几种精油对马铃薯种薯储藏期的生理生化影响（英文）

为明确柠檬、肉桂、香茅以及大蒜精油对马铃薯种薯储藏期间生理生化的影响,测定了精油处理储藏45~90 d后,对中薯2号抑芽、重量损失、呼吸速率、α-淀粉酶、过氧化物酶以及总糖含量的影响。结果表明,从马铃薯种薯储藏后45~90 d内,大蒜精油处理种薯萌发率为1.88%~10.33%,呼吸速率为1.48~10.55 mg CO_2·g~(-1)·h~(-1),过氧化物酶活为353.37~176.23 U·g~(-1)·min~(-1),而在60~90 d内重量损失率为51.67~105.93 mg/d,可溶性糖含量为7.07~12.87μg/g,均与对照差异显著。研究表明,大蒜精油可作为马铃薯种薯抑芽剂延长休眠。     

马铃薯种薯几种主要的催芽药剂及使用方法

在春作区和冬作区栽培马铃薯时 ,生产上经常遇到打破休眠的问题 ,催芽播种是重要的农艺措施之一。目前 ,打破休眠的方法多种多样 ,所使用的化学药剂有ＧＡ３、２-氯乙醇、２,４-Ｄ、四氯化碳、硫脲、溴乙烷、二硫化碳等。这些药剂可单独使用 ,也可混合使用 ,其处理效果各有特色。现将早熟品种的几种主要催芽方法简介如下 :１．２-氯乙醇。每Ｌ水中加７ｍｌ２-氯乙醇药剂 ,将干净、完全木栓化的薯块盛于网袋后浸没入药液中 ,待薯块表皮湿润后 ,取出薯块置于搁板上２～３天 ,要保证薯块不会接触到滴下来的多余药液。表皮有擦伤或裂痕的薯块不…     

马铃薯种薯检疫上应采取的几项措施

马铃薯种薯是我国禁止进境的植物繁殖材料之一。但是 ,随着我国加入世界贸易组织 ,同时也为了开发马铃薯市场 ,适当地有条件地引进一定量的马铃薯种薯已成为发展趋势。特别是荷兰及加拿大马铃薯种薯已在我国进行了隔离种植试验 ,因此 ,如何做好马铃薯种薯检疫工作 ,对口岸检疫部门来说已经显得非常重要。根据 3年来荷兰及加拿大马铃薯种薯隔离检疫工作的经验 ,谈一谈马铃薯种薯检疫时应该采取的几项措施。1　加大网室检疫力度通过 3年隔离检疫试验 ,从田间隔离检疫和网室隔离检疫的检疫效果来看 ,网室检疫要远远地优于田间检疫。因其具有隔…     

马铃薯种薯几种常见真菌病害的识别

健康的马铃薯种薯是获得健壮植株的关键.在生产中,种薯可能会感染多种病害,而感染病害的种薯播种之后,在生育季节的前期会导致田间种植苗株数的减少,严重影响产量.通常感染种薯的病害有以下几种:     

基质酸度对马铃薯植株生理特性及微型薯结薯能力的影响

以移栽于蛭石中的马铃薯夏波蒂和费乌瑞它两品种的脱毒试管苗为试验材料,采用不同pH值[3、4、5、6、6.5(CK)]的MS营养液浇灌幼苗,研究基质pH值对马铃薯植株生理特性及微型薯结薯能力的影响.结果表明,马铃薯叶片中叶绿素含量、SOD活性、硝态氮含量、磷钾含量、微型薯结薯数和平均单株产量均随pH值的升高而增加,pH值6时达最大值,pH值3时值最小,且夏伯蒂品种的pH值6处理在叶绿素含量、SOD活性等性状方面与对照(pH 6.5)间差异显著;脯氨酸含量则随pH值的升高呈降低趋势,pH值6时最低,pH值3时最高.结果表明,pH值6是马铃薯植株生长及微型薯形成的最适酸度值.     

