不同放牧压力下荒漠草原土壤有机碳特征及其与植被之间关系的研究

研究了荒漠草原土壤有机碳的特征及其与植被之间的关系。结果表明:0-10cm和10-20cm土层土壤有机碳含量随着放牧强度的增加而降低,未放牧区(CK)>轻度放牧区(LG)>中度放牧区(MG)>重度放牧区(HG),中度放牧区和重度放牧区分别显著低于未放牧区(P<0.05);0-10cm土层土壤有机碳含量与草地地上生物量和植被盖度具有极强的相关性,与草群高度具有较强的相关性;10-20cm土层土壤有机碳与草地地上生物量和植被盖度具有极强的相关性,而与草群高度的相关性较弱;根据相关性的强弱,建立了土壤有机碳与草地地上生物量和植被盖度的线性回归模型。     

晋西北黄土丘陵区不同植被类型土壤水分分析

选择晋西北半干旱黄土丘陵区典型植被人工油松林、天然灌丛、荒坡草地和农地 ,对其土壤剖面 0 - 9.9m的土壤水分进行了测定与分析。结果显示 ,农地 0 - 9.9m土壤剖面上的土壤水分皆在易效水范围之上。人工油松林、天然灌丛和荒坡草地的土壤湿度低于农地 ,三者对土壤水分的利用深度都超过了 9.9m,并且大部分土层的水分含量在中效水范围内 ,部分在难效 -无效水范围。由此可见 ,天然植被对土壤水的利用与农地相比有显著差异。     

青海大通中国沙棘人工林对土壤有机质和含氮量的影响

测定了 1 4a生沙棘纯林及沙棘×青海云杉和沙棘×白桦×青杨以及无林对照剖面 2 0个土样的有机质、全氮及速效氮含量 ,比较研究了青海大通黄河上游沙棘人工林对土壤系统的微观生态效应。结果表明 :①在青海大通营造沙棘林能在短时间内迅速提高土壤有机质含量。 1 4a生沙棘纯林及混交林 0 - 80cm土层平均有机质含量较对照分别提高 1 79.35 %和1 67.68% ,0 - 80cm土层平均有机质含量较对照分别增加 5 9.1 44和 41 .0 2t/hm2 ;②沙棘的固氮作用使土壤氮素含量在短期内大幅度提高 ,沙棘纯林及混交林 0 - 80cm的贮蛋量较对照分别增加 3.1 1 9t/hm2 和 2 .5 74t/hm2 ,速效氮贮量增加 30 0 .69kg/hm2 和 2 33.5 5kg/hm2 ;③沙棘人工林对土壤有机质和全氮的增长作用随土壤深度增加而降低 ,而速效氮在土壤中下层高于表层。④ 1 4a生沙棘纯林的培肥效应高于沙棘混交林 ,而沙棘与针叶树混交培肥效果又低于沙棘与阔叶树混交。     

不同草本植物根系力动力学及抗压力特征研究

为了研究草本植物根系力动力学特征及其抗压力。以四川省广泛的4种常见坡边草本植物为研究对象,测定根系在土体中的垂直分布规律及根系抗拉、原状土体抗压和抗崩解等力学指标。1) 4种草本植物0-30cm土层根系生物量的大小排序为:麦冬>黑麦草>白三叶>满天星,且主要集中于0-10cm土层中; 2)根系抗拉力基本表现为:麦冬>黑麦草>白三叶>满天星,且根系极限抗拉强度与直径呈显著的幂函数负相关关系,决定系数均大于0. 9000(p <0. 05);平均根茎与平均抗压强度表现出一致的变化规律,大小依次为麦冬>黑麦草>白三叶>满天星。3)通过相关性分析发现,不同植物根系的抗拉强度和直径存在极显著的负相关性(p <0. 001),其相关系数分别为-0. 8569、-0. 9985、-0. 9963、-0. 9234。4)根-土复合体抗压强度依次表现为麦冬>黑麦草>白三叶>满天星;植物比根长与根-土复合体抗压性成正相关,但没有显著相关性;土层深度与土体的抗压性成显著正相关(p <0. 05); 5)根系含量和土层深度是土体崩解速率的主要影响因子,随土层深度的增加,崩解速率降低,无根土的崩解速率均大于有根土,土壤中根系比根长和崩解速率呈显著线性负相关(p <0. 05);不同植物抗压强度和崩解速率基本表现为:麦冬>黑麦草>白三叶>满天星。综上所述,麦冬和黑麦草(禾本科植物)护坡能力和适应性更强。     

辽西半干旱地区深松中耕对土壤养分及玉米产量的影响

在辽宁西部阜新旱作农业示范区进行田间试验,探讨了深松中耕对这一地区土壤养分及玉米产量的影响.结果表明:与传统耕作相比,深松中耕能够提高0～30 cm土层土壤有机质含量及0～20 cm土层土壤全N、P、K含量,以提高0～10 c m土层土壤全N含量最为显著(P＜5%);能够增加0～20 cm土层土壤碱解氮含量及0～30 cm土层土壤有效钾含量,以增加0～10 cm土层土壤有效钾含量最为显著(P＜5%);显著增加10～30 cm土层土壤有效磷含量(P＜5%);增加了玉米产量,增加幅度为7.80% .     

策勒戈壁盐生草种群特征的初步研究

通过对策勒戈壁分布的盐生草种群特征、水分利用效率的研究 ,得到策勒地区盐生草种群的平均盖度为2 .4 8% ,平均密度为 7.1株 /m2 ,平均株高为 6 .17cm ,生物积累量为 4 .6 2 g/m2 。种群分布格局类型呈典型成群分布 ,植株水分利用效率约为 0 .5 86kg/mm·hm2 ,平均根茎长度比为 2 .0 ,平均根茎重量比为 0 .0 5 6。盐生草株高与地上现存量之间的数量关系为 y =0 .0 6 77e0 .2 568x(0 7cm)。     

毛乌素沙地天然臭柏灌丛地的土壤特性

采用样方调查法对毛乌素沙地天然臭柏灌丛地土壤特性调查结果表明 :臭柏灌丛地土壤水分、有机质、全氮、速效钾和碱解氮等养分资源分布具有空间异质性。在臭柏灌丛地(覆盖度 70 %～ 85 % ) 0～ 5 cm的土层 ,聚集了较多的中细粒子 ( 0 .2 5～ 0 .0 2 cm) ,平均含量为68.9% ,比油蒿覆盖区 (覆盖度 40 %～ 5 5 % )高 9% ,并随土层深度的加深 ,其含量降低。水分、有机质、全氮、速效钾和碱解氮等养分含量的分布 ,存在明显的“沃岛”现象。在 0～ 1 0 0 cm的土层范围内 ,臭柏灌丛地 60 %以上的土样含水率为 1 %～ 2 % ,变异系数高达 1 1 3%。土层深度 <2 0 cm时 ,臭柏灌丛土壤含水率由灌丛内向灌丛外逐渐减少 ,当土层 >2 0 cm时 ,则正好相反。70 %的土样速效磷含量 <2 mg/kg,除速效磷之外 ,土壤中的有机质、全氮、速效钾、碱解氮等在臭柏灌丛下 0～ 2 0 cm的土层内相对富集。在 0～ 1 0 0 cm的土层内 ,有机质的变异系数为 96.3% ,全氮为 1 0 1 .4% ,碱解氮为 80 .6% ,速效钾为 88.4%。臭柏灌丛地土壤特性的空间异质性 ,是生物和物理过程共同作用的结果。     

淹水条件下改良剂对苏打盐化草甸土的洗盐效应

为明确改良剂在苏打盐化草甸土不同深度土层的改良效果,采用室内淋溶土柱的试验方法,设置S0、S1、S2、S3、S4和S5(每个土柱横截面积0.0113 m~2)分别施用改良剂0.00、0.01、0.05、0.10、0.50 g和1.00 g,折合成公顷用量分别为0.0、8.9、44.3、88.5、442.5 kg·hm~(-2)和885.1 kg·hm~(-2))6个处理,分析淹水条件下不同改良剂用量对苏打盐化草甸土的洗盐效应。结果表明,与未施改良剂处理(S0)相比,S3、S4和S5处理显著降低不同土层(0～30cm)土壤容重(降幅3.88%～8.87%)、增加土壤孔隙度(增幅3.82%～9.38%)、降低土壤pH值(降幅2.36%～8.05%);S2、S3、S4和S5处理显著提高20～40 cm土壤水分入渗量,增幅55.9%～294.6%(P0.05);施用改良剂处理交换性Na~+含量在0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层显著降低,降幅4.84%～56.5%(P0.05),20～30 cm和30～40 cm土层中增幅1.09%～17.1%;S3、S4和S5处理0～10 cm土层电导率显著降低,降幅49.0%～60.4%(P0.05),20～40 cm土层显著增加,增幅3.68%～19.8%(P0.05);S2、S3、S4、S5处理10～20 cm土层碳酸根含量显著降低,降幅5.98%～23.4%(P0.05),S3、S4、S5处理0～30 cm土层碳酸氢根含量降幅1.49%～18.0%;S2、S3、S4和S5处理显著提高0～30 cm≥0.25 mm水稳性团聚体,增幅达16.4%～161.7%(P0.05);S3、S4和S5处理0～30 cm土层MWD显著增加,增幅达5.78%～161.7%(P0.05)。针对本次供试土壤盐渍化程度,综合改良效果及改良剂施用量,改良剂适宜用量为每个土柱0.10 g(88.5 kg·hm~(-2))(S3处理),可达到最优淋洗效果。     

水分胁迫对典型草原植物群体光合作用的影响

基于锡林浩特国家气候观象台2016—2017年的群体光合作用及同期土壤水分观测数据,分析了不同水分胁迫状态下典型草原植物群落光合作用的受限程度。结果表明:牧草生长初期及末期,群体光合速率处于较低水平,水分胁迫未对群体光合作用产生明显影响,7月牧草进入旺盛生长期,群体光合速率显著升高,并在8月上旬达到最高值(≥10.89μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),水分限制对群体光合作用的影响显著;在牧草生长的初期和中期,群体光合速率、呼吸速率与10～20 cm土层土壤水分含量相关性最显著,表明植物根系和土壤微生物在该层分布最为集中;0～30 cm各土层平均土壤水分含量与群体光合速率之间存在良好的线性回归关系,方程拟合效果为极显著,表明30 cm以上土层土壤水分含量影响典型草原植物群体光合作用;MK突变检验分析表明,当典型草原0～10 cm土层土壤体积含水量低于9%时(对应重量含水量为6.82%,相对含水量为27.60%)、0～30 cm土层平均土壤体积含水量低于12%时(对应重量含水量为9.57%,相对含水量为39.24%),群体光合速率会受到非常明显的抑制。综合分析,在典型草原干旱预报预警中,可将0～10 cm土层土壤体积含水量低于9%、0～30 cm土层平均土壤体积含水量低于12%视为典型草原发生中度干旱时对应的土壤水分临界值。     

人工林土壤养分含量变化的对比研究

通过现场采样研究了内蒙古多伦县一家河牧场华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林和兴安杨(Populus hsinganica C.Wanget Skv.)人工林0-60cm深度土壤有机质、活性有机质、土壤全量养分和速效养分含量的变化。结果表明:在相同立地条件下,不同树种相同土壤层间土壤有机质、活性有机质(0-5cm土层除外)含量存在明显差异。两树种5cm以下土层土壤活性有机质含量的差异显著,落叶松人工林5-20cm土层、20-40cm土层和40-60cm土层土壤活性有机质含量分别比兴安杨人工林高35.3%、38.8%和45.9%。两树种土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量的表聚性明显,并且随着土层深度增加速效氮、磷、钾含量降低趋势显著。落叶松人工林0-5cm、5-20cm和20-40cm土层全钾含量分别比兴安杨人工林相应的土层高30.9%、35.4%和31.6%。兴安杨人工林0-5cm土层全氮含量比落叶松人工林高55.1%。     

荒漠草原区不同类型草地土壤水分特征研究

农牧交错带发展人工草地的关键是土壤水分的适应性,针对年平均降水量250mm的地区,以人工甘草草地、人工苜蓿地、人工苜蓿混播甘草地和天然草地为对象,通过2010年观测,计算各种草地0-100cm土层质量含水量的均值、变异系数,分析土壤水分的空间分布特征;利用土壤水分平衡和土壤分层储水量公式计算不同草地0-100cm土层总储水量,结合试验地生长季降水量变化,分析不同草地储水量与消耗量以及0-20、20-60、60-100cm土层水分均值随植被生长季的变化规律。     

青海省旱地土壤水分动态变化规律研究

通过对青省省旱地土壤水分动态变化规律的分析,发现大气降水对裸地土壤水分的影响十分明显,水平和垂直土壤水分梯度均明显大于草地和作物地;天然草地浅层土壤水分瑷 天气状况和牧草生长影响。     

围栏与不同放牧强度对东祁连山高寒草甸植被和土壤的影响

在东祁连山高寒草地,对围栏7年和不同放牧强度的草地进行了物种数、地上生物量、地下生物量、土壤理化性质等研究。结果表明,围栏7年的高寒草地鲜草产量为425.8 g·m-2,显著高于夏季中牧159.3 g·m-2和夏季重牧91.0 g·m-2,但与冬季轻牧、夏季轻牧差异不显著。围栏条件下的物种数为26.3种·16 m-2,显著低于其他放牧条件下的物种数,但显著高于夏季重牧条件下的物种数23.0种·16 m-2;轻度或重度放牧都会使物种数减少,夏季中牧下的物种数最高(33.5种·16 m-2)。在0~10 cm的表层土壤中,围栏7年的草地根系生物量显著高于其他放牧强度。随着放牧强度的增加,根系生物量在0~10 cm土壤中呈下降趋势,在30~40 cm土壤中则表现为升高趋势。围栏7年的土壤容重低于其他放牧强度下的土壤容重,但差异不显著;夏季重牧的土壤容重显著高于围栏7年和其他放牧强度的土壤容重。随着放牧强度的增加,0~10 cm土壤碱解氮增加,围栏7年草地最低。围栏封育可有效改善和恢复草地植被,但不能长时间禁牧不进行放牧利用。合理的放牧能够维护高寒草甸草地生态系统功能、促进物种丰富度和土壤营养的均衡。     

CO_2,CH_4 and N_2O flux changes in degraded grassland soil of Inner Mongolia,China

The main purpose of this study was to explore the dynamic changes of greenhouse gas(GHG)from grasslands under different degradation levels during the growing seasons of Inner Mongolia, China.Grassland degradation is associated with the dynamics of GHG fluxes, e.g., CO_2, CH_4 and N_2O fluxes. As one of the global ecological environmental problems, grassland degradation has changed the vegetation productivity as well as the accumulation and decomposition rates of soil organic matter and thus will influence the carbon and nitrogen cycles of ecosystems, which will affect the GHG fluxes between grassland ecosystems and the atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to explore how the exchanges of CO_2,CH_4 and N_2O fluxes between soil and atmosphere are influenced by the grassland degradation. We measured the fluxes of CO_2, CH_4 and N_2O in lightly degraded, moderately degraded and severely degraded grasslands in Inner Mongolia of China during the growing seasons from July to September in 2013 and 2014. The typical semi-arid grassland of Inner Mongolia plays a role as the source of atmospheric CO_2 and N_2O and the sink for CH_4. Compared with CO_2 fluxes, N_2O and CH_4 fluxes were relatively low. The exchange of CO_2, N_2O and CH_4 fluxes between the grassland soil and the atmosphere may exclusively depend on the net exchange rate of CO_2 in semi-arid grasslands. The greenhouse gases showed a clear seasonal pattern, with the CO_2 fluxes of –33.63–386.36 mg/(m·h), CH_4 uptake fluxes of 0.113–0.023 mg/(m·h) and N_2O fluxes of –1.68–19.90 μg/(m·h). Grassland degradation significantly influenced CH_4 uptake but had no significant influence on CO_2 and N_2O emissions. Soil moisture and temperature were positively correlated with CO_2 emissions but had no significant effect on N_2O fluxes.Soil moisture may be the primary driving factor for CH_4 uptake. The research results can be in help to better understand the impact of grassland degradation on the ecological environment.     

Changes in soil carbon stocks and related soil properties along a 50-year grassland-to-cropland conversion chronosequence in an agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia, China

Land use change significantly influences soil properties.There is little information available on the long-term effects of post-reclamation from grassland to cropland on soil properties.We compared soil carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) storage and related soil properties in a 50-year cultivation chronosequence of grassland in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia.Field surveys on land use changes during the period of 1955-2002 were conducted to build a chronosequence of cropland of different ages since the conversion from grassland.The results showed that soil C and N storage,soil texture,and soil nutrient contents varied with land use types and cropland ages(P<0.01).In the 0-30 cm soil layer,the soil organic carbon(SOC) density was significantly lower in the croplands(3.28 kg C/m2 for C50 soil) than in the grasslands(6.32 kg C/m2).After 5,10,15,20,35,and 50 years of crop planting(years since the onset of cultivation),the SOC losses were 17%,12%,19%,47%,46%,and 48%,respectively,compared with the grasslands.The soil total nitrogen(TN) density of the grasslands was 65 g N/m2,and TN density of the cropland soil was 35 g N/m2 after 50 years of crop planting.Both the SOC and TN densities could be quantitatively determined by a negative exponential function of cropland age(P<0.0001,R2=0.8528;P<0.0001,R2=0.9637).The dissolved organic carbon(DOC) content,soil available potassium(AK) content,clay content,and pH value were decreased;and the soil bulk density and sand content were increased since the conversion of grassland into cropland during the 50-year period.Our results show soil nutrients were higher in grassland than in cropland.The conversion of grasslands to croplands induced a loss of soil C storage and changes of related soil properties.The reclamation time of cultivated soil(cropland age) had significant effects on soil properties in the study area.     

黄土高原半干旱区降雨入渗试验研究

黄土高原地区地下水资源缺乏,降雨是土壤水的唯一补给来源。为研究降雨补给地下水过程,在黄土丘陵半干旱区的米脂试验站,对野外10 m土柱土壤水分进行了定位观测,分析自然降雨下土壤水分入渗深度和补给量。结果表明:自动监测显示单次降雨量为5.2 mm(小雨)时,11 h后入渗达到最大深度0.3 m,此深度以下几乎没有变化;单次降雨量为15.8 mm(中雨)时,4 d内影响深度可达0.6 m;单次降雨量为33.6 mm(大雨)时,8 d内1.2 m处土壤含水量增长明显,1.4 m以下没有变化。水分循环主要在0.8 m以内的蒸发带,该层土壤水分易被蒸发,0.8 m以下随着深度增加,土体含水率变化逐渐滞后,增幅逐渐减小。受多种因素影响,入渗过程持续时间不一。覆盖处理观测期土壤水分补给量显示:覆膜石子树枝裸地,补给量与降雨量呈线性关系,覆膜补给量上升最大。     

Soil potassium supply and Rumex obtusifolius and Rumex crispus abundance in silage and grazed grassland swards

Three experiments investigating factors influencing the abundance of Rumex spp. (docks) in silage and grazed grassland swards are presented. In Experiment 1, Rumex obtusifolius plants were sown with perennial ryegrass and white clover in pots in March and harvested at either 5- or 10-week intervals between June and October. The 10-week harvest interval increased root dry-matter production of R. obtusifolius compared with the 5-week interval; herbage (above-ground material) production was not significantly affected. In Experiment 2, R. obtusifolius and Rumex crispus population densities in grassland swards were correlated with soil P, K and Mg concentrations, and soil pH. In general, silage swards contained higher population densities than grazed swards. There were significant positive correlations between soil K concentrations and abundance of Rumex spp. in grazed swards and in silage swards. In Experiment 3, R. obtusifolius was sown with perennial ryegrass in pots in March. Treatments consisted of nine rates of K fertilization ranging between the equivalent of 0 and 600 kg K ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Herbage was harvested at regular intervals (4–6 weeks except during the winter) until May of the following year. In general, perennial ryegrass dry-matter yields were not greatly affected by soil K, whereas limited soil K supply tended to reduce dry-matter production of R. obtusifolius . It is possible that maintenance of moderate soil K concentrations may play a role in limiting abundance of Rumex spp. in grassland.     

Effects of converting natural grasslands into planted grasslands on ecosystem respiration: a case study in Inner Mongolia,China

With increasingly intensifying degradation of natural grasslands and rapidly increasing demand of high quality forages, natural grasslands in China have been converted into planted grasslands at an unprecedented rate and the magnitude of the conversion in Inner Mongolia is among the national highest where the areal extent of planted grasslands ranks the second in China. Such land-use changes(i.e., converting natural grasslands into planted grasslands) can significantly affect carbon stocks and carbon emissions in grassland ecosystems. In this study, we analyzed the effects of converting natural grasslands into planted grasslands(including Medicago sativa, Elymus cylindricus, and M. sativa+E. cylindricus) on ecosystem respiration(F_(eco)) in Inner Mongolia of China. Diurnal F_(eco) and its components(i.e., total soil respiration(F_(ts)), soil heterotrophic respiration(F_(sh)) and vegetation autotrophic respiration(F_(va))) were measured in 2012(27 July to 5 August) and 2013(18 July to 25 July) in the natural and planted grasslands. Meteorological data, aboveground vegetation data and soil data were simultaneously collected to analyze the relationships between respiration fluxes and environmental factors in those grasslands. In 2012, the daily mean F_(eco) in the M. sativa grassland was higher than that in the natural grassland, and the daily mean F_(va) was higher in all planted grasslands(i.e., M. sativa, E. cylindricus, and M. sativa+E. cylindricus) than in the natural grassland. In contrast, the daily mean F_(ts) and F_(sh) were lower in all planted grasslands than in the natural grassland. In 2013, the daily mean F_(eco), F_(ts) and F_(va) in all planted grasslands were higher than those in the natural grassland, and the daily mean F_(sh) in the M. sativa+E. cylindricus grassland was higher than that in the natural grassland. The two-year experimental results suggested that the conversion of natural grasslands into planted grasslands can generally increase the F_(eco) and the increase in F_(eco) is more pronounced when the plantation becomes more mature. The results also indicated that F_(sh) contributed more to F_(eco) in the natural grassland whereas F_(va) contributed more to F_(eco) in the planted grasslands. The regression analyses show that climate factors(air temperature and relative humidity) and soil properties(soil organic matter, soil temperature, and soil moisture) strongly affected respiration fluxes in all grasslands. However, our observation period was admittedly too short. To fully understand the effects of such land-use changes(i.e., converting natural grasslands into planted grasslands) on respiration fluxes, longer-term observations are badly needed.     

Influence of soil moisture on short-term adsorption of diuron and isoproturon by soil

The adsorption of diuron and isoproturon by a clay loam soil at 35% (3-16 kPa) and 62% (1 kPa) soil moisture content was studied by means of glass microfibre filters capable of sampling soil solution for herbicide analysis. Adsorption was rapid, with 40–80% of the final (24 h) sorption being achieved within 2 min. These equilibria were achieved more rapidly for diuron, which was also the more highly adsorbed. Adsorption of both herbicides was favoured by low soil moisture initially, but was enhanced by higher soil moistures at sorption times greater than 30 min. However, increasing the soil moisture from 31% (10 kPa) to 62% (1 kPa) had little effect on the final soil sorption capacity. Regarding the water status in the soil, it is thought that adsorption took place in small pores (<3 μm). Herbicides diffused rapidly into small pores and adsorption by wet soil was delayed for a short period of time (about 30 min).