几种精油对马铃薯种薯储藏期的生理生化影响（英文）

为明确柠檬、肉桂、香茅以及大蒜精油对马铃薯种薯储藏期间生理生化的影响,测定了精油处理储藏45~90 d后,对中薯2号抑芽、重量损失、呼吸速率、α-淀粉酶、过氧化物酶以及总糖含量的影响。结果表明,从马铃薯种薯储藏后45~90 d内,大蒜精油处理种薯萌发率为1.88%~10.33%,呼吸速率为1.48~10.55 mg CO_2·g~(-1)·h~(-1),过氧化物酶活为353.37~176.23 U·g~(-1)·min~(-1),而在60~90 d内重量损失率为51.67~105.93 mg/d,可溶性糖含量为7.07~12.87μg/g,均与对照差异显著。研究表明,大蒜精油可作为马铃薯种薯抑芽剂延长休眠。     

氯苯胺灵50%热雾剂储藏抑芽药效试验初报

为探索新型植物生长调节剂氯苯胺灵50%热雾剂抑制马铃薯发芽的效果及所需药剂的剂量,2010年展开了窖储的马铃薯抑芽药效试验。结果表明,供试药剂氯苯胺灵50%热雾剂储藏抑芽剂在用量30～40mg（a.i.）/kg范围内,于马铃薯窖储1个月后进行1次热雾处理,对各处理马铃薯均有一定抑芽作用,可有效解决商业生产中窖储马铃薯的发芽问题,是理想的商业用马铃薯抑芽药剂。     

甘露醇和烯效唑对培育马铃薯试管壮苗的影响

用不同浓度甘露醇和烯效唑处理马铃薯试管苗,来探究在组织培养条件下甘露醇和烯效唑对培育马铃薯试管苗壮苗的影响。试验设置对照组(CK)和处理组,处理组分别A(10 g·L~(-1)甘露醇)、B(20 g·L~(-1)甘露醇)、C(30 g·L~(-1)甘露醇)、D(40 g·L~(-1)甘露醇)、E(0.001 mg·L~(-1)烯效唑)、F(0.002 mg·L~(-1)烯效唑)、G(0.003mg·L~(-1)烯效唑)和H(0.004 mg·L~(-1)烯效唑)9个水平,分别在第30天和第60天取样测定。结果表明,培养30 d和60 d后,适宜浓度甘露醇(20 g·L~(-1))和烯效唑(0.003 mg·L~(-1))处理马铃薯试管苗,植株矮化(株高:82.54±3.84 mm和67.41±1.67 mm,30 d;93.74±1.30 mm和68.78±1.16 mm,60 d)且茎增粗(茎粗:1.45±0.03 mm和1.32±0.05 mm,30 d;1.80±0.13 mm和1.65±0.03 mm,60 d),鲜重达最大值(鲜重:1.35±0.04 g和1.32±0.04 g,30 d;1.75±0.09 g和1.53±0.04 g,60 d),马铃薯试管苗根长、根粗、根表面积和根体积也显著高于对照;同时,该处理下试管苗抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均达最大值。由此可知,甘露醇和烯效唑能促进马铃薯试管苗增粗矮化生长,使试管苗根系较发达,组织培养抗氧化酶活性增强,降低了活性氧对马铃薯试管苗造成的伤害,从而有利于培育壮苗。     

5种杀菌剂对储藏期甘薯黑斑病的防效及对薯块的安全性评价

通过药液浸渍的方法比较了不同杀菌剂对储藏期甘薯黑斑病的防治效果,调查了各处理甘薯的出苗情况和农药残留情况。结果表明,储藏90d后,12.5%粉唑醇SC 80mg/kg、粉唑醇25mg/kg+甲基硫菌灵210mg/kg和粉唑醇25mg/kg+百菌清800mg/kg对黑斑病的防效可达90%以上,各药剂处理对甘薯出苗没有不良影响。720g/L百菌清SC、70%噁霉灵WP、50%多菌灵WP和70%甲基硫菌灵WP在甘薯薯块中的残留量符合相关标准。而12.5%粉唑醇SC 20mg/kg和80mg/kg两处理在甘薯薯块中的残留量高于欧盟规定的最大残留限量标准。     

5种不同药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果

马铃薯晚疫病在贵州省锦屏县常年发生为害,往往造成较大经济损失. 2018年4-5月,贵州省马铃薯晚疫病预警与防控工作协作组和黔东南州植保站共同在贵州省锦屏县敦寨镇龙池村开展相关药效试验,评价了5种不同药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果.结果表明,采用10%氟噻唑吡乙酮可分散油悬浮剂、687. 5 g/L氟菌·霜霉威悬浮剂和80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂对马铃薯整株喷雾可有效防控马铃薯晚疫病.推荐施药时间为4月中下旬至田间开始出现马铃薯晚疫病中心病株期间,每隔7～9 d用药一次,连续用药3次.旨在更好地指导广大农户有效防治田间马铃薯晚疫病,以减少病害造成的损失,实现增产增收.     

六种植物精油对褐飞虱和稻虱缨小蜂行为的影响

为研发基于植物精油的褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens驱避剂和稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae引诱剂,利用嗅觉仪测试了6种植物精油在不同浓度下对褐飞虱和稻虱缨小蜂的行为反应。结果表明,6种植物精油对褐飞虱和稻虱缨小蜂行为的影响具有种类差异性,不同植物精油对昆虫的行为影响有较大差异。此外,褐飞虱和稻虱缨小蜂对植物精油的嗅觉反应还与精油浓度有关,精油浓度范围在100～5 000 mg/L时,山楂油、白木香油、金银花油、肉桂油和鱼腥草油对褐飞虱雌成虫表现出明显的趋避效果,其中山楂油和金银花油的驱避效果最好,二者在100、500、1 000和5 000 mg/L这4个浓度下均能显著驱避褐飞虱。0.1 mg/L和1 mg/L浓度的山楂油、0.1 mg/L浓度的白木香油和1 mg/L浓度的丁香花蕾油对稻虱缨小蜂雌成虫有较强的吸引力。较高浓度10 mg/L的鱼腥草油对稻虱缨小蜂有明显的驱避性。表明植物精油可以明显地影响褐飞虱和稻虱缨小蜂的行为,可作为行为调控物在"推-拉"策略中防控褐飞虱。     

45%霜霉威·咪唑菌酮悬浮剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果

研究了45%霜霉威·咪唑菌酮悬浮剂不同剂量对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果。结果表明: 施用45%霜霉威· 咪唑菌酮悬浮剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防效显著且持久,第3次施药14 d后,对晚疫病的防效达到67.64%～83.78%;马铃薯产量达到19 972.5～23 302.5 kg/hm2,商品薯率高,烂薯率低,增产效果显著。随着供试药剂剂量的增加,对晚疫病的防效差异达到显著水平,但对马铃薯的增产效果差异不显著。45%霜霉威·咪唑菌酮悬浮剂施用剂量以450～675 g/hm 2为宜。     

山苍子精油对白纹伊蚊的生物活性及其成分分析

研究了山苍子Litsea cubeba果实精油对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus成蚊的驱避活性和对其幼虫的毒杀活性;采用GC-MS定性分析了精油的化学成分,并定量分析了其中9种活性成分。结果如下：在1．5mg·cm^-2的涂抹剂量下,山苍子精油对白纹伊蚊的100％保护时间为3．70h,对白纹伊蚊4龄期幼虫的24h毒杀Lc50值为82．48μg·mL^-1。定性分析共鉴定出17种化合物,其中E-柠檬醛的相对含量最高,其峰面积百分比为44．65％,其它相对含量较高的成分分别是Z-柠檬醛（34．60％）、柠檬烯（11．70％）、甲基庚烯酮（2．28％）、芳樟醇（1．28％）等。定量分析9种活性成分在精油中的总含量为238．70mg·mL^-1,其中E-柠檬醛106．20mg·mL^-1、Z-柠檬醛68．79mg·mL^-1、桉叶油素40．90mg·mL^-1的含量较高。研究结果表明,山苍子精油对白纹伊蚊具有良好的成蚊驱避和幼虫毒杀活性,这些生物活性与精油的化学成分密切相关。     

腐烂茎线虫在马铃薯不同组织中的数量动态

腐烂茎线虫病是近年来我国马铃薯生产中的一种新病害, 了解腐烂茎线虫的侵染规律对该病害的预防和控制及对马铃薯产量和品质提高具有重要意义。本研究采用盆栽法, 在苗期接种腐烂茎线虫, 研究该线虫在马铃薯不同组织中的数量动态及危害程度。结果显示, 在发芽-幼苗期(播种0 ~ 75 d), 母薯先受到腐烂茎线虫侵染; 在发棵期(播种75 ~ 90 d), 母薯和匍匐茎均检测到腐烂茎线虫; 在结薯期到成熟期(播种90 ~ 105 d), 线虫开始危害新生块茎, 随着块茎膨大危害逐渐加重。在马铃薯成熟期, 症状表现最明显, 新生块茎中线虫数量最多, 可达767.67条/g。不同时期的接种试验表明, 在匍匐茎形成期(播种后70 d)接种, 马铃薯受害最为严重, 发病率达100%, 块茎中线虫密度最高, 达到99.32条/g, 且块茎鲜重最低, 为14.02 g/个。本研究结果可为马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的适时有效防治提供参考。     

油菜叶片营养物质含量和防御酶活性与其对黄宽条跳甲抗性的关系

春油菜是内蒙古地区主要的油料作物,黄宽条跳甲Phyllotreta humilis Weise是春油菜苗期的重要害虫。实验室通过前期研究筛选了2个抗虫品种(‘大黄油菜’和‘太空蒙Ⅳ’)和1个感虫品种(‘青油14’),研究了不同品种油菜营养物质含量和防御酶活性与其对黄宽条跳甲抗性的关系。结果显示,不同抗虫性品种油菜苗期受黄宽条跳甲为害程度为:‘青油14’‘大黄油菜’‘太空蒙Ⅳ’,为害最高峰时为害指数分别为0.600.460.35。3个品种油菜可溶性糖含量为‘青油14’(5.24 mg/g)‘大黄油菜’(5.10 mg/g)‘太空蒙Ⅳ’(3.87 mg/g),可溶性糖含量越低,抗虫性越强;叶绿素则与之相反,含量越高抗虫性越强,3个品种油菜叶绿素含量分别为‘青油14’(0.49 mg/g)‘大黄油菜’(0.78 mg/g)‘太空蒙Ⅳ’(0.95 mg/g),且差异显著;可溶性蛋白与抗虫性没有明显的相关性。防御酶方面,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性与抗虫性密切相关,抗虫品种酶活性显著大于感虫品种;多酚氧化酶(PPO)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与抗虫性关系不明显。抗虫品种‘太空蒙Ⅳ’胰蛋白酶抑制剂(TI)活性是‘青油14’的1.85倍,胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂(CI)活性不同品种间没有差异。油菜对黄宽条跳甲的抗虫性与油菜叶片可溶性糖和叶绿素含量有关,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)对抗虫性影响大,胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性越高,油菜抗虫性越强。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.