Spatiotemporal variation in vegetation net primary productivity and its relationship with meteorological factors in the Tarim River Basin of China from 2001 to 2020 based on the Google Earth Engine

Vegetation growth status is an important indicator of ecological security. The Tarim River Basin is located in the inland arid region of Northwest China and has a highly fragile ecological environment. Assessing the vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) of the Tarim River Basin can provide insights into the vegetation growth variations in the region. Therefore, based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, we studied the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation NPP in the Tarim River Basin (except for the eastern Gobi and Kumutag deserts) from 2001 to 2020 and analyzed the correlations between vegetation NPP and meteorological factors (air temperature and precipitation) using the Sen slope estimation method, coefficient of variation, and rescaled range analysis method. In terms of temporal characteristics, vegetation NPP in the Tarim River Basin showed an overall fluctuating upward trend from 2001 to 2020, with the smallest value of 118.99 g C/(m²?a) in 2001 and the largest value of 155.07 g C/(m²?a) in 2017. Regarding the spatial characteristics, vegetation NPP in the Tarim River Basin showed a downward trend from northwest to southeast along the outer edge of the study area. The annual average value of vegetation NPP was 133.35 g C/(m²?a), and the area with annual average vegetation NPP values greater than 100.00 g C/(m²?a) was 82,638.75 km², accounting for 57.76% of the basin. The future trend of vegetation NPP was dominated by anti-continuity characteristic; the percentage of the area with anti-continuity characteristic was 63.57%. The area with a significant positive correlation between vegetation NPP and air temperature accounted for 53.74% of the regions that passed the significance test, while the area with a significant positive correlation between vegetation NPP and precipitation occupied 98.68% of the regions that passed the significance test. Hence, the effect of precipitation on vegetation NPP was greater than that of air temperature. The results of this study improve the understanding on the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation NPP in the Tarim River Basin and the impact of meteorological factors on vegetation NPP.     

基于InVEST模型的祁连山国家级自然保护区土壤保持现状与功能

运用InVEST模型,对甘肃祁连山自然保护区土壤保持现状与功能进行了定量评估,分析了不同土地利用、海拔高度、坡度以及土壤类型下的保土状况。结果表明：2015年甘肃祁连山自然保护区土壤侵蚀量与土壤保持量分别为1.67×10⁸ t、4.21×10⁸ t。从侵蚀面积来看,保护区以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,占总面积的63.95%;虽草地的土壤保持能力弱于其他自然植被类型,但草地是土壤保持总量最高的土地利用类型;不同海拔梯度下的土壤保持总量随海拔增加呈现先增后减的趋势,保护区内海拔2 500~3 500 m的土壤保持功能最好;栗钙土的土壤保持量最高,黑毡土在草原土壤类型中土壤保持强度较低;坡度为15°~25°的区域土壤保持量最大,占土壤保持总量的31.93%;甘肃祁连山保护区生态系统减少泥沙淤积和减少土地废弃的价值分别为5.76×10⁸元和1.44×10⁸元,保护区内林草地保肥价值为9.03×10¹⁰元。     

Scenario simulation of water retention services under land use/cover and climate changes: a case study of the Loess Plateau,China

Comprehensive assessments of ecosystem services in environments under the influences of human activities and climate change are critical for sustainable regional ecosystem management. Therefore, integrated interdisciplinary modelling has become a major focus of ecosystem service assessment. In this study, we established a model that integrates land use/cover change (LUCC), climate change, and water retention services to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of water retention services in the Loess Plateau of China in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050). An improved Markov-Cellular Automata (Markov-CA) model was used to simulate land use/land cover patterns, and ArcGIS 10.2 software was used to simulate and assess water retention services from 2000 to 2050 under six combined scenarios, including three land use/land cover scenarios (historical scenario (HS), ecological protection scenario (EPS), and urban expansion scenario (UES)) and two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, where RCP is the representative concentration pathway). LUCCs in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050) are dominated by transformations among agricultural land, urban land and grassland. Urban land under UES increased significantly by 0.63×10³ km²/a, which was higher than the increase of urban land under HS and EPS. In the Loess Plateau, water yield decreased by 17.20×10⁶ mm and water retention increased by 0.09×10⁶ mm in the historical period (2000-2015), especially in the Interior drainage zone and its surrounding areas. In the future (2020-2050), the pixel means of water yield is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (96.63 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (95.46 mm), and the pixel means of water retention is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (1.95 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (1.38 mm). RCP4.5-EPS shows the highest total water retention capacity on the plateau scale among the six combined scenarios, with the value of 1.27×10⁶ mm. Ecological restoration projects in the Loess Plateau have enhanced soil and water retention. However, more attention needs to be paid not only to the simultaneous increase in water retention services and evapotranspiration but also to the type and layout of restored vegetation. Furthermore, urbanization needs to be controlled to prevent uncontrollable LUCCs and climate change. Our findings provide reference data for the regional water and land resources management and the sustainable development of socio-ecological systems in the Loess Plateau under LUCC and climate change scenarios.     

