东北地区水稻初冬晾晒期鼠害调查与为害分析

东北地区是我国重要的商品粮基地, 同时也是鼠害严重发生地区。明确当地鼠害特点, 制定有效防治措施, 对保证我国粮食安全具有重要战略意义。东北地区水稻规模化种植较晚, 对稻田鼠害研究也较少。本研究针对稻田鼠害种类不清、密度难定的问题, 在水稻收割晾晒期内采用“翻稻垛尽捕法”和“夹捕法”调查鼠种组成与密度, 并估算稻谷损失率。结果表明, 尽捕法可捕获5种害鼠, 稻垛鼠密度为197~310只/hm2; 夹捕法只能捕到3种害鼠, 小型鼠缺失; 产量损失估算稻谷损失率约为0.13%~0.52%, 折合每公顷损失约7.8~31.2 kg。结果表明, 两种调查方法可以反映出不同害鼠的空间分布格局差异, 将两种方法结合可获取更多的鼠害信息; 如果适当缩短水稻晾晒期可有效减少害鼠对稻谷的为害。     

气象因子对焉耆盆地打瓜炭疽病发生的影响

为了明确新疆焉耆盆地打瓜炭疽病发生动态与气象因子的关系,以焉耆县种植的新籽瓜1号为研究对象,采用定点、定时系统调查的方法,对打瓜炭疽病病情指数与日平均温度、空气相对湿度、降雨量、累计降雨量进行相关性分析。结果表明,打瓜炭疽病从6月上旬开始发生,7月上旬到7月中旬为病害快速增长期,7月下旬达到高峰;日平均温度、空气相对湿度、降雨量、累计降雨量等气象因素与病情指数呈显著正相关。     

修文县猕猴桃常见病害种类为害情况调查

通过田间系统调查,采集病害标本,症状观察和病原鉴定,初步明确了修文县猕猴桃生产中的常见病害,其中真菌性病害6种,分别为褐斑病、灰霉病、黑斑病、白粉病、根腐病、软腐病;细菌性病害3种,分别为花腐病、根癌病、溃疡病;病毒病1种;非侵染性病害4种。褐斑病、根腐病、花腐病、软腐病、灰霉病、黑斑病、软腐病发生普遍,根结线虫病、根腐病在猕猴桃苗圃发生较重,根癌病、溃疡病零星发生。     

贵州长顺射干有害生物发生情况及防控建议

2016—2018年,对贵州省长顺县中药材射干有害生物发生及防治情况开展调查。结果表明,贵州长顺射干主要病害10种。其中,侵染性病害7种、非侵染性病害3种,以锈病、叶枯病和根腐病危害程度较重;主要害虫共4目9科15种,以二化螟、玉米螟、小地老虎发生普遍、为害严重;主要杂草有19种,田间发生种类和群落组成在不同生境间变化较大。防治情况调查表明,当地射干有害生物防治常用药36种。其中,杀菌剂15种,杀虫剂13种,除草剂8种,以低毒农药为主;冬季未清园、用药不规范、病害重治轻防是造成射干有害生物防治效果不理想的主要原因。     

新疆南部农区鼠害调查与成因分析

南疆农区鼠害严重,但基础资料不足。为摸清当地鼠害发生特点,提供有效治理依据,本研究于2018年-2019年在南疆5地州39乡64村开展实地与问卷调查,并采用夹捕法调查害鼠种群构成。结果表明,南疆5地州农村普遍遭受鼠害影响,喀什与和田地区农田受害比例达89.4%,问卷结果表明农户和农田鼠害发生率均大于75%,且西部地区重于东部,约一半受访农户估计每年因鼠害损失超过500元。褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus是农户主要害鼠,占比超过70%;农田则以小家鼠Mus musculus和乌拉尔姬鼠Apodemus uralensis为主。这些结果表明,南疆农区鼠害处于重发态势,褐家鼠是主要鼠害来源,并有外来入侵风险。下一步应聚焦于监测主要害鼠种群动态规律,阐明褐家鼠来源和侵入机制,并探索建立适于当地的害鼠防治模式。     

兴业县冬种马铃薯主要病虫害发生为害调查及防治建议

近几年来,冬种马铃薯在兴业县推广种植面积迅速增长,为农民不断增收起到了积极的推动作用.但在生产中,冬种马铃薯的病虫害发生较重,主要发生的病虫害有病毒病、晚疫病、软腐病、地老虎、螨虫、蚜虫、杂革及鼠害.     

榕江县小地老虎发生特点及防治措施

根据小地老虎的形态特征、发生规律、为害特点、发生环境,采取农业防治、物理防治、化学防治等综合防治措施,以减少小地老虎的为害。     

上海市主要花卉园林病害初步调查

对上海市花卉生产基地、花卉市场及公园等进行调查,在66种园林花卉植物上发现病害103种.其中真菌病害90种,细菌病害3种,病毒病害6种,线虫病害1种,生理性病害3种.在真菌病害中,以炭疽病为害范围最广,占调查花卉植物总数的39.39%.其次是由镰刀菌引起的叶斑病和根腐病.以及白粉病,均占调查花卉植物总数的17.91%.病害发生程度以冬青卫矛和狭叶十大功劳白粉病发生最为严重;百合根腐病、月季白粉病等15种病害严重发生;山茶叶斑病等22种病害中度发生.该结果为本市花卉病害的研究和防治提供了重要依据.     

豫北棉区气温与湿度对黄萎病发生的关系分析

 1981~1990年连续10年在河南新乡棉花黄萎病重病田。定点、定株,种植同一品种,结果表明:年度间发病有较大差异。从发病轻重与气象因子关系分析,存在两种类型:一种为高温低湿轻病年,10年中有4年,7月30日平均病情指数(简称病指,下同)为15.39。第二种类型为低温高湿重病年,10年中也有4年,7月30日平均病指达33.44,为轻病年的2.17倍。7月份的气温是影响黄萎病发病强度的主要因子,若当年7月份连续两旬旬平均气温超过27℃,病指旬增长速度将会减慢,成为轻病年。在7月份气温较低的情况下,空气相对湿度与病指呈正相关,即7月份湿度超过80%,气温又较低,将成为重病年。     

农户贮粮鼠害发生规律及控制技术研究

农户贮粮鼠害的损失 ,在本县近几年来平均为1 %～ 8% ,最高达 1 2 %。害鼠不但盗食、污染粮食 ,还有鼠传疾病的潜在威胁。研究控制贮粮鼠害的配套技术 ,是广大农民保粮、保健康的需要。1　试验方法试验在江宁县湖熟镇进行。农户室内鼠密度每月调查 50户 2 0 0夹次 ,调查粮仓、厨房、院落等不同生境的种群密度 ,分析害鼠繁殖规律。贮粮鼠害损失调查 ,采用定户、每月调查贮存稻谷鼠害损失。通过系统调查 ,综合分析农户害鼠发生规律与贮粮鼠害损失的关系 ,探索控制鼠害的防治策略和防治方法。2　研究结果2 .1　不同生境害鼠种群消长规律　通过 …     

Insecticidal activity of N,N-diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,n-di-isopropyl-, and n,n-di-isobutylalkanamides against mosquito larvae

N,N-Diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,N-di-isopropyl, and N,N-di-isobutylalkanamides in which the acyl moiety ranged from C₈ to C₂₁ were synthesised, and their larvicidal activity was determined against the first-instar larvae of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The four homologous series of amides generally showed an increase in their larvicidal activity as the carbon number in the acyl moiety of the amides increased, until the activity reached a maximum. Subsequently, an increment of carbon number resulted in declining activity in the higher homologues, until the activity disappeared. N,N-Diethyltetradecanamide, N,N-dipropylundecanamide, N,N-di-isopropylundecanamide, and N,N-di-isobutlynonanamide or -dodecanamide were the most active compounds in their respective homologous series of amides; however, they were less active than their analogous N,N-dimethylalkanamides previously studied.     

Dieldrin residues in soybeans in Illinois, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974

The Illinois soybean crop was monitored in 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974 for dieldrin residues resulting from aldrin applied to corn in the years before soybean cultivation. Residue levels of dieldrin in soybeans increased between 1965 and 1974. The percent of fields which had soybeans with a dieldrin level above 0.03 ppm increased between 1965 and 1974. Dieldrin residue levels in soybeans grown in Illinois are expected to decline now that the use of aldrin has diminished and will soon cease. No significant correlation was evident between the dieldrin levels in soybeans and the area of the State where they had grown, the date of planting, or the variety.     

Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.

Mercury and cadmium were found in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir (AFR), Idaho. Mercury and cadmium levels in some fish exceeded human health standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the World Health Organization. Analyses performed on the flesh of rainbow trout showed mercury residues of up to 1.20 mg/kg, which were higher than residues previously reported in trout collected in 1970 and 1971 from AFR. Cadmium residue levels were as high as 0.80 mg/kg. Although arsenic was found in reservoir sediment at levels of 1.36-2.40 mg/kg, it was not detected in fish.     

应用酶联免疫吸附试验法鉴定几种主要马铃薯病毒

制备了PVX,PVY_o,PVY~n,PVA,PVS,PVM,PLRV和TRV等8种主要马铃薯病毒抗体的辣根过氧化物酶结合物,在检测黑龙江省马铃薯主栽品种克新一、二、三、四号等品种的植株样品1155份和800余份正在脱毒中的试管苗样品中,发现上述8种马铃薯病毒在几个主栽品种中的侵染率较高,而且大多数感病植株是由3至7种病毒复合侵染,并首次查明本省存在PVY~n和PVM病毒。对不带上述8种病毒的样品又用双向反向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定带马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒(Potato spindle Tuber Viroid)状况,现已获得无上述8种病毒和类病毒的种植材料。     

长武旱塬不同麦玉轮作系统产量效应模拟研究

利用EPIC模型对不同麦玉轮作系统进行模拟,通过对其输出结果的分析,综合考虑产量、经济效益、干旱胁迫和氮肥生产率等因素,对不同麦玉轮作系统进行综合评价,从而比较不同麦玉轮作系统的优劣。结果表明:(1)在模拟研究期间,8种麦玉轮作系统的产量均呈波动性下降趋势,其平均值分别为4.61、4.40、4.16、4.48、4.28、4.29、4.714、.55 t/hm2。所有的麦玉轮作系统中,麦玉轮作系统"春玉米→冬小麦"的经济效益最好。(2)在模拟研究期间,麦玉轮作系统"春玉米→冬小麦→冬小麦"的冬小麦和春玉米所遭受的年均干旱胁迫日数最少(29.51d)。在干旱年份麦玉轮作系统中的冬小麦较春玉米更容易遭受干旱威胁。综合产量、经济效益、作物所遭受的干旱胁迫天数和麦玉轮作系统的氮肥生产率等因素,在长武地区适宜采用的麦玉轮作系统为春玉米→冬小麦。     

施肥对小麦、玉米和大豆连作土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了明确长期施肥和不施肥条件下作物连作对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以典型黑土为研究对象,选取长期定位实验站长期施肥和不施肥条件下的小麦、玉米和大豆连作处理,通过稀释平板法和Biolog Eco微平板法,测定土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量、碳源代谢活性等指标,为建立合理的农田管理措施提供数据支撑和理论依据。结果表明:长期施肥条件下大豆、小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均高于不施肥处理,且均以大豆连作处理细菌和真菌数量最高。不施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数较大豆连作处理分别下降了24.8%和31.0%,真菌总数分别下降了64.0%和51.2%;施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数则较大豆连作处理分别下降了29.0%和45.5%,真菌总数分别下降了26.7%和31.5%。Biolog结果表明,不施肥条件下小麦连作处理的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)高于玉米和大豆连作处理,施肥条件下则是大豆连作处理的AWCD值高于小麦和玉米连作处理。不施肥条件下大豆、玉米和小麦连作处理利用最多的碳源是碳水化合物类,施肥后不同连作处理利用最多的是碳水化合物类和多聚物类。大豆和小麦连作不施肥条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是α-D-乳糖,施肥条件下利用率最高的碳源均是D,L-α-甘油,而不论施肥与否,玉米连作条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是D-半乳糖醛酸;葡萄糖-1-磷酸盐和γ-羟基丁酸是农田黑土微生物群落特异利用的关键碳源。主成分分析得出,施肥对土壤微生物碳源代谢能力的影响大于作物的影响。     

Comparison of trifluralin,oryzalin, pronamide,propham, and colchicine treatments on microtubules

The mode of action of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N⁴,N⁴-dipropylsulfanilamide), pronamide(N-(1,1-dimethylpropynyl) 3,5-dichlorobenzamide), and propham (isopropyl carbanilate) on purified microtubules from pig brains and on the ultrastructure of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. “Mediterranean,” C. I. 5303) and corn (Zea mays L. “yellow dent, U. S. 13”) roots was compared with that known for colchicine. Colchicine disrupts the in vivo cortical and spindle microtubules of root cells. Like colchicine, the herbicides trifluralin, oryzalin, and pronamide caused the loss of both cortical and spindle microtubules of root cells. The rate of microtubule disappearance depended on the type of herbicide and length of exposure of roots to the herbicide. Unlike colchicine, cortical microtubules were present in propham-treated roots but they were disoriented within the cell.In vitro polymerization studies with pig brain microtubules (Sus scrofa) showed that the herbicides failed to inhibit the assembly of purified microtubular protein into microtubules and that radioactively labeled herbicides did not bind to the microtubular protein. Colchicine inhibited the polymerization of microtubular protein and readily bound to the microtubular subunits. These results indicate that the mode of action of the herbicides is not similar to that of colchicine and that the loss of microtubules from root tip cells treated with trifluralin, oryzalin, and pronamide may be caused by these herbicides interfering with synthesis of microtubular protein or metabolism of endoplasmic reticulum membranes involved in microtubule assembly. The mode of action of propham appears to be on the microtubular organizing centers rather than on microtubules per se.