新农药防治小麦蚜虫试验

目前我国常用于防治小麦蚜虫效果较好的农药主要有乐果、氧化乐果和辟蚜雾。但东果类农药对天敌杀伤严重;辟蚜雾虽对天敌较安全,但依赖进口,药源紧张。为了筛选高效、低毒、低残留、对天敌杀伤作用小的治蚜新药剂,我们于1987—1988年对新合成的抗蚜威和灭蚜灵进行了室内生物测定和田间防治试验。     

农地乐等药剂防治苹果绣线菊蚜药效试验

伊犁是新疆果树生产基地之一，以盛产苹果而闻名全疆，各类果树面积 2万 hm2左右，其中苹果面积 1.73万 hm2。近年来，绣线菊蚜 (Aphis citricols Vander Goot)在伊犁地区为害日趋严重，对苹果的产量和品质影响很大。由于长期连续使用辟蚜雾、氧化乐果、蚜虱净等药剂，已导致苹果蚜虫产生抗性，防治效果不够理想。为了筛选防治绣线菊蚜的有效药剂， 1999年 7月我们在新疆伊犁苹果产地进行了几种药剂防治绣线菊蚜药效试验，现将结果报告如下：1试验方法　　试验设农地乐 (美国陶氏益农公司生产 )52.25％ EC(乳油，下同 )2 000倍液，乐斯本 …     

食蚜瘿蚊对烟蚜及其蜜露的产卵选择性研究

为了探究食蚜瘿蚊在烟蚜及其蜜露下的产卵选择性,研究了在不同密度烟蚜和不同密度烟蚜蜜露条件下食蚜瘿蚊的终身产卵量和产卵偏好性。结果表明,食蚜瘿蚊产卵期与烟蚜密度无关。但终身产卵量随着烟蚜密度的增加而逐渐增多。200头/株烟蚜是食蚜瘿蚊产卵量的最优密度。仅存烟蚜蜜露条件下,产卵期与终身产卵量均与不同烟蚜密度排泄的蜜露有关,在300头/株最大密度烟蚜排泄的蜜露下产卵量最高。而在烟蚜和蜜露共存时食蚜瘿蚊偏好在具有烟蚜的植株上产卵。     

邵武市烟田烟蚜及其天敌的发生情况调查

烟蚜[Myzus persicae(Sulzer)]又名桃蚜。该虫食性杂,除为害烟草外,还为害其他170多种作物。在烟田,烟蚜的发生数量大,为害时间长,以若、成蚜聚集在烟株的叶背和幼嫩的组织上,刺吸汁液,使叶片卷缩、变形,烟株生长缓慢。被害烟叶烘烤后缺乏光泽,难于回潮,且易破碎。烟蚜分泌的蜜露又常导致烟叶诱发煤烟病,影响烟叶的品质。此外,烟蚜还是多种病毒病的传播媒介。烟蚜的为害成为烟叶生产中最为严重的问题。十几年来,对烟蚜的防治一般都采用化学农药,不但未减少烟田烟蚜的数量,而且使烟蚜产生抗性而更不易被杀死。这样,人们才重新认识到天敌的重…     

用萝卜苗作桃蚜植物寄生主繁殖烟蚜茧峰

研究了用萝卜苗作桃蚜寄主植物繁殖烟蚜茧蜂的技术。结果表明，在温度20－25℃、湿度75％的条件下，桃蚜的繁殖速度最快，10d内即可获得大量的桃蚜。用不同虫龄的蚜虫接蜂，蚜龄越低寄生率越高；在不同温中，25℃下寄生率最高。桃蚜的密度能影响烟蚜茧蜂的寄生率，密度在100－200头时接蜂1对（雌：雄），寄生率最高，可达80％。经连续10代分别在不同蚜龄时繁峰，虽然寄生率均随代数的增加而降低，但对低蚜龄时开始寄生的蚜茧蜂生长发育影响不大，其寄生率仍较其它蚜龄为高。在繁蜂室内用萝卜苗饲养桃蚜繁殖烟蚜茧蜂取得满意的结果。该技术设备简单，短期内可以获得较大量的烟蚜茧峰，供防治桃蚜之用。     

辟蚜雾防治花生蚜虫效果好

笔者用英国卜内门化学工业有限公司生产的50%辟蚜雾与40%乐果乳剂(重庆农药厂生产)作防治花生蚜虫的药效试验.试验设亩用50%辟蚜雾6.5克兑水65公斤、亩用40%乐果43.5克兑水65公斤和对照(65公斤清水)3个处理,每处理3次重复共9个小区,每小区面积0.5亩.于施药前、施药后2天、10天各调查一次.每小区标记调查100株,每株检查主茎尖端展开的5片叶及各分枝的端部,分别记下百株蚜量、有蚜株率、瓢虫幼虫数.试验结果,施药后2天和10天,50%辟蚜雾及40%乐果的平均防治效果均达100%;药后2天对瓢虫的平均杀死率,     

4种寄主植物的繁蚜－繁蜂能力和子代烟蚜茧蜂的寄生潜力比较

为比较不同寄主植物繁蚜,继而繁育烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis的潜力,促进烟蚜茧蜂扩繁,从烟田采集供试烟蚜与烟蚜茧蜂,比较了烟草、萝卜、油菜和小白菜共4种常用寄主植物的繁蚜-繁蜂能力和繁育的子代烟蚜茧蜂的寄生潜力。结果显示:(1)烟草和萝卜的单株繁蚜速率较快、繁蚜量大,表明两者的繁蚜能力强于小白菜和油菜;(2)4种寄主植物上的僵蚜羽化率没有显著差异,烟蚜茧蜂对烟草和萝卜繁育烟蚜的寄生率显著高于小白菜和油菜,表明在烟草和萝卜上繁蜂能力强于油菜和小白菜;(3)烟草上繁育的子代蜂寿命及其后足胫节长度均显著大于在其他3种寄主植物上繁育的寄生蜂的相应参数,表明烟草上繁育的子代烟蚜茧蜂的营养状态优于在其他3种寄主植物上得到的烟蚜茧蜂。总体而言,烟草的繁蚜-繁蜂能力和子代烟蚜茧蜂的寄生潜力均强于其他3种寄主植物,更适用于烟蚜茧蜂扩繁;萝卜上繁育的子代烟蚜茧蜂的寄生潜力不及烟草,但明显优于小白菜和油菜,可作为一种烟蚜茧蜂繁育的替代寄主植物,用于提纯、复壮烟蚜和烟蚜茧蜂。     

陕西烟蚜茧蜂冬季保种寄主及规模化繁殖的适宜条件研究

在温室中对烟蚜繁育的最适替代寄主展开筛选,测定蚜茧蜂羽化的最适温、湿度,并对烟蚜与僵蚜回接烟苗后的成活率和羽化率进行了测定。结果表明:(1)小白菜繁殖蚜虫量较大,效果优于萝卜和油菜寄主,回接烟苗后烟蚜成活率达85%以上,可作为替代寄主用于烟蚜的冬季保种及规模化繁殖。(2)蚜茧蜂僵蚜羽化的最适温度为20~25℃,最适相对湿度为80%~90%。     

云南省烟蚜茧蜂防治桃蚜技术应用

为降低桃蚜的为害,推广生物防治,减少农药使用,保护生态环境,17年来,云南省烟草系统相关单位致力于研究烟蚜茧蜂的繁殖与释放。本文阐述了烟蚜茧蜂防治桃蚜技术的发展及应用,以及规模化繁殖与释放烟蚜茧蜂的技术要点,介绍了该项技术应用的效果评价,包括对桃蚜的防治效果、杀虫剂的使用成本、放蜂的成本、农民认可程度等综合评价。结果表明,烟蚜茧蜂对桃蚜的防治效果明显,对生态环境改善及农产品质量提升起到了积极作用。文中还探讨了烟蚜茧蜂防治桃蚜技术的前景和挑战。     

云南省烟蚜的研究

作者于1975～1978年在云南玉溪烟区对烟蚜进行了研究。云南省的烟蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)具有明显的地区生态特征。全年均可以无翅和有翅孤雌胎生蚜在烤烟、油菜、十字花科蔬菜等植物上转迁交替繁殖为害,未发现性蚜和卵,无明显的越冬滞育现象。平均年发生代数20.9代,发育周期(25℃)7.6天,生殖前期1～2天,生殖期9～23天,生殖高峰期平均12天。母蚜一生平均产仔70头,每头每日平均产仔3.9天,寿命平均19.4天。在烤烟生长期连续释放烟蚜茧峰对控制烟蚜的发生,可收到良好效果。     