我国荒漠植被生产力动态及其与水热因子的关系

为了探讨近30 a来我国干旱区荒漠植被的净初级生产力(NPP)及其与水热因子相关性随时间的变化，运用CASA(Carnegie Ames Stanford approach)模型估算我国荒漠植被1982—2015年生长季的NPP，并运用线性回归和GIS空间分析方法分析了NPP的时空变化特征，利用滑动相关系数分析了荒漠植被NPP与水热因子的关系。结果表明：① 单位面积NPP均值为42 g·m^-2·a^-1，NPP整体水平较低。空间上呈西北部、东部边缘较高，中部、南部和中东部较低的分布特征。② 荒漠植被NPP年均总量为5.783×1013g·a^-1。从荒漠植被NPP的年际变化来看，1982—2015年中国荒漠植被NPP总量以1.64×1012g·(10a)^-1的线性速率（P=0.054）上升，荒漠植被生长状况总体上不断改善，但总量趋势呈现阶段性变化，1982—1993年荒漠植被NPP总量呈极显著增长态势（1.25×1012 g·a^-1，P<0.01）； 1993—2006年NPP总量呈极显著降低态势（-6.42×1011 g·a^-1，P<0.01）； 2006—2015年NPP总量缓慢增长（1.70×1011 g·a^-1，P>0.05）。从空间变化来看，47.65%的荒漠植被NPP呈增加态势，主要分布在阿拉善高原、天山北麓、塔里木盆地西部边缘、柴达木盆地的东南边缘、阿尔金山南麓和昆仑山脉。③ 从荒漠植被NPP与各气候因子之间的相关关系随时间的变化来看，NPP与气温的滑动相关系数随时间的变化保持为负相关，与降水、干燥度的滑动相关系数保持为正相关，与太阳总辐射的滑动相关系数随时间变化并未表现出显著的变化趋势。总体上，荒漠植被与水热因子的相关关系在研究时段均有进一步减弱的态势，即荒漠植被NPP对气候因子的变化愈来愈不敏感。     

Impact of land use/land cover types on surface humidity in northern China in the early 21st century

In the context of global change, it is essential to promote the rational development and utilization of land resources, improve the quality of regional ecological environment, and promote the harmonious development of human and nature for the regional sustainability. We identified land use/land cover types in northern China from 2001 to 2018 with ENVI images and ArcGIS software. Meteorological data were selected from 292 stations in northern China, the potential evapotranspiration was calculated with the Penman-Monteith formula, and reanalysis humidity and observed humidity data were obtained. The reanalysis minus observation (RMO, i.e., the difference between reanalysis humidity and observed humidity) can effectively characterize the impact of different land use/land cover types (forestland, grassland, cultivated land, construction land, water body and unused land) on surface humidity in northern China in the early 21^st century. The results showed that from 2001 to 2018, the area of forestland expanded (increasing by approximately 1.80×10⁴ km²), while that of unused land reduced (decreasing by approximately 5.15×10⁴ km²), and the regional ecological environment was improved. Consequently, land surface in most areas of northern China tended to be wetter. The contributions of land use/land cover types to surface humidity changes were related to the quality of the regional ecological environment. The contributions of the six land use/land cover types to surface humidity were the highest in northeastern region of northern China, with a better ecological environment, and the lowest in northwestern region, with a fragile ecological environment. Surface humidity was closely related to the variation in regional vegetation coverage; when the regional vegetation coverage with positive (negative) contributions expanded (reduced), the land surface became wetter. The positive contributions of forestland and water body to surface humidity were the greatest. Unused land and construction land were associated with the most serious negative contributions to surface humidity. Affected by the regional distribution pattern of vegetation, surface humidity in different seasons decreased from east to west in northern China. The seasonal variation in surface humidity was closely related to the growth of vegetation: surface humidity was the highest in summer, followed by autumn and spring, and the lowest in winter. According to the results, surface humidity is expected to increase in northeastern region of northern China, decrease in northern region, and likely increase in northwestern region.     

