群体感应系统对甜瓜果斑病菌MH21致病力的影响

 以N-乙酰高丝氨酸内酯（N-acyl-homoserine lactone, AHL）为信号分子的群体感应（quorum-sensing, QS）系统是很多病原细菌的重要致病性调控因子。本文自甜瓜果斑病菌——西瓜食酸菌（Acidovorax citrulli）菌株MH21中克隆到AHL信号合成基因luxI_MH21,并构建了其缺失突变体MΔluxI_MH21及转化有AHL信号降解酶编码基因aiiA和aidH的工程菌株MAiiA和MAidH。信号检测结果显示MΔluxI_MH21、MAiiA和MAidH菌株均无AHL信号产生,同时细菌的游动能力及在基本培养基中的生长速率均显著下降,但对细菌生物膜形成和在非寄主植物烟草上诱导过敏性坏死反应的能力没有影响。盆栽条件下,经低浓度（10⁴ CFU/mL）MΔluxI_MH21、MAiiA和MAidH菌株处理的甜瓜种子萌发后幼苗死亡率显著低于野生型MH21和luxI_MH21基因互补菌株MΔluxI_MH21HB的处理;而高浓度细菌（10⁸ CFU/mL）处理种子后,除MAidH菌株处理引起的死苗率明显低于野生型MH21处理,其他菌株与MH21没有显著差异。子叶注射试验也得到相似的结果,以低浓度细菌（10⁴ CFU/mL）注射甜瓜子叶后发现MΔluxI_MH21、 MAiiA和MAidH菌株甜瓜子叶中的繁殖速率及对子叶的致病力与野生型MH21相比均显著下降;而高浓度细菌（10⁸ CFU/mL）处理子叶时,MΔluxI_MH21和MAiiA菌株与野生菌MH21相比致病力无显著差异,仅有MAidH菌株的致病力明显下降。说明QS系统影响菌株MH21在低细菌浓度下对甜瓜幼苗的致病力,这种作用可能与影响细菌生长有关。     

西瓜噬酸菌铜代谢相关基因copZ功能分析

 瓜类细菌性果斑病(Bacterial fruit blotch,BFB)病原菌为西瓜噬酸菌(Acidovorax citrulli,Ac),主要为害西瓜、甜瓜等葫芦科作物,是瓜类生产上主要细菌性病害。目前生产上对该病害的防治手段主要以化学防治为主,其中铜制剂的防治效果较为显著。本研究以西瓜噬酸菌野生型菌株Aac-5中铜代谢相关基因copZ为对象,探究copZ基因缺失对西瓜噬酸菌抗铜性、生长能力等表型的影响;采用RT-qPCR技术测定在不添加和添加外源铜离子条件下,基因copZ缺失后对其他铜代谢相关基因表达量的影响。成功构建了西瓜噬酸菌copZ基因缺失突变菌株ΔcopZ和互补菌株ΔcopZ-comp。结果表明,野生型菌株Aac-5与ΔcopZ-comp菌株在添加1.25 mmol·L^-1 CuSO₄的生长能力与不添加CuSO₄相似,而ΔcopZ菌株的生长能力减弱;当添加CuSO₄至2.50 mmol·L^-1时,野生型菌株Aac-5、ΔcopZ菌株和ΔcopZ-comp菌株的生长能力均减弱。基因copZ缺失在不含铜和含铜条件下均能使西瓜噬酸菌生物膜形成能力减弱;在不含铜条件下基因copZ不影响西瓜噬酸菌的运动能力,在含有1.25 mmol·L^-1 CuSO₄的运动性培养基中各菌株运动能力丧失。ΔcopZ菌株在西瓜子叶内的生长能力相较于野生型菌株Aac-5显著增强,但在西瓜幼苗上的致病力差异不显著,仍具有引起烟草过敏性反应的能力。在不同铜浓度处理后,铜代谢相关基因cueR、copA表达量在野生型菌株中的变化趋势与ΔcopZ菌株存在差异;基因cusA、hylD在野生型菌株中表达量变化趋势与ΔcopZ菌株一致。这表明基因copZ在西瓜噬酸菌铜代谢过程中具有重要作用。     

西瓜噬酸菌ftsH基因功能分析

 AAA ATPase (ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities) 在西瓜噬酸菌的多种生命过程中发挥重要作用。AAA家族中的FtsH蛋白(filamentation temperature-sensitive H)是由ftsH基因编码的,参与生长、致病、环境应激反应、膜内在蛋白质量控制等过程的蛋白,但其在西瓜噬酸菌中的作用尚未明确。本实验以西瓜噬酸菌Aac5菌株为研究对象,通过构建基因缺失突变体,测定致病力等各项表型以及突变株中致病相关基因和其他AAA ATPase基因的表达量,初步探索西瓜噬酸菌中ftsH的功能,为FtsH蛋白的功能研究奠定基础。结果表明,ftsH缺失显著降低菌株致病力、运动能力、生物膜形成能力、生长能力和环境胁迫耐受能力,不影响烟草过敏性反应,显著影响西瓜噬酸菌致病相关基因、AAA ATPase基因以及热激转录因子σ³²的表达量。这表明ftsH基因的功能与西瓜噬酸菌的致病性和环境耐受性密切相关。     

西瓜噬酸菌ftsH基因功能分析

 AAA ATPase (ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities) 在西瓜噬酸菌的多种生命过程中发挥重要作用。AAA家族中的FtsH蛋白(filamentation temperature-sensitive H)是由ftsH基因编码的,参与生长、致病、环境应激反应、膜内在蛋白质量控制等过程的蛋白,但其在西瓜噬酸菌中的作用尚未明确。本实验以西瓜噬酸菌Aac5菌株为研究对象,通过构建基因缺失突变体,测定致病力等各项表型以及突变株中致病相关基因和其他AAA ATPase基因的表达量,初步探索西瓜噬酸菌中ftsH的功能,为FtsH蛋白的功能研究奠定基础。结果表明,ftsH缺失显著降低菌株致病力、运动能力、生物膜形成能力、生长能力和环境胁迫耐受能力,不影响烟草过敏性反应,显著影响西瓜噬酸菌致病相关基因、AAA ATPase基因以及热激转录因子σ³²的表达量。这表明ftsH基因的功能与西瓜噬酸菌的致病性和环境耐受性密切相关。     

哈密瓜细菌性果斑病病原菌鉴定

 2000年在内蒙古和新疆的哈密瓜上发现一种新细菌病害-哈密瓜细菌性果斑病,从病叶和病果上分离到33个细菌菌株,接种哈密瓜、西瓜和甜瓜后,发病症状与自然发病症状完全一致,而且从接种病株上又重新分离到了此病原细菌,这33个细菌菌株经柯赫法则证明均为该病的致病菌。各菌株致病力无明显差异。经革兰氏染色反应、菌体形态、培养性状、生理生化反应、细胞化学成分分析(糖、蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪酸、mol% G+C)、DNA-DNA杂交,确认该病原菌为燕麦食酸菌西瓜亚种(Acidovorax avenae subsp.citrulli Willems et al.1992)=类产碱假单胞菌西瓜亚种(Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes subsp.citrulli Schaad et al.1978)。该病菌除侵染哈密瓜外,人工接种尚能侵染多种葫芦科及番茄、茄子等作物。     

西瓜噬酸菌中C-di-GMP代谢相关基因Aave_2620的功能研究

 环鸟苷二磷酸(cyclic diguanylate,c-di-GMP)是一种广泛存在于植物病原细菌中的第二信使,调控细菌多种生物学功能,从而影响病原细菌的致病性,但其在西瓜噬酸菌中的研究还未见报道。本实验以Aac5菌株为研究对象,通过构建c-di-GMP代谢相关基因Aave_2620缺失突变株和互补菌株,从其致病能力及其生长能力两部分进行测定,探究此信号途径是否在西瓜噬酸菌中调控致病机制。结果表明,基因Aave_2620的缺失显著降低Aac5菌株致病力、生物膜形成能力和生长能力,减弱烟草过敏性反应以及运动能力,互补菌株表型基本得到恢复。基因Aave_2620的缺失显著影响三型分泌系统相关基因、毒性相关基因以及鞭毛及趋化性相关基因在西瓜噬酸菌中的表达量。以上结果表明c-di-GMP代谢相关基因Aave_2620与西瓜噬酸菌的致病密切相关。     

西瓜噬酸菌MarR家族转录因子Aave_3922的功能研究

 MarR(Multiple antibiotic resistance regulator)家族转录因子是一种广泛存在于细菌及古细菌中的转录抑制子。MarR可通过调控毒力因子的表达来影响病原细菌的致病性,其调控机制独特,在不同菌中存在不同的调控网络。为明确其在西瓜噬酸菌中的功能及信号通路,以西瓜噬酸菌Aac5菌株为研究对象,构建MarR转录因子Aave_3922的缺失突变株及互补菌株,通过对表型及转录水平的测定,初步探究西瓜噬酸菌中MarR转录因子的功能及可能的调控网络。结果显示,与野生型Aac5菌株相比,突变菌株致病能力、生物膜形成能力、体内生长能力均显著下降,互补菌株有所恢复。同时,基因Aave_3922的缺失会显著影响三型分泌系统关键基因hrpX及hrcJ、毒性相关基因trbC、鞭毛及趋化性相关基因fliC及cheA、生物膜相关基因Aave_2620在西瓜噬酸菌中的表达量;与WT-hrpXpGUS相比,ΔAave_3922-hrpXpGUS的启动子活性显著减弱。以上结果表明Aave_3922基因可能通过参与hrpX的转录调控,以及调控生物膜形成来影响西瓜噬酸菌的致病能力。     

甜瓜细菌性果斑病生防菌株BW-6的筛选和鉴定

甜瓜细菌性果斑病是由西瓜嗜酸菌（Acidovorax citrulliSchaad et al.）引起的一种毁灭性病害。本研究以西瓜嗜酸菌为指示菌,采集97个土样,采用土壤稀释平板法和对峙培养进行拮抗菌的分离和筛选,获得19株细菌可以抑制西瓜嗜酸菌生长。通过离体叶片、盆栽试验进行生测,BW-6菌株对甜瓜果斑病的生防效果最好,且比较稳定,防效达80.3%。在甜瓜叶面进行室外定殖试验表明,BW-6菌株可以在甜瓜叶面上大量定殖,但随着时间的推移菌数逐渐减少。根据菌株BW-6的形态特征、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA序列分析综合考察,鉴定其为枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis Cohn)。     

瓜类尖孢镰刀菌的营养体亲和群研究

 应用营养亲和性方法研究了尖孢镰刀菌菌株抗氯酸盐突变体和nit突变体的诱发规律及分布特性,以及菌株营养体亲和群(VCG)的划分。研究表明,不同寄主(黄瓜、甜瓜和西瓜)分离的尖孢镰刀菌菌株形成的抗氯酸盐突变体数目差异不显著,平均为每个接种点产生0.89~0.98个;但寄主不同部位(根部、茎基部和茎中部)分离的菌株间差异显著,形成的数目分别为1.27、0.75及0.76个。菌株产生的nit1突变体比例(75.40%)显著高于nitM突变体比例(13.17%);nit1突变体数目会因菌株的寄主及菌株寄主部位的不同而有差异,寄主为黄瓜、甜瓜和西瓜的菌株产生的比例依次为67.73%、83.71%和77.50%,根部、茎基部及茎中部分离菌株产生的比例依次为81.82%、78.48%和68.64%,而在致病菌株与非致病菌株间无显著差异,分别为74.43%和79.63%;nitM突变体数目受菌株寄主影响较小,所占比例在11.17%~13.92%之间;而在寄主不同部位分离的菌株及致病菌株与非致病菌株间差异显著,分离自茎基部的菌株所占比例最高为15.97%,茎中部菌株所占比例最低为9.87%,致病菌株与非致病菌株所占比例分别为14.08%和9.26%。供试菌株分为7个VCGs,其特点为来源于不同寄主的尖孢镰刀菌菌株互不亲和,同一寄主的致病菌株与非致病菌株均不亲和,同一寄主不同部位分离的菌株可亲和。     

洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌JX-1防治番茄青枯病机理的初步分析

本研究分离得到一株对茄科雷尔氏菌Ralstonia solanacearum具有明显拮抗作用的根围细菌JX-1，其温室防治番茄青枯病的防效达80.89%。形态学、生理生化、16S rDNA序列和gyrB序列分析表明，该菌株属于洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌Burkholderia cepacia。生防相关性状分析表明，菌株JX-1可产生嗜铁素、蛋白酶等抗菌物质。抗生素合成相关基因分析发现，菌株JX-1还可能产生硝吡咯菌素和藤黄绿脓菌素。转座子随机突变获得2株明显影响菌株JX-1拮抗能力的突变菌株，其中突变体M1710对茄科雷尔氏菌拮抗作用完全消失，序列分析表明Tn5破坏了与非核糖体寡肽产生相关基因tlpks/nrps；而突变体M645则对茄科雷尔氏菌的拮抗作用显著增强，序列分析表明Tn5破坏了gntR基因。上述结果表明，菌株JX-1可产生多种次生代谢产物，并且tlpks/nrps基因和gntR基因在防治番茄青枯病过程中起到重要调整作用。     

甘肃省西瓜细菌性果斑病的诊断

对从甘肃采集到的疑似西瓜果斑病的病瓜及种子中分离获得的菌株,通过形态学特征、革兰氏染色、致病性测定以及利用美国Agdia公司的专化型免疫凝聚试剂条测定和16S rDNA分子生物学方法进行了诊断鉴定,结果表明,该菌株符合燕麦噬酸菌西瓜亚种(Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli)的特性,因此,确定甘肃省已发生西瓜果斑病,结果为甘肃省有效控制此病提供了依据。     

哈蜜瓜种子带细菌性果斑病菌检测技术的研究

哈蜜瓜细菌性果斑病是世界性的检疫对象之一,主要以种子带菌进行远距离传播,本文通过温室育苗、室内分离和PCR(聚合酶链式反应)技术对哈蜜瓜种子带菌情况和主要带菌部位进行了检验,结果表明:3种方法都可以对种子带菌情况进行检测,分离检测和PCR检测还可以确定种子的带菌部位,PCR技术具有特异性强、灵敏度高、检测时间短等特点.另外检测结果也表明种子带菌以种皮为主,种仁的带菌量较少.     

Role of Blossoms in Watermelon Seed Infestation by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli

ABSTRACT The role of watermelon blossom inoculation in seed infestation by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli was investigated. Approximately 98% (84/87) of fruit developed from blossoms inoculated with 1 x 10(7) or 1 x 10(9) CFU of A. avenae subsp. citrulli per blossom were asymptomatic. Using immunomagnetic separation and the polymerase chain reaction, A. avenae subsp. citrulli was detected in 44% of the seed lots assayed, despite the lack of fruit symptoms. Furthermore, viable colonies were recovered from 31% of the seed lots. Of these lots, 27% also yielded seedlings expressing bacterial fruit blotch symptoms when planted under conditions of 30 degrees C and 90% relative humidity. A. avenae subsp. citrulli was detected and recovered from the pulp of 33 and 19%, respectively, of symptomless fruit whose blossoms were inoculated with A. avenae subsp. citrulli. The ability to penetrate watermelon flowers was not unique to A. avenae subsp. citrulli, because blossoms inoculated with Pantoea ananatis also resulted in infested seed and pulp. The data indicate that watermelon blossoms are a potential site of ingress for fruit and seed infestation by A. avenae subsp. citrulli.     

Biological Control to Protect Watermelon Blossoms and Seed from Infection by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli

ABSTRACT The efficacy of biological control seed treatments with Pseudomonas fluorescens (A506), Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (AAA 99-2), and an unidentified gram-positive bacterium recovered from watermelon seed (WS-1) was evaluated for the management of bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of watermelon. In growth chamber and greenhouse experiments, seed treated with AAA 99-2 displayed superior disease suppression, reducing BFB transmission by 96.5%. AAA 99-2, P. fluorescens A506, and Kocide also suppressed the epiphytic growth of A. avenae subsp. citrulli when applied to attached watermelon blossoms 5 h prior to inoculation. Watermelon blossom protection reduced seed infestation by A. avenae subsp. citrulli. From blossoms treated with 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 63% of the resulting seed lots were infested with A. avenae subsp. citrulli. In contrast, for blossoms protected with WS-1, Kocide, P. fluorescens A506, and AAA 99-2, the proportion of infested seed lots were 48.3, 21.1, 24.1, and 13.8%, respectively. The effect of blossom treatments on seed lot infestation was statistically significant (P = 0.001) but WS-1 was not significantly different from PBS. These findings suggest that blossom protection with biological control agents could be a feasible option for managing BFB.     

Investigating Intraspecific Variation of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli Using DNA Fingerprinting and Whole Cell Fatty Acid Analysis

ABSTRACT To assess the diversity of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, 121 strains from watermelon, cantaloupe, and pumpkin were compared using pulse field gel electrophoresis of SpeI-digested DNA and gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters. Twenty-nine unique DNA fragments resulted from DNA digestion, and 14 distinct haplotypes were observed. Based on cluster analysis, two subgroups, I and II, were recognized, which accounted for 84.8% (eight haplotypes) and 15.2% (six haplotypes) of the strains, respectively. Results of cellular fatty acid analysis varied quantitatively and qualitatively for the A. avenae subsp. citrulli strains and supported the existence of the two subgroups. Group I includes strains from cantaloupe and pumpkin as well as the ATCC type strain, which was first described in the United States in 1978, whereas group II represents the typical watermelon fruit blotch-causing strains that appeared in the mainland United States in 1989. Knowledge of the two A. avenae subsp. citrulli groups may be useful in screening for watermelon fruit blotch resistance.     

New subspecies-specific polymerase chain reaction-based assay for the detection of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli

New subspecies-specific primers for the detection of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli ( Aac ), the seedborne bacterium which causes bacterial fruit blotch of cucurbits, were designed based on PCR fragments obtained in ERIC- and BOX-PCR profiles of Aac strains. PCR with both primer sets identified 30 strains from different locations and hosts, but did not amplify DNA from other closely related species and subspecies assessed, with the exception of DNA of one strain of A. avenae subsp. avenae , which was amplified by one of the primer sets, named BX-S. This primer set, based on a BOX-PCR fragment, performed under high-stringency conditions without losing its detection sensitivity. The primers were also evaluated for their ability to detect the pathogen in contaminated watermelon and melon seed samples. The BX-S primers facilitated the detection of the pathogen from washings of 5000-seed samples with 0·02% infestation. This primer set was also assessed for detection using immunomagnetic separation polymerase chain reaction (IMS-PCR) and was shown to be as sensitive as a previously described primer set (AACF2/R3), detecting 0·02% infestation in seed samples. This highly specific and sensitive primer set could be used to improve PCR-based detection of this important pathogen.     

哈密瓜细菌性果斑病菌群体感应系统的检测

本文利用群体感应信号报告菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL4(pZLR4),在LB报告平板上对燕麦食酸菌西瓜亚种的19个菌株进行了初步检测,发现18个菌株有群体感应信号产生.用琼脂条法对菌株Pslb-94进一步检测,证实菌株Pslb-94存在群体感应系统.提取了该菌株信号物质,反相薄层层析(TLC)检测证明该菌株能产生群体感应信号分子.     

Characterization of pilP, a gene required for twitching motility, pathogenicity, and biofilm formation of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae RS-1

The Gram-negative bacterium Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae is the causal agent of bacterial brown stripe (BBS), which can cause severe diseases in many plants, including rice, with huge economic importance. Type IV pili (TFP) are hair-like appendages involved in several bacterial activities such as bacterial surface motility, surface adherence, colonization, biofilm formation, and virulence. The aim of our study is to characterize the association of A. avenae subsp. avenae TFP with BBS in rice. We generated a transposon (Tn5) mutant library. Then, an insertional mutagenesis on the background of this bacterium was identified as reduced pathogenicity. The confirmed inserted genetic region was into gene pilP, which encodes a TFP assembly protein. The pilP-deficient mutant strain seriously affected the motility twitching ability, biofilm formation and virulence. Collectively, our results clearly indicated that the pilP gene and TFP in A. avenae subsp. avenae play a key role in plant pathogenicity, twitching motility, and biofilm formation.     

种子引发处理对无籽西瓜幼苗生长的影响和对细菌性果斑病菌消毒的效果

 种子出苗率低和传带细菌性果斑病菌是制约三倍体无籽西瓜生产的主要原因。本试验利用KMnO₄、CuSO₄和ZnSO₄的不同浓度溶液对无籽西瓜种子进行不同时间引发处理, 通过滤纸发芽试验, 观测其对种子发芽和幼苗生长的促进作用;借助平板法测定引发溶液对细菌性果斑病菌FC247的抑制作用, 免疫凝聚试纸条和传统PCR检测引发处理对种子人工接菌FC247的消毒效果。结果表明:0.1% CuSO₄溶液引发处理4 h和0.2% ZnSO₄溶液引发处理24 h, 分别比未引发处理的无籽西瓜种子发芽率提高71.1%和73.3%, 并能显著提高发芽整齐度和幼苗素质;同时, 引发溶液对细菌性果斑病菌有显著抑制作用, 并对人工接菌种子表现出-定程度的消毒效果。