Analysis of insecticide-resistant Myzus persicae (Sulzer) populations collected in Italian peach orchards

Several populations of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), were collected in the most important Italian peach-growing areas. In these populations, collected as primary colonies or as secondary ones, total esterase content and acetylcholinesterase sensitivity towards pirimicarb was assessed using biochemical assays. Most of the individuals analysed generally exhibited an elevated esterase content, and in some cases acetylcholinesterase insensitivity. The implications of resistance levels and distribution on M persicae control strategies are discussed.     

Potency of some novel insecticides at various environmental temperatures on<Emphasis Type="Italic">Myzus persicae</Emphasis>

An attempt was made to achieve low environmental risk control of insect pests using sublethal concentrations of insecticides, enhanced by the effect of high temperatures (>25°C). For each of the insecticides imidacloprid, abamectin, pirimicarb and azadirachtin, the lethal and sublethal concentrations were determined for the green peach aphidMyzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its predator, the lady beetleHarmonia axyridis (Pallas). The lady beetle was more tolerant of all four insecticides, as well as of high temperatures below 40°C, compared with the prey. The joint action of sublethal concentrations of insecticides and high temperatures was investigated to determine the sublethal concentrations and temperatures that would be effective in controlling the aphids, but not detrimental to the beneficial lady beetle. The results suggested a synergistic effect of sublethal insecticide concentrations and high temperatures against the green peach aphid.     

油菜品种抗蚜性多目标模糊综合决策

作者采用模糊统计回归法，建立了油菜品种的自然感蚜量、蚜虫在品种上的“累积存活率”，平均发育历期、平均产仔量、内禀增长率及品种耐害性、干扰效应等抗性指的模糊隶属函数，建立了品种抗蚜性的模糊综合决策模型。结果表明，１２个品种抗性强弱为：红叶芥＞咸阳７４－１＞甘油５号＞８８６３１＞７２１１＞７５－１＞波力木耳＞８８６３８＞德国１５选株＞华油９号＞秦油３号＞秦油２号。同时作者提出的一套衡量品种抗性的指禁     

Hairy nightshade as a potential Potato leafroll virus (Luteoviridae: Polerovirus) inoculum source in Pacific Northwest potato ecosystems

Hairy nightshade, Solanum sarrachoides, is a solanaceous weed found abundantly in Pacific Northwest potato ecosystems. It serves as a reservoir for one of the important potato viruses, Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) (Luteoviridae: Polerovirus), and its most important vector, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Laboratory research indicated an increased green peach aphid settling and performance on S. sarrachoides than on potato. It also revealed that green peach aphids transmitted PLRV more efficiently from S. sarrachoides to potato than from potato to potato. To test the efficiency of S. sarrachoides as an inoculum source in the field, a two season (2004 and 2005) trial was conducted at Kimberly, Idaho. Two inoculum sources, PLRV-infected potato and PLRV-infected S. sarrachoides, were compared in this trial. Green peach aphid density and temporal and spatial PLRV spread were monitored at weekly intervals. Higher densities of green peach aphids were observed on plots with S. sarrachoides and inoculum sources (PLRV-infected S. sarrachoides and potato) than on plots without S. sarrachoides and inoculum sources. PLRV infection in plots with PLRV-infected S. sarrachoides was similar to or slightly higher than in plots with PLRV-infected potato as an inoculum source. Temporal and spatial PLRV spread was similar in plots with either inoculum source. Thus, S. sarrachoides is as efficient as or a better PLRV inoculum source than potato.     

油菜蚜虫混合种群损失当量与复合防治指标的研究

采用自然开放式大田系统调查,对油菜蚜虫混合种群为害损失进行研究,提出一个新的混合蚜群特征的综合度量指标——“累积蚜量为害指数”。在此基础上建立了油菜蚜虫混合种群损失当量及其模似模型,得三类蚜虫的为害当量。即:①苗期,桃蚜:萝卜蚜=1:0.8834;②苔花期,桃蚜:萝卜蚜:甘蓝蚜=1:1.1282:1.3725;③荚果期,桃蚜:萝卜蚜:甘蓝蚜=1:1.7394:2.5298。并组建了混合种群损失(?)量模型与多元回归模型,制订了油菜蚜虫混合种群的复合防治指标。通过对1991—1992年田间实际应用(?)表明,二模型的决策结果具有很好的一致性,并与田间实际状况相符。     

不同寄主植物上烟蚜DNA多态性的RAPD-PCR分析

用RAPD-PCR技术研究了桃树、油菜和烟草上烟蚜的DNA多态性。结果表明,用相似性指数(SI)和Nei的遗传距离(D)及聚类分析对本研究筛选的三个引物OPX-04、OPX-06和OPX-19的扩增结果进行比较,除OPX-06的D值聚类可将各寄主植物上的烟蚜分开外,其余均可将样本分为两类,即来自桃树的烟蚜和来自油菜、烟草上的烟蚜。这说明与桃树的烟蚜相比,在DNA水平上,油菜上的烟蚜与烟草上的烟蚜更为接近。结果还表明,在烟蚜的体色方面,与黄绿色相比,红色与褐色更为接近。     

不同温度下转换寄主对桃蚜生态学特征的影响

在5种温度、4组寄主与蚜源组合处理条件下研究了温度对转换寄主后的桃蚜的影响。同一寄主间移植的桃蚜在有效积温、发育起点温度、生殖率、死亡率、寿命以及抗逆性上与不同寄主间移植的桃蚜有明显的差异;寄主对桃蚜生物学、生态学特征有明显的影响,表明长期生活在一种寄主上的桃蚜获得了一定的专化性。若将其移植到另一种寄主上,则会表现出种种不适反应,但这种反应还未进化至型或寄主生殖隔离。     

四种杀虫剂对桃蚜和异色瓢虫的选择毒性及 害虫生物防治与化学防治的协调性评价

测定了吡虫啉、鱼藤酮、阿维菌素和印楝素4种杀虫剂对桃蚜及其捕食性天敌异色瓢虫成虫的相对毒力。4种药剂对桃蚜的毒力大小依次为阿维菌素＞吡虫啉＞鱼藤酮＞印楝素,其LC50分别为0.042、1.96、6.54和10.17 mg/L。对异色瓢虫的LC50则分别为1009.42、201.89、8202.90和大于7500 mg/L,益害毒性比分别为24033.81、103.01、1254.27和大于786.63。4种药剂在有效防治桃蚜的前提下对天敌异色瓢虫的安全性依次为阿维菌素＞鱼藤酮＞印楝素＞吡虫啉。阿维菌素、吡虫啉、印楝素和鱼藤酮这4种药剂均可在蚜虫综合治理中发挥有效的作用。     

Insecticide resistance in cotton aphid Aphis gossypii (Glov.) in the Sudan Gezira

The resistance to insecticides of three Sudanese strains of A. gossypii (Glov.) collected from cotton fields in the Sudan Gezira Scheme over three seasons (1988, 1989, 1990) and that of two French strains was studied in the laboratory. When compared with a known susceptible strain, the aphids were found to be resistant-to the eight insecticides tested. Evolution of resistance in Sudanese strains during the three crop seasons was observed. Assay of aphid homogcnate for carboxytesterase activity towards the substrates α-naphthyl acetate and β-naphthyl acetate showed that there was no enhancement of this class of enzyme and thus it was not a cause of resistance in this species. A study of interaction between the acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and pirimicarb established the kinetics of the inhibition process. I₅₀ values were found to be much higher for the Sudanese strains than for the susceptible strain. First-order inhibition kinetics revealed that resistance towards pirimicarb in Sudanese-strains was caused by a modified AchE which had a reduced affinity (higher K_a value) and poor carbamylation ability (lower K₂ value) for pirimicarb. The resistance mechanisms for the other insecticides remain to be studied.     

桃蚜高效氯氰菊酯抗药性与乙酰胆碱酯酶的关系

于室内对桃蚜进行高效氯氰菊酯抗药性筛选,选育至10代后抗性倍数增长到49.9倍。生化分析表明,抗性品系乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性均显著高于敏感品系。比较两个品系乙酰胆碱酶活性个体频率分布发现,更多的桃蚜个体向酶活性高的区域分布。酶动力学测定结果显示,抗性桃蚜酯酶对底物的Vmax、Km显著大于敏感品系。