Land use/land cover change responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim River,China

The Tarim River is the longest inland river in China and is considered as an important river to protect the oasis economy and environment of the Tarim Basin. However, excessive exploitation and over-utilization of natural resources, particularly water resources, have triggered a series of ecological and environmental problems, such as the reduction in the volume of water in the main river, deterioration of water quality, drying up of downstream rivers, degradation of vegetation, and land desertification. In this study, the land use/land cover change (LUCC) responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River were investigated using ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) and GIS (Geographic Information System) data analysis software for the period of 1990-2018. Multi-temporal remote sensing images and ecological water conveyance data from 1990 to 2018 were used. The results indicate that LUCC covered an area of 2644.34 km² during this period, accounting for 15.79% of the total study area. From 1990 to 2018, wetland, farmland, forestland, and artificial surfaces increased by 533.42 km² (216.77%), 446.68 km² (123.66%), 284.55 km² (5.67%), and 57.51 km² (217.96%), respectively, whereas areas covered by grassland and other land use/land cover types, such as Gobi, bare soil, and deserts, decreased by 103.34 km² (14.31%) and 1218.83 km² (11.75%), respectively. Vegetation area decreased first and then increased, with the order of 2010<2000<1990<2018. LUCC in the overflow and stagnant areas in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was mainly characterized by fragmentation, irregularity, and complexity. By analyzing the LUCC responses to 19 rounds of ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River from 2000 to the end of 2018, we proposed guidelines for the rational development and utilization of water and soil resources and formulation of strategies for the sustainable development of the lower reaches of the Tarim River. This study provides scientific guidance for optimal scheduling of water resources in the region.     

东天山哈密榆树沟流域夏季降水的化学特征研究

2013年5-8月按照GB13580.2-92规定的大气降水采样方法,采集了东天山喀尔力克山南坡榆树沟流域32场降水,进行了pH、EC及离子组成的测定,并运用综合描述法、相关性分析、气团来源轨迹、富集因子及端源贡献法探究其来源。结果表明：榆树沟流域夏季降水的pH平均值为6.8,呈弱酸性;电导率在3.79~239 μs·cm^-1,受降水量影响明显;阴阳离子质量浓度的平均值分别是SO₄^2->NO3^->Cl^->F^-和Ca2⁺> NH4⁺>Na⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺;SO42^-、NO3^-、F^-和NH4⁺主要来自于人类活动;Cl^-基本来自海盐源,受地壳源的影响甚微;Na⁺的来源受海盐源和陆源共同影响;Ca2⁺和K⁺来自于非海盐源的贡献。     

Assessing the collapse risk of Stipa bungeana grassland in China based on its distribution changes

