紫茎泽兰对棉花生长的影响及经济阈值

为明确紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng在棉田中的经济危害允许水平和经济阈值,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法,在田间条件下研究紫茎泽兰不同密度对棉花的生长性状及产量的影响.在紫茎泽兰的竞争干扰下,棉花果枝数和单株铃数均随着紫茎泽兰密度的增加而逐渐降低.当紫茎泽兰密度达到60株/m2时,棉花果枝数和单株铃数较无紫茎泽兰对照分别减少了22.1％和57.2％,同时棉花皮棉产量损失率也达到57.2％.棉田田间透光率也随紫茎泽兰密度的增加而降低,当紫茎泽兰密度为60株/m2时,其透光率仅为3.5％.幂函数模型y=3.049x1.031能较好地拟合紫茎泽兰密度(x)与棉花产量损失率(y)间的关系.棉田采用人工除草和41％草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂对紫茎泽兰进行防除时,紫茎泽兰的经济危害允许水平分别为8.42％、1.06％,经济阈值则分别为2.68、0.36株/m2.     

旱莲草对水稻产量性状的影响及其防治经济阈值

为明确大田条件下旱莲草对水稻生长和产量的影响和为其防治提供有效经济参数,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法研究不同旱莲草密度下水稻田间透光率、水稻株高和产量性状的变化。当旱莲草密度≥2株/m2时,田间透光率显著降低,且随着旱莲草密度增加,水稻有效穗数、穗长、穗粒数等显著降低,空粒率显著增加,导致产量显著下降。二次曲线模型y=-0.0189x2+2.3546x+2.0819能很好地拟合旱莲草密度与水稻产量损失间的关系。人工拔除方法和10%苄嘧磺隆WP防除旱莲草,其经济危害允许水平分别为22.22%和4.67%,经济阈值分别为9.3株/m2和1.1株/m2。     

棉田黄顶菊的经济阈值及竞争临界期

黄顶菊是近年在我国发现的外来入侵植物,在河北省已进入农田.为明确黄项菊在棉田中的经济危害允许水平、经济阈值以及竞争临界期,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法,在田间条件下研究黄顶菊不同密度对棉花的生长性状及产量的影响.结果表明,在黄顶菊的竞争干扰下,棉花的叶面积指数、田间透光率、水分利用效率、氮素利用效率和棉花产量均随黄顶菊密度的增加而逐渐降低.当黄顶菊密度为5株/m~2时,叶面积指数、田间透光率、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率显著低于无黄顸菊对照;当密度为2株/m~2时,棉花产量显著低于无黄顶菊对照.对数函数模型可以较好地拟合黄顶菊密度与棉花产量损失间的关系(γ=22.79 lnx十9.0277,R=0.9759).棉田中黄顶菊的经济危害允许水平为0.66%～3.06%,经济阈值为0.69～0.77株/m~2,与棉花的竞争临界期为棉花播种后5.15～83.13天.     

紫茎泽兰在贵州六盘水市的发生

紫茎泽兰于60年代中期逐步由云南省的东北部传入我省,近年发现在六盘水市正迅速扩展蔓延,所到之处成片生长,很快成为当地杂草的优势种群。据调查,我市以盘县特区分布面最广,面积之大,已遍及整个特区17个区镇,六枝特区除新华、新场两区未发现外,其余区镇都有分布,水城县分布已达5个区。紫茎泽兰大多生长在路旁、水沟旁、山坡、荒地以及田间周围。也在庭院、宅旁、果园及菜园附近发现。在一般条件下紫茎泽兰株高1m 左右,但在排水沟、河堤及低洼潮湿地段,生长更茂盛,植株可达2m 多高。紫茎泽兰在我市分布在海拔770～1900m 之间,以1000～     

种植密度对糜子生长发育及产量影响

采用完全随机区组试验设计,以河曲大红黍为材料,设定6个密度处理,研究不同种植密度对糜子的株高、茎粗、分蘖数等形态指标,单株叶面积、叶绿素相对值、光合速率等光合指标,干物质积累量,产量构成因素及产量的影响;运用非线性回归分析的方法,对密度与作物产量的经验模型进行模拟.结果表明:种植密度超过一定范围值时,随着密度的增加,株高增大,茎粗变细,分蘖数减少和光合生理指标均降低,穗重、穗粒重和有效穗粒数逐渐减少,干物质积累量减少,产量降低;产量随着种植密度增加呈先升后降的趋势,二次曲线模型的方程式为Y=176.78471+ 11.51879X-1.29607X2,理论最适密度范围为4万株/666.7m2-5万株/666.7m2.     

稗对水稻生长和产量性状的影响及其经济阈值

稗Echinochloa crusgalli Beauv.在稻田的发生危害对水稻生产造成了严重威胁.为明确稗对水稻生长的影响及其经济危害允许水平,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法研究了不同稗草密度下水稻各产量性状的变化规律.研究结果表明,水稻在稗的竞争干扰下,植株的分蘖数、有效穗数、千粒重及产量均随稗草密度的增加而逐渐降低.指数模型y=beax可以较好地拟合稗对水稻分蘖数(y=493.74e-0.0164x,P＜0.0001)、有效穗数(y=437.2e-0.0165x,P＜0.0001)及千粒重(y=21.876e-0.0006x,P＜0.005)的影响,而对数模型y=aLnx b拟合稗与水稻产量(y=-1250.4Lnx 6375.4,P＜0.0001)及产量损失(y=18.844Lnx 3.9182,P＜0.0001)间的关系最佳.稻田使用乙苄、丁草胺、禾大壮、二氯喹啉酸等药剂进行化学除草时,稗的经济危害允许水平在0.71%～1.10%之间,经济阈值在0.85株/m2左右.     

马齿苋对菜薹生产的影响

马齿苋是广东规模化菜场菜薹田的重要杂草, 为明确其年发生动态, 采用倒置“W”九点取样法, 对广东2个规模化菜场菜薹田马齿苋年发生动态进行调查。结果表明, 1-3月和11-12月马齿苋种群密度最低, 4月开始略有升高, 6月迅速升高, 7-9月田间马齿苋种群密度和生物量均达到高峰, 形成单一的杂草群落, 危害成灾。为明确马齿苋危害高峰期人工防除经济阈值, 采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法, 研究了马齿苋密度对菜薹生长和产量性状的影响, 结果表明：在马齿苋的竞争干扰下, 菜薹的叶面积、株高和产量均随马齿苋密度的增加而下降, 幂函数模型较好地拟合了马齿苋密度与菜薹产量( y = -412.779 x0.433 + 12 434.801, P <0.000 1)和产量损失( y = 3.323 x 0.433 -0.361, P < 0.000 1)间的关系。马齿苋危害高峰期进行人工除草, 其经济危害允许水平为5.8%, 经济阈值为4.2株/m2。     

麦田早熟禾生态经济阈值初探

不同密度的早熟禾对小麦产量影响的田间试验结果表明,早熟禾密度在20株/m2以下时,对小麦产量无影响;小麦产量损失率与早熟禾密度的最佳回归模型为韦布尔函数y=29.592 6×{1-exp[-（x-36.190 5）/644.682 8]0.843 597}。早熟禾的经济危害允许水平3.42%,防除阈值为89.9株/m2。     

杂草稻对水稻生长及产量的影响

通过室内试验和田间试验明确了杂草稻对水稻生长、产量构成因子和产量的影响。水稻营养生长期,不同杂草稻密度对水稻基本苗、株高、单株鲜重、分蘖、倒二叶长与宽均没有影响。而水稻株高、有效穗数、穗长、一次枝梗数、穗粒数、千粒重、结实率、实际产量等均随杂草稻密度的增加而呈现下降趋势。杂草稻密度为1株/m2可导致水稻产量损失9.15%,当杂草稻密度达7株/m2时可导致水稻产量损失50%以上,杂草稻密度达到12株/m2时水稻产量损失可高达72.29%。     

北疆棉田恶性杂草田旋花与棉花的竞争作用

为了明确棉田恶性杂草田旋花对棉花的危害程度及其竞争临界密度,通过田间杂草密度梯度试验,研究了北疆地膜覆盖棉田田旋花对棉花营养生长和生殖生长的影响。结果表明,田旋花竞争对棉花株高和叶片数影响不大,但当田旋花密度达3株/m~2时,棉花植株鲜重和叶片SPAD值显著降低;田旋花竞争对棉花生殖生长的影响要显著高于对营养生长的影响;当田旋花密度达3～5株/m~2时,棉花蕾铃数为6.5～6.9个/株、单铃重为(5.4±0.2)g/个,产量指标及籽棉产量均显著低于空白对照;田旋花竞争也可降低棉花的脱叶效果,并影响棉纤维马克隆值和成熟度等品质指标。     

Threshold level and seed production of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medicus) in maize

Four tests were carried out in 1980 and 1981 to determine: (a) the economic threshold density of Abutilon theophrasti Medicus (velvetleaf) in maize, and (b) seed production with varying densities of infestation, both in the presence and in the absence of maize. The infestation was artificially created, and the density of the weed ranged from 0 to 80 plants m^?2. The economic threshold, calculated using the Cousens (1987) model, varied between 0?3 plants m^?2 and 2?4 plants m^?2, depending on the variables considered. The presence of maize reduced the seed-rain of A. theophrasti by 50%. This seed-rain reached its maximum level at 20–30 plants m^?2 in maize, and at 30–35 plants m^?2 in weed monoculture. However, with only 4–5 plants m^?2 in competition with maize, A. theophrasti produced 8–10 thousand seeds m^?2. The usefulness of threshold density in weed management is debatable when one considers the ecological characteristics of the A. theophrasti seed, and the great capacity of seed production of this weed.     

Competition of sorghum cultivars and densities with Japanese millet (Echinochloa esculenta)

Field studies were conducted at two locations in southern Queensland, Australia during the 2003–2004 and 2004–2005 growing seasons to determine the differential competitiveness of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) cultivars and crop densities against weeds and the sorghum yield loss due to weeds. Weed competition was investigated by growing sorghum in the presence or absence of a model grass weed, Japanese millet (Echinochloa esculenta). The correlation analyses showed that the early growth traits (height, shoot biomass, and daily growth rate of the shoot biomass) of sorghum adversely affected the height, biomass, and seed production of millet, as measured at maturity. “MR Goldrush” and “Bonus MR” were the most competitive cultivars, resulting in reduced weed biomass, weed density, and weed seed production. The density of sorghum also had a significant effect on the crop's ability to compete with millet. When compared to the density of 4.5 plants per m², sorghum that was planted at 7.5 plants per m² suppressed the density, biomass, and seed production of millet by 22%, 27% and 38%, respectively. Millet caused a significant yield loss in comparison with the weed‐free plots. The combined weed‐suppressive effects of the competitive cultivars, such as MR Goldrush, and high crop densities minimized the yield losses from the weeds. These results indicate that sorghum competition against grass weeds can be improved by choosing competitive cultivars and by using a high crop density of >7.5 plants per m². These non‐chemical options should be included in an integrated weed management program for better weed management, particularly where the control options are limited by the evolution of herbicide resistance.     

Regionale Unterschiede in der Rapsunkrautflora Deutschlands

Data on weed species currently found in winter oilseed rape, the extent of their occurrence and regional distinctions were collected in autumn 2005 and 2006 from a total of 978 rape fields throughout Germany. Investigations took place on untreated sites at the six to eight leaf stage of rape. Weed frequencies and densities were determined by randomly placing a 0.1?m² quadrate frame ten times in each plot, identifying and counting all plants within the frame. Two year results are presented here with a main focus on regional distinctions in total weed infestation, species richness as well as differences in frequencies and densities of selected weed species between the federal states. As expected, the majority of weed species occurring in winter oilseed rape is not evenly spread over Germany. On the on hand there are weeds with a more or less limited distribution which can be frequently found in some regions but are absent in others while on the other hand several ubiquitous weed species mainly show regional differences in their densities. Sisymbrium officinale, Descurainia sophia, Centaurea cyanus, Anchusa sp., Sonchus sp., Rumex sp. or Euphorbia sp. are some of the weed species of mostly regional importance. In contrast statistically proofed differences in weed densities in the federal states of Germany were recorded for Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, Galium aparine, Lamium sp., Matricaria sp., Stellaria media, Thlaspi arvense, Veronica sp. and Viola arvensis. Total weed infestation level and the mean number of species per site also differed between the federal states of Germany.     

Response of industrial hemp to Salsola kali subsp. tragus densities under organic and conventional fertilisation

A 2-year field study was conducted to determine the effects of different nutrition systems and Salsola kali subsp. tragus densities on industrial hemp yield and its components. Experiments were conducted as a split plot in a randomised complete block design with three replicates. Factors were fertilisation (poultry manure, vermicompost and nitrogen fertiliser) as the main plot and weed density (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 plants/m²) as the subplot. Results indicated that the maximum number of racemes per plant, seeds per raceme, 1000-seed weight, biomass, grain yield and harvest index (HI) of industrial hemp were obtained using vermicompost and were reduced with nitrogen fertiliser application. All measured properties in hemp plants decreased due to increasing S. kali subsp. tragus density, especially at 15 and 20 plants/m². The most significant reduction in hemp grain yield and its components was observed by increasing weed density with the application of nitrogen fertiliser. The application of vermicompost at high weed densities resulted in greater hemp grain yield and its components compared with nitrogen fertiliser. It is recommended to apply organic fertilisers, especially vermicompost at high S. kali subsp. tragus densities.     

Interference of Sinapis arvensis L. and Chenopodium album L. in spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Interference of Sinapis arvensis L. (wild mustard) and Chenopodium album L. (lamb's-quarters) in spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was studied under field conditions in 1983 and 1984. Both weed species interfered with rapeseed early in the growing season, causing significant reductions in rapeseed dry weight by June of each year. Sinapis arvensis caused greater rapeseed grain yield reductions than did C. album. With weed densities of 20–80 plants m^?2, rapeseed grain yield reductions ranged from 19 to 77% with S. arvensis but only 20 to 25% with C. album. Rapeseed yield reductions caused by mixtures of both weed species ranged from being less than to being equal to the sum of reductions caused by each weed alone, depending on the weed density and year of study. Both weed species were prolific seed producers capable of returning large quantities of seed to the soil. With weed densities ranging from 10–80 plants m^?2, S. arvensis produced 5700–30 100 seeds m^?2 while C. album produced 3100–63 600 seeds m^?2.     

本土寄生蜂对移殖天敌昆虫泽兰实蝇的寄生

泽兰实蝇（Procecidochares utilis Stone）是我国入侵杂草紫茎泽兰的专食性天敌昆虫。为摸清本土寄生蜂对泽兰实蝇的寄生情况，在云南昆明市选取林下和开阔地等两种生境，分别采用对角线五点取样法与邻接格子取样法，调查了紫茎泽兰的生长及感染虫瘿情况；通过饲养与解剖虫瘿，观察了寄生泽兰实蝇的本土寄生蜂种类及其寄生率。结果表明，共有6种寄生蜂从虫瘿中羽化，对虫瘿的寄生率达70％以上；其中大部分虫瘿被3种寄生蜂寄生。虽然在开阔地生境中紫茎泽兰株高和每株枝条数显著大于林下生境，植株和枝条感虫（瘿）率也显著高于林下，但寄生蜂对虫瘿的总寄生率、各种寄生蜂的寄生率在两种生境之间差异不显著。解剖表明，每虫瘿羽化出的寄生蜂数随虫瘿横径的增大而显著增多。     

Response of Sorghum halepense demographic processes to plant density and rimsulfuron dose in maize

In spatially heterogeneous weed infestations, variable dose technologies could be used to minimise herbicide use; high doses could be applied to reduce high‐density patches and low doses to maintain weed populations in low‐density portions of a field. To assess the potential short‐ and long‐term effects of variable herbicide dose and site‐specific management, the major weed demographic processes were described and parameterised in this study. Various doses of rimsulfuron (from 0 to 12.5 g a.i. ha^?1) were applied to different densities of Sorghum halepense (0–100 plants m^?2). Contrary to similar studies with other weed species, higher herbicide efficacy was not observed at low densities, suggesting that the same rimsulfuron dose should be applied regardless of the S. halepense density. The highest percentage of control was obtained with the full rimsulfuron dose. However, it did not guarantee a decrease of the infestation in the following season in the field areas where the initial S. halepense density was lower than 60 plants m^?2. Reduced doses of rimsulfuron to control S. halepense cannot be recommended based on our results.     

Interference and economic threshold of horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum) in soybean cultivation in northern India

Soybean is the most important oilseed crop that is grown in India. Horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum L.) infests soybean heavily, causing enormous yield losses and threatening the sustainability of the soybean production system. Information on the interference and economic threshold of horse purslane will be useful for the effective management of horse purslane in soybean. This will lead to the rationalization of herbicide use and the reduction of herbicide input into the environment. It was observed in this study that “a composite stand of weeds including horse purslane”, and 200 horse purslane plants per m² were equally competitive to soybean. These two treatments resulted in a higher dry weight, growth rate, and uptake of N, P, and K by the weeds and/or horse purslane, compared to the other treatments. They caused more reductions in soybean growth (dry weight, height, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, and leaf area index) and resulted in a more significant yield reduction than did the other treatments. The weed density–crop yield and the relative leaf area–crop yield models were found to be equally effective in simulating soybean yield losses in relation to a wide range of horse purslane densities and the regression equations were a good fit. The quadratic equations revealed that a density of approximately six, five, and four horse purslane plants per m² would be the economic threshold levels of horse purslane in soybean cultivation, when considering the 70, 80, and 90% horse purslane control efficiencies, respectively, of the herbicide, lactofen.