间自然诱发试验等不同鉴定方法,对经分子检测证明已整合有碱性几丁质酶基因和β-1,3-葡聚精酶基因的22个转化系的转基因水稻植株进行稻瘟病抗性鉴定研究,筛选出对稻瘟病的抗性比原种对照七丝软占有明显提高的一系列转基因水稻品系,其中表现高抗的有来自F4-9转化株系的7个品系。高抗材料的R7代品系,经室内抗谱测定及田间病圃试验结果,仍然表现高抗稻瘟病。本研究通过转基因技术,成功地将优质感病品种改良成高抗品系,研究结果证明了利用基因工程手段培育抗病水稻新品种是一个非常有希望的育种途径。     

Identification of a new resistance gene to a chinese blast fungus isolate in the Japanese rice cultivar aichi asahi

ABSTRACT Genetic analysis of the rice cultivar Aichi Asahi and some other Japanese cultivars for the high resistance to the blast fungus isolate CHNOS58-3-1 from China was performed. All the Japanese differential cultivars were resistant to the isolate except for 'Pi No. 4', which showed moderate resistance. Analysis of the F(2) population of a cross of the susceptible cultivar Reiho and the resistant cultivar Aichi Asahi indicated that the resistance of 'Aichi Asahi' to the isolate was conferred by one dominant gene. To identify the gene in other Japanese differential cultivars, AK lines, which were derived from a cross of 'Aichi Asahi' x 'K59' and assumed to harbor no known genes except for the new one, were used for the allelism tests. The new, completely dominant resistance gene was detected in 14 differential cultivars, but not in 'Pi No. 4', 'Yashiro-mochi', and 'K1', and was designated as Pi19(t). Pi19(t) was allelic or closely linked to Pita(2) on chromosome 12. Pi19(t) was extensively distributed among Japanese traditional local cultivars.     

广东省主栽水稻品种稻瘟病主效抗性基因的鉴定及分析

 利用稻瘟病抗性基因进行抗病新品种的培育是控制稻瘟病害最经济、有效的措施。为了明确当前广东省水稻稻瘟病抗性基因的分布特点,本研究利用Pi1、Pi2、Pi9、Pib、Pita等5个已克隆主效抗稻瘟病基因的分子标记,结合叶瘟和穗颈瘟自然抗性鉴定,对70份广东省主栽水稻品种和骨干亲本抗稻瘟病基因的组成进行了分析。结果显示,含有Pi2抗性基因的水稻品种有10份(占14.3%),抗性贡献率显著;Pib和Pita的检出率较高,分别为42份(60%)和37份(52.9%),但对广东省稻瘟病菌的抗性较弱;未检测到上述已知主效抗稻瘟病基因的有13份(18.6%),表现为感稻瘟病;全部供试材料均未检测到含有Pi1和Pi9抗性基因。本研究揭示了广东省主栽水稻品种和骨干亲本抗稻瘟病基因的组成及其对稻瘟病抗性的贡献,为华南稻区抗病新品种的培育提供重要参考。     

广东省主栽水稻品种稻瘟病主效抗性基因的鉴定及分析

 利用稻瘟病抗性基因进行抗病新品种的培育是控制稻瘟病害最经济、有效的措施。为了明确当前广东省水稻稻瘟病抗性基因的分布特点,本研究利用Pi1、Pi2、Pi9、Pib、Pita等5个已克隆主效抗稻瘟病基因的分子标记,结合叶瘟和穗颈瘟自然抗性鉴定,对70份广东省主栽水稻品种和骨干亲本抗稻瘟病基因的组成进行了分析。结果显示,含有Pi2抗性基因的水稻品种有10份(占14.3%),抗性贡献率显著;Pib和Pita的检出率较高,分别为42份(60%)和37份(52.9%),但对广东省稻瘟病菌的抗性较弱;未检测到上述已知主效抗稻瘟病基因的有13份(18.6%),表现为感稻瘟病;全部供试材料均未检测到含有Pi1和Pi9抗性基因。本研究揭示了广东省主栽水稻品种和骨干亲本抗稻瘟病基因的组成及其对稻瘟病抗性的贡献,为华南稻区抗病新品种的培育提供重要参考。     

小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主尤皮Ⅱ号抗条锈性遗传分析

小麦品种尤皮Ⅱ号是重要的中国小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主.为研究尤皮Ⅱ号的抗条锈性遗传基础,将该品种分别与感病品种铭贤169及其它抗病品种杂交,获得各组合的F1、BC1和F2代群体.在温室对各组合亲本及F1、BC1和F2代群体进行了苗期抗性鉴定.结果表明,尤皮Ⅱ号对CY29菌系的抗性由两对隐性基因独立或重叠遗传控制;对CY23的抗性由两对显性基因互补遗传控制;对CY31的抗性亦由两对显性基因互补遗传控制,而对Su-1的抗性则由一对显性基因控制.抗CY29的两对基因不抗CY23、CY31和Su-1,因此将这两对基因暂定名为YrJu1和YrJu2.抗CY23的两对基因中,其中一对同时抗CY31和Su-1,该基因与Spaldings prolific中的一对基因等位或紧密连锁,将该基因暂定名为YrJu3;另一对则与抗引655中的一对抗性基因等位或紧密连锁,暂定名为YrJu4.YrJu1、YrJu2、YrJu3和YrJu4均与其它供试品种中的已知抗性基因不同.     

Influence of rice development on the function of bacterial blight resistance genes

Disease resistance genes most commonly used in breeding programs are single, dominant genes with relative effectiveness that is sometimes influenced by plant developmental stage. Knowing the developmental stages at which a resistance gene is functional is important for disease management. In rice, resistance at the seedling stage is crucial, because wounding during transplanting increases the potential for bacterial blight disease, and not all bacterial blight resistance genes are effective at the seedling stage. Effectiveness of the bacterial blight resistance genes Xa4, xa5, and Xa7, all in a common genetic background, was evaluated at different developmental stages by measuring lesion length and bacterial numbers after inoculation with the bacterial pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The Xa4 and xa5 genes controlled disease at all growth stages. In contrast, Xa7 was not fully functional in very young seedlings, but was completely effective by 21 days after sowing (das). The effects of plant developmental stage on interactions of the Xa7 gene with X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains carrying different mutant avrXa7 alleles were also tested. If a partial or fully functional avrXa7 allele was present, Xa7 resistance was effective at all growth stages tested after the transplant stage (>21 das).     

Heredity of Heterodera avenae Resistance Originating from two Barley Cultivars and one Spring Wheat Cultivar1

Two spring barley cultivars Bajo Aragon-1-1 and Martin 403-2 from the cyst nematode test assortment were each crossed with a susceptible, a pathotype-11 -resistant, and a pathotype-11 and 12-resistant cultivar, as well as with each other. A spring wheat cultivar, AUS 10894, from the cyst nematode test assortment was crossed with a susceptible and a resistant cultivar. From these crosses F! and F₂ single plants were tested against pathotype 12 and/or pathotype 11 of Heterodera avenae in Denmark. Some plants of the spring barley cultivar Bajo Aragon-1-1 have two resistance genes, which probably are both dominant, but it is not out of the question that one might be recessive. Each gene is inherited independently of the other or with low linkage frequency. Neither gene is the same as or allelic to the resistance gene in the cultivar Ortolan, but one gene is allelic to or the same as the 191 gene in the cultivar Siri. The spring barley cv. Martin 403-2 has one dominant resistance gene which is not allelic to or the same as the resistance gene in Ortolan but is the same as or allelic to the 191 gene in the cultivar Siri. It is possible that there is one more gene, which might be recessive against pathotype 11. The spring wheat cv. AUS 10894 has one dominant resistance gene which might be the same as or allelic to the Loros gene.