The criteria used by International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN) for its Red List of Ecosystems(RLE) are the global standards for ecosystem-level risk assessment, and they have been increasingly used for biodiversity conservation. The changed distribution area of an ecosystem is one of the key criteria in such assessments. The Stipa bungeana grassland is one of the most widely distributed grasslands in the warm-temperate semi-arid regions of China. However, the total distribution area of this grassland was noted to have shrunk and become fragmented because of its conversion to cropland and grazing-induced degradation. Following the IUCN-RLE standards, here we analyzed changes in the geographical distribution of this degraded grassland, to evaluate its degradation and risk of collapse. Past(1950-1980) distribution areas were extracted from the Vegetation Map of China(1:1,000,000). Present realizable distribution areas were equated to these past areas minus any habitat area losses. We then predicted the grassland’s present and future(under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario) potential distribution areas using maximum entropy algorithm(MaxEnt), based on field survey data and nine environmental layers. Our results showed that the S. bungeana grassland was mainly distributed in the Loess Plateau, Hexi Corridor, and low altitudes of the Qilian Mountains and Longshou Mountain. This ecosystem occurred mainly on loess soils, kastanozems, steppe aeolian soils and sierozems. Thermal and edaphic factors were the most important factors limiting the distribution of S. bungeana grassland across China. Since 56.1% of its past distribution area(4.9×10~4 km^2) disappeared in the last 50 a, the present realizable distribution area only amounts to 2.2×10~4 km^2. But only 15.7% of its present potential distribution area(14.0×10~4 km^2) is actually occupied by the S. bungeana grassland. The future potential distribution of S. bungeana grassland was predicted to shift towards northwest, and the total area of this ecosystem will shrink by 12.4% over the next 50 a under the most pessimistic climate change scenario. Accordingly, following the IUCN-RLE criteria, we deemed the S. bungeana grassland ecosystem in China to be endangered(EN). Revegetation projects and the establishment of protected areas are recommended as effective ways to avert this looming crisis. This empirical modeling study provides an example of how IUCN-RLE categories and criteria may be valuably used for ecosystem assessments in China and abroad.     

基于指数平滑和ARIMA模型的西北地区饱和水汽压差预测

饱和水汽压差是土壤-植被-大气连续体水分传输过程的关键影响因素,在全球气候变化背景下,预测西北地区饱和水汽压差,对于植被恢复和农林业气象灾害风险评估具有重要的现实意义。基于西北五省(区)1990—2019年月饱和水汽压差值,采用趋势分析和小波分析等方法研究了西北地区饱和水汽压差年际变化特征和周期性变化规律;采用指数模型和ARIMA模型,筛选最佳样本步长和预测步长,对西北地区饱和水汽压差进行模拟和预测。结果表明:(1)西北五省(区)中,新疆年均饱和水汽压差最高,其次为宁夏、陕西、甘肃和青海;近30 a整体上西北地区饱和水汽压差呈上升趋势,其中宁夏和新疆饱和水汽压差上升幅度最大,分别为0.036 kPa·(10a)^-1和0.033 kPa·(10a)^-1,其次为甘肃[0.026 kPa·(10a)^-1]、青海[0.021 kPa·(10a)^-1]和陕西[0.012 kPa·(10a)^-1];(2)西北各省(区),16 a尺度周期对小波方差贡献最大,为饱和水汽压差变化的主周期。此外,陕西、甘肃和新疆还存在24~27 a的周期特征,方差贡献较小;(3)相对于指数模型,ARIMA模型均方根误差平均减少42.3%,决定系数R2平均提高11.1%,Nash-Sutclife效率系数平均提高17.7%,有效提高了饱和水汽压差预测精度;(4)未来一段时间内,西北各地区饱和水汽压差均存在不同程度的升高趋势,以宁夏和新疆地区的饱和水汽压差增幅最为明显,分别为9.5%和8.9%。     

Effect of soil management on soil erosion on sloping farmland during crop growth stages under a large-scale rainfall simulation experiment

Soil erosion on farmland is a critical environmental issue and the main source of sediment in the Yellow River, China. Thus, great efforts have been made to reduce runoff and soil loss by restoring vegetation on abandoned farmland. However, few studies have investigated runoff and soil loss from sloping farmland during crop growth season. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of soil management on runoff and soil loss on sloping farmland during crop growth season. We tested different soybean growth stages (i.e., seedling stage (R1), initial blossoming stage (R2), full flowering stage (R3), pod bearing stage (R4), and initial filling stage (R5)) and soil management practice (one plot applied hoeing tillage (HT) before each rainfall event, whereas the other received no treatment (NH)) by applying simulated rainfall at an intensity of 80 mm/h. Results showed that runoff and soil loss both decreased and infiltration amount increