生姜癞皮病的发生危害及病原初步鉴定

生姜癞皮病在山东7月开始发病,8月中旬至9月中旬为盛发期。病株植株矮小、茎细、分枝少,叶色变淡,根茎表皮疣裂,根系腐烂,产量品质降低。病原物为南方根结线虫。砂质土壤、连作重茬、过量施钾肥均可加重该病的发生。     

98%棉隆微粒剂对生姜根结线虫和茎腐病防治效果评价

正生姜癞皮病(病原为南方根结线虫)、茎基腐病是生姜生产上重要的土传病害,近年来在湖北省武陵山区生姜产区呈逐年加重的趋势,严重影响了生姜的产量和品质。土壤处理是防治土传病害的有效途径,化学熏蒸是土壤处理的重要措施之一,也是目前生姜土传病害主要的防治方法~([1])。生产中常用氯化苦土壤熏蒸来防治生姜土传病害,但因氯化苦对施药器械和装备要求更高,推广存在困难,本试验选用98%棉隆微粒剂对生姜根结线虫和茎腐病进行田间药效试验,对     

乌桕对南方根结线虫与地上不同食性昆虫互作的光合生理响应

本文通过比较乌桕对两种地上不同食性昆虫(专食性癞皮夜蛾、广食性斜纹夜蛾)与南方根结线虫互作的光合生理响应,分析不同空间植食性生物间的互作关系及植物的响应机制。结果表明:无南方根结线虫胁迫下,2种地上不同食性昆虫对乌桕的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)及胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)的影响与对照组无显著差异;而南方根结线虫胁迫下,2种地上昆虫显著降低了乌桕G_s及C_i。其中,与对照组及癞皮夜蛾处理组相比,南方根结线虫与斜纹夜蛾的共同胁迫显著降低了乌桕P_n、G_s及C_i。此外,斜纹夜蛾为害增加了乌桕叶绿素含量,南方根结线虫胁迫降低了叶绿素含量。因此,南方根结线虫与斜纹夜蛾间形成一种加性效应,并对乌桕光合生理产生了拮抗效应,而这种效应在南方根结线虫与癞皮夜蛾间并不显著。由此可见,乌桕对地上-地下植食性生物胁迫形成不足补偿机制,且具体的响应机制与植食性生物的食性相关。     

生姜对南方根结线虫侵染的生理生化反应

 本试验就生姜感染南方根结线虫后几种生理生化指标的变化进行了研究.结果表明,接种南方根结线虫后,生姜体内各种生理生化指标主要在初次侵染前期和二次侵染前期表现出一定的反应,其余时间则基本丧失这种反应,且生姜不同部位对南方根结线虫侵染的反应程度也有很大差异,以叶片的反应最为剧烈,根系次之,根茎反应最弱.结合南方根结线虫的生活周期,本文提出了生姜对南方根结线虫的生理生化反应主要表现在侵染初期,对再次侵染则部分丧失敏感性的论点.     

南方根结线虫在烟草上季节种群变动的分析

南方根结线虫(Meloidagrne incognila)是一种重要的植物寄生线虫。与其它病原物相比,它的繁殖率较低,其种群数量较为稳定(Seinhorst,J.W.,1970)。因而,作物种植前土壤中线虫的初始密度与收获后的最终密度的关系较为密切。由于线虫初始密度的高低影响着作物的生长,而最终的线虫密度又影响着下一季的初始密度,所以,了解植物寄生线虫的种群数量变动规律,是选择防治措施,决定轮作年限,进行综合治理的重要依据。作者于1988年利用盆栽试验,对南方根结线虫在烟草上的繁殖潜能以及繁殖率与线虫初始密度的关系进行了研究,取得了初步结果。     

广西根结线虫种类调查

从广西南宁、柳州、桂林、钦州等地区采集的35号植物根结线虫病标本,按照国际根结线虫协作组(IMP)综合鉴定方法,对种每根结线虫病的病原线虫进行分类鉴定,其结果如下:来自南宁的穗状鸡冠花、胡椒、雍菜、胡罗卜、芭蕉芋、鸡蛋果、芜荽(香菜)、苋莱、茄子、吉庆果,萝芙木、桅子根结线虫病的病原都属南方根结线虫(Meloidog- yne incognita)1号小种.凤仙花、辣椒、雍菜、番茄、美登木根结线虫病的病原有一种是南方根结线虫1号小种,另一种是爪哇根结线虫(M.javanica).甜叶菊、姜根结线虫病的病原有一种是南方根结线虫1号小种,另一种是花生根结线虫(M.ar- enaria)1号小种.罗汉果、丝瓜、红麻根线虫病的病原有一种是爪哇根结线虫,另结一种是花生根结线虫1号小种.来自柳州的吉庆果、四季海棠的根结线虫病的病原是爪哇根结线虫.黄麻、黄穗苋的根结线虫病的病原是南方根结线1号小种.红穗苋和独头鸡冠花的病原一种是南方根结线虫1号小种,另一种是爪哇根结线虫.来自桂林的罗汉果、黄麻、柳树根结线虫病的病原一种是南方根结线虫1号小种,另一种是爪哇根结线虫.荷包豆根结线虫的病原是南方根结线虫1号小种.来自合浦的花生根结线虫病的病原是花生根结线虫1号小种.浦北的芹菜根结线虫病的病原一种是南方根结线虫1号小种     

南方根结线虫不同接种密度对灯盏花抗氧化系统的影响

通过室内接种方法,测定了南方根结线虫2龄幼虫在不同接种时间(25、35d)和不同接种密度(0、500、700、1 000、1 200、1 500头/株)下对灯盏花生长和根系及叶片丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶活性(POD)及过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)的影响。研究结果表明,南方根结线虫接种密度为1 000头/株时,接种后25d与35d的根结指数达到最大,分别为87.2及65.6;接种密度500头/株,对根结指数影响较大。接种后25d,接种量对灯盏花病根与病叶的过氧化物酶活性影响不大;接种后35d,灯盏花病根的过氧化物酶活性(POD)随接种密度的增加先降低后升高,病叶中的POD活性除了接种密度为1 000头/株时低于健康叶部外,其他均高于健康组;接种密度对灯盏花的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性影响较大,在1 000头/株时,病根和病叶中的过氧化氢酶活性都明显高于对照。接种密度对于灯盏花叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量影响不大,当密度为1 000头/株接种35d对根部丙二醛的影响最大,其含量明显高于对照;接种密度对于灯盏花病叶和病根中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性影响较大,病叶中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)普遍高于健康组,而病根中的SOD活性普遍低于健康组。综合研究结果,当南方根结线虫接种密度为500头/株时,对灯盏花有一定危害,随着接种密度的增加,危害逐渐加重,当接种密度为1 000头/株时,根结指数最大,几种酶活性都显著高于健康植株,接种密度大于1 000头/株时,酶活性逐渐下降。接种初期,南方根结线虫对灯盏花叶部危害较大,随着种植时间的推移,对根部危害逐渐加重。     

大姜线虫病药效防治试验

大姜线虫病又称癞皮病,由南方根结线虫[Meloidogyne incognita(kofoid and white)chit wood]引起,是近年来大姜上发生的严重病害,对产量、品质影响很大,已成为制约大姜发展的重要障碍.为探讨大姜线虫病的有效防治方法,2003年4～10月,在安丘市白芬子镇刘家峪村进行了不同农药品种对比试验和不同时期防治试验,通过试验,筛选出了杀线虫的有效农药品种,确定了最佳防治适期和用药量,为彻底控制其危害提供了科学依据.     

西南部分地区荞麦根结线虫种类与地理分布

近年来,随着我国荞麦面积的迅速增加,根结线虫病呈逐年加重趋势,严重影响了荞麦的产量与品质。本研究于2014年对西南10个地区17个乡镇秋播苦荞麦根结线虫的分布、发生种类以及危害程度进行了调查。结果表明,西南地区危害荞麦的根结线虫种类有南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)、爪哇根结线虫(M.javanica)和花生根结线虫(M.arenaria)3种,其中南方根结线虫为优势种群。田间根结线虫种群大多数为单一种群,23.5%的样品为南方根结线虫与爪哇根结线虫(或花生根结线虫)组成的混合种群。调查发现前作为烟草或马铃薯的地块,荞麦根结线虫发生危害严重,平均被害株率为6.0%~77.5%,病情指数为1.4~26.1,而前作为玉米的荞麦根结线虫则较轻,被害株率最高为16.0%,相应病情指数为2.3。     

新疆设施蔬菜根结线虫病发生调查及病原鉴定

对新疆蔬菜根结线虫病的发生情况进行了调查,发现蔬菜根结线虫在和田、阿克苏、库尔勒、吐鲁番、伊犁等南北疆设施蔬菜上均有分布和发生危害,露地蔬菜尚未见发生。从各发生地温室中采集14份蔬菜根结线虫样本,寄主主要是番茄,另外还有豇豆、黄瓜、生菜、香芹、苦瓜。采用形态学以及根结线虫特异性引物PCR相结合的方法进行鉴定,结果表明新疆设施蔬菜上有南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)和北方根结线虫(M.hapla)两种,优势种群为南方根结线虫。     

安徽省潜山县栝蒌根结线虫发生危害及大田药效试验

为了有效防治栝蒌根结线虫，调查了安徽省潜山县栝蒌根结线虫及其发生，并分析了栝蒌根围土壤线虫的组成。通过线虫形态学鉴定，认为潜山栝蒌上的根结线虫为Meloidogyne incognita。栝萎根围土壤中有口针线虫占调查总量的50．7％，根结线虫2龄幼虫（J2）占31．8％。对当年栝萎J2在土壤表、中、下层的分布和年发生调查结果表明，J2在各层的分布量因月份不同而不同，并分别于3月初到9月中旬问出现2次虫口高峰；防治试验结果表明，除有机肥外，各试验小区在施药后49天J2虫口相对减退率在89．6％以上；施药后124天，克线丹和1．8％阿维菌素处理的小区增果率为250％～480％，收到很好的防效。     

Effect of Temperature on and Histopathology of the Interaction Between Meloidogyne incognita and Thielaviopsis basicola on Cotton

ABSTRACT Controlled environments were used to study the relationship between the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and Thielaviopsis basicola on cotton. Temperature treatments were continuous 20, 24, and 28 degrees C or two cyclic linear regimes with ranges of 14 to 32 or 18 to 28 degrees C over 24 h. Cotton seeds were planted in fumigated soil infested with T. basicola, M. incognita, or both. After 42 days, pathogen effects on plant growth and pathogen development were evaluated. Histology was conducted on roots collected 14, 28, and 42 days after planting in the continuous 24 degrees C treatment. Reductions in plant height-to-node ratio and total fresh weight were observed for soils infested with both pathogens compared with the control or with soils infested with either pathogen, except for M. incognita-infested soil at 28 degrees C. T. basicola reduced root galling and reproduction of the nematode at all temperatures. Vascular discoloration caused by T. basicola was greater in the presence of M. incognita compared with that by T. basicola alone. At 2 and 4 weeks, histological studies showed that plants grown in all T. basicola-infested soils contained chlamydospore chains on the root surface and in cortical cells. The fungus was not observed inside the vascular cylinder. Roots from 4-week-old plants from soils infested with T. basicola and M. incognita showed fungal sporulation in vascular tissue and localized necrosis of vascular tissue adjacent to the nematodes. At 6 weeks, plants grown in soil infested with T. basicola alone exhibited no remaining cortical tissue and no evidence of vascular colonization by the fungus. Six-week-old plants grown in T. basicola + M. incognita-infested soils exhibited extensive vascular necrosis and sporulation within vascular tissue. These studies suggest that coinfection expands the temperature ranges at which the pathogens are able to cause plant damage. Further, M. incognita greatly increases the access of T. basicola to vascular tissue.     

番茄抗性品种与黄瓜轮作对根结线虫的防治作用

通过室内盆栽试验探讨对根结线虫具有不同抗性的番茄品种与黄瓜轮作减轻根结线虫病危害的可行性。试验结果表明:抗性品种多菲亚能极大降低土壤中根结线虫2龄幼虫和卵的密度,减轻黄瓜根结线虫病的危害;抗性砧木Beaufort也能显著地降低土中根结线虫和卵的密度,但下茬黄瓜根结线虫的危害与对照相比没有显著差异。表明抗性品种与感病品种轮作能有效地防止根结线虫的发生。     

Host–parasite relationships of Meloidogyne incognita on spinach

Host–parasite relationships in root-knot disease of spinach caused by Meloidogyne incognita race 1 were studied under glasshouse conditions. Nematode-induced mature galls were large and usually contained one or more females and egg masses with eggs. Feeding sites were characterized by the development of giant cells containing granular cytoplasm and many hypertrophied nuclei. The cytoplasm in these giant cells was aggregated alongside the thickened cell walls. Stelar tissues within galls appeared disorganized. The relationship between initial nematode population density ( P _i) in a series from 0–128 eggs and second-stage juveniles per cm³ soil and growth of spinach cv. Symphony F₁ seedlings was tested under glasshouse conditions. A Seinhorst model [ y = m  + (1 −  m ) z ^P–T ] was fitted to fresh top- and total plant-weight data for inoculated and control plants. Tolerance limits ( T ) of spinach cv. Symphony F₁ to M. incognita race 1 for fresh top and total plant weights were 0·25 and 0·5 eggs and second-stage juveniles per cm³ soil, respectively. The minimum relative values for fresh top and total plant weights were zero in both cases at P _i ≥ 32 eggs and second-stage juveniles per cm³ soil. Root galling was least at low initial population densities and greatest at 16 eggs and second-stage juveniles per cm³ soil. Maximum nematode reproduction rate was 33·1-fold at the lowest P _i.     

佛手山药线虫病害发生调查与病原鉴定

湖北省武穴市佛手山药是“农产品地理标志产品”, 近年佛手山药线虫病害严重, 为此在病源地采集山药土样进行了病害发生调查及病原鉴定?通过形态特征观察?形态特征测计值比较, 以及基于rDNA 28S D2/D3区序列构建短体线虫属线虫群体系统进化树并进行SCAR验证, 对引起佛手山药线虫病的病原线虫进行种类鉴定?结果表明:危害佛手山药的病原线虫的群体特征与咖啡短体线虫Pratylenchus coffeae相似?系统进化树显示:该病原群体与中国香港群体(HQ688677.1)聚类在一个分支上, 置信度达99%?因此, 将该群体线虫鉴定为咖啡短体线虫Pratylenchus coffeae?此外田间调查表明:线虫主要集中分布于10~20 cm深度的土层中, 线虫密度随土壤深度的增加而呈递减趋势, 且连作1年地较连作2年地的线虫数量少, 施用阿维菌素的地块较未施用的线虫数量少?上述结果表明, 在佛手山药生产中实行轮作和科学选择药剂防治, 避免连作, 可降低该线虫发生量?     

巴氏新小绥螨的新特性——捕食植物线虫及其发育繁殖

在实验室条件下评价了巴氏新小绥螨捕食南方根结线虫时的发育和繁殖情况,观察了其捕食行为,并测定了其对几种线虫的捕食量。该螨对线虫的捕食行为可分为猎物的寻找、固定、捕食、清理和静息等步骤,对水稻干尖线虫和南方根结线虫二龄幼虫（Mi-J2）的捕食量显著大于对虫体较大和活动性较强的腐烂茎线虫和自由生活的小杆线虫的捕食量;每头雌螨日捕食Mi-J2不少于25条。以Mi-J2为食的巴氏新小绥螨能发育完成生活史,并具有较强的繁殖能力,其卵期、幼螨期、前若螨期、后若螨期、产卵期、雌螨寿命、平均每头雌螨产卵量和日均产卵量分别为1．1d、0．71d、2．06d、1．98d、22-31d、35．13d、41．08粒和1．85粒,其内禀增长率、周限增长率均大于以腐食酪螨为食的巴氏新小绥螨,而平均世代周期和种群倍增时间均小于后者。     

Does the Presence of Detached Root Border Cells of Zea mays Alter the Activity of the Pathogenic Nematode Meloidogyne incognita?

ABSTRACT The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is a major pathogen of a range of important crops. Currently, control is typically achieved by the use of nematicides. However, recent work suggests that manipulating the ability of roots to slough off border cells, which then act as a decoy to the nematode, can significantly decrease damage to the roots. We investigated the attractiveness of border cells to M. incognita and the response of the nematode to border cells in close proximity. We found very limited attraction, in that nematodes did not preferentially alter direction to move toward the border cells, but a large and significant increase in nematode speed was observed once they were in the immediate vicinity of border cells. We discuss the results in the context of physical and biological mechanisms in relation to the control of pathogenic nematodes.     

Control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Hungary1

Under Hungarian climatic conditions, root-knot nematodes, and other phytoparasitic nematodes, generally cause damage in certain plant growing areas. These pests are present in glasshouses throughout the country. In the field the nematodes occur in sandy soil in the vegetable-growing areas of southern and central Hungary. The following species of root-knot nematodes have so far been reported to occur in Hungary: Meloidogyne incognita, M. arenaria, M. hapla, M. javanica, M. incognita acrita, M. thamesi and M. naasi. There are 10 specific nematicides registered for nematode control in the country. These chemicals are mainly applied in glasshouses where their use produces most economic return. Nematoderesistant cultivars are only available in the case of tomato. The nematodes cause the heaviest damage on glasshouse cucumber.     

甘肃省白银市保护地蔬菜根结线虫病病原鉴定

2012年5月-7月在甘肃省白银市采集了番茄、黄瓜、豇豆等几种保护地蔬菜的25个根结线虫群体.直接解剖获得雌虫,通过雌虫会阴花纹观察,结合酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH-EST)测定,鉴定出所收集的25个群体中有16个为南方根结线虫[Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid&White)],9个为爪哇根结线虫[M.javanica (Treub)].南方根结线虫为优势种群,本次试验也是首次在甘肃省发现爪哇根结线虫.