丁草胺对α-淀粉酶形成及其活性的影响

用5ppm 丁草胺分别测定二叶期前稗草各个生长阶段体内α-淀粉酶活性结果表明,处于萌发阶段的稗草对丁草胺表现最敏感,有34.36%的α-淀粉酶被抑制。在二叶期,稗草对丁草胺抗性最强,α-淀粉酶活性不受丁草胺影响。结果还表明,丁草胺对业已形成的α-淀粉酶的活性几无抑制作用。以上结果说明,丁草胺的杀稗机理主要是破坏了由赤霉酸(GA_3)诱导的α-淀粉酶的形成过程,而不影响α-淀粉酶分解淀粉为还原糖的活性。     

干旱对小麦灌浆期旗叶光合等生理特性的影响

对盆栽小麦开花灌浆期进行正常供水(CK)、中度干旱胁迫(MS)和严重干旱胁迫(SS)3种水分处理,测定旗叶各生理指标变化。结果表明:花后0～28d,中度干旱胁迫的旗叶中可溶性蛋白含量变化与对照接近,严重干旱胁迫下可溶性蛋白含量较低;开花8天以后,两种干旱处理旗叶中可溶性糖含量均高于对照,在开花第28天,分别高出对照2.8％和3.7％;两种干旱处理,开花16d以前,旗叶中脯氨酸(Pro)含量急增,尔后又降低;整个开花灌浆期间,中度干旱胁迫旗叶中叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和单叶WUE与对照接近,严重干旱胁迫处理下,则明显较低,但单叶WUE增加;随着干旱程度增加旗叶水势降低;花后23d时,严重干旱处理水势低于对照1.3MPa。     

艾蒿精油对朱砂叶螨的生物活性及几种保护酶活性的影响

采用玻片浸渍法和熏蒸法测定了艾蒿精油对朱砂叶螨的生物活性,分析比较了亚致死剂量(LD_(10)、LD_(20)和LD_(30))和致死中量(LD50)处理雌成螨4、8、12、16、20和24 h后体内保护酶和蛋白酶活性的变化。结果表明,经2.0%的艾蒿精油触杀后,雌成螨24、48和72 h的死亡率分别为21.48%、27.41%和77.78%,LC50分别为23.03%、13.25%和0.35%;艾蒿精油对卵的熏蒸作用较对雌成螨更强,对卵和雌成螨的ID50和LD50分别为0.21和8.93μL/L。艾蒿精油处理雌成螨后,螨体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性被激活,过氧化氢酶(CAT)和蛋白酶活性被抑制。LD_(10)、LD_(20)和LD_(30)处理8 h时,SOD活性分别为对照的1.43、2.29和2.60倍,POD的激活率分别为54.64%、31.96%和5.15%,CAT的抑制率分别为27.03%、20.46%和31.65%,蛋白酶的抑制率分别为21.53%、29.16%和45.09%。表明艾蒿精油对雌成螨的熏蒸作用可破坏体内保护酶的动态平衡和抑制蛋白酶活性,进而影响其正常生理代谢,对螨体产生毒害作用。因此,艾蒿精油对防治朱砂叶螨有一定的开发潜力。     

藿香精油对朱砂叶螨的触杀毒力及几种保护酶活性的影响

本研究旨在探明藿香精油对朱砂叶螨的触杀毒力及几种保护酶活性的影响。采用喷雾法测定了藿香精油对朱砂叶螨5日龄雌成螨和卵的触杀毒力及雌成螨的产卵抑制作用,分析比较了LC₃₀、LC₅₀和LC₉₀藿香精油喷雾处理雌成螨4、8、12、16、20和24 h后,其体内蛋白酶和3种保护酶活性的变化。结果表明,经藿香精油处理后,雌成螨的死亡率和卵的孵化抑制率与供试浓度呈正相关,LC₅₀和IC50分别为0.60%、0.62%。随着供试浓度的增加,藿香精油的触杀作用增强,对雌成螨的产卵抑制率和产卵抑制指数呈上升趋势,且对雌成螨的触杀作用高于卵。用浓度LC₃₀、LC₅₀和LC₉₀藿香精油处理雌成螨4 h后,蛋白酶和POD活性被激活,SOD活性被抑制,蛋白酶的激活率分别为10.96%、47.70%和62.92%,POD活性分别为对照的2.3、1.5和0.3倍,SOD的抑制率分别为44.52%、23.91%和49.08%。LC₃₀和LC₅₀处理4 h后CAT活性被激活,激活率分别为20.26%和52.22%;LC₉₀处理后CAT活性被抑制,抑制率为62.21%。藿香精油对朱砂叶螨有一定的触杀毒力,能有效抑制雌成螨产卵,可通过扰乱蛋白酶和保护酶的动态平衡来影响其正常生理代谢,从而起到毒害作用。因此,藿香精油在农业防治朱砂叶螨方面有一定的开发潜力。     

三种葱属作物挥发物和提取液对植物病原真菌和卵菌的抑菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了大蒜、洋葱和葱茎挥发物及提取液对26种主要植物病原真菌和卵菌的抑制活性,以期为利用葱属作物轮作或间作控制病害提供指导。试验结果表明,3种葱属作物挥发物和浸提液具有广谱抗植物病原真菌和卵菌活性,但不同葱属作物对不同种类的病原菌抑菌效果有差异。洋葱和葱茎挥发物和浸提液的抑菌能力比大蒜弱,但对部分疫霉菌、腐霉菌、丝核菌等土传病原菌仍具有与蒜瓣相似的抑菌活性。另外,小麦赤霉病菌、辣椒早疫病菌等部分病原菌对3种葱属作物挥发物和浸提液具有耐性。因此,生产上利用葱属作物轮作或间作防治病害时需要根据不同葱属作物对不同病原菌抑制效果的差异进行合理选择,同时需避免葱属作物长期连作引起病原菌敏感性降低。     

Identification, pathogenicity and distribution of Penicillium spp. isolated from garlic in two regions in Argentina

A total of 147 samples of garlic ( Allium sativum ) bulbs affected by blue mould were obtained from a variety of agroclimatic districts between December 1999 and February 2000. Penicillium species were identified using both morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics. Penicillium allii was the predominant species isolated (81·8%) in this survey and the only species proven to be pathogenic on garlic. Other species were isolated much less frequently: P. chrysogenum (13·7%), P. brevicompactum (2·8%), P. phoeniceum (0·9%), P. aurantiogriseum (0·6%) and P. flavigenum (0·2%). Colonies of P. allii could be classified into four morphotypes and their distribution seemed to be influenced by seed trade and agricultural practices. Penicillium allii isolates were grouped into three aggressiveness phenotypes (low, medium and high) based on their ability to cause disease during field trials on susceptible (Fuego INTA) and less susceptible (Castaño INTA) garlic cultivars. The number of surviving plants at 191 days after planting and postharvest bulb weight contributed the most towards aggressiveness modelling.     

Development of Pleospora allii on Garlic Debris Infected by Stemphylium vesicarium

Pseudothecia of Pleospora allii developed best on garlic leaf debris infected by Stemphylium vesicarium incubated at low temperature (5–10°C) and relative humidity (RH) close to saturation. RH of less than 96% prevented the formation of pseudothecia, while an incubation temperature of 15–20°C led to the early degeneration of pseudothecia. Under natural conditions, colonization by pseudothecia of unburied garlic leaf debris varied between seasons from 6.0 to 15.5 pseudothecia/mm2, whereas lower colonization levels were recorded when samples were buried. Pseudothecial maturity was reached 1–4mo after the deposition of garlic debris on the soil surface and 15 days after the burial of residues. In the later case, pseudothecia degenerated with degradation of the plant debris. Ascospore release, which required rainfall or dew periods, occurred between late January and late April depending upon the year. A high correlation was found between pseudothecia maturation and four meteorological variables. Two of which, i.e. the number of hours with RH98% and with a mean temperature of 4.5–10.5°C, and the accumulated rainfall, explained most variability (adjusted R2=0.82–0.98 depending upon the year). A multiple regression equation relating the pseudothecia maturity index with these two variables could be used to forecast the epidemic onset of Stemphylium leaf spots in Southern Spain. Temporal progress of pseudothecia maturation was best fitted by a monomolecular model.     

新型真菌源激活蛋白对豌豆幼苗生理特性影响的初步研究

为探讨真菌源激活蛋白在促进植物生长和增产方面的作用机理,研究了不同浓度激活蛋白处理对豌豆幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明,经1、2、5μg/mL激活蛋白处理后第7d,豌豆幼苗根系活力比对照分别增加了46.0%、58.5%和21.0%,硝酸还原酶活性比对照分别增加64.38%、140.62%和35.31%;处理后第15d,植物叶片叶绿素含量比对照分别增加了13.69%、18.49%和6.16%,可溶性糖含量比对照分别增加20.68%、32.03%和17.28%,可溶性蛋白含量比对照分别增加18.59%、32.05%和22.10%。不同浓度激活蛋白均能促进与植物生长相关的生理指标的提高,其中以2μg/mL的作用效果最好。     

甘薯愈伤组织对干旱胁迫的生理反应研究

以\"芦选一号\"甘薯愈伤组织为材料,研究干旱胁迫对细胞水势、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性等的影响,从而在细胞水平上探讨甘薯抵御干旱胁迫的生理机制.主要结果如下:干旱胁迫下,甘薯愈伤组织的膜透性显著增大,水势降低;可溶性蛋白含量在轻度胁迫下降低,而在重度胁迫下升高;SOD活性在中度和重度胁迫下升高;POD活性在不同胁迫程度处理下普遍下降;CAT活性在中度和重度胁迫下升高;脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量在不同胁迫程度处理下普遍升高.     

大蒜精油对灰茶尺蠖的室内毒力及田间防效

采用大蒜精油对灰荼尺蠖进行了室内及田间药效试验,结果表明大蒜精油对灰茶尺蠖的致死中浓度(LC50)为1038.60 mg/L,50％大蒜精油100～250倍液对灰荼尺蠖低龄幼虫具有良好的速效性和持效性,建议生产中可在灰茶尺蠖1～2龄幼虫发生期喷施100～250倍液大蒜精油.这一结果为开发大蒜精油作为茶树主要害虫的新型低...     

Orobanche crenata resistance and avoidance in pea (Pisum spp.) operate at different developmental stages of the parasite

Orobanche crenata (broomrape) is an important constraint to pea (Pisum sativum) cultivation in the Mediterranean area, because little resistance is available in commercial crop varieties. Field experiments have demonstrated that some resistance is present in a number of P. sativum and P. fulvum accessions. The goal of this work was to characterize such resistance. The Pisum–O. crenata interaction and the resistance symptoms were studied under controlled conditions by using Petri dish and polyethylene bag assays. The content of phenolics and peroxidase activity in host tissue from infected and non-infected plants were also measured. Resistance and avoidance mechanisms, acting at different developmental stages of the parasite, have been identified, including low stimulation of O. crenata seed germination, unsuccessful penetration of host roots, delay in post-attachment tubercle development and necrosis of the attached tubercles. Infection caused an increase in the content of total soluble phenolics in some Pisum genotypes. Peroxidase activity was higher in resistant than in susceptible accessions. Results obtained with different Pisum genotypes showed that resistance is the result of several mechanisms acting at different stages of the infection process. Resistance is also related to increased levels of peroxidase activity in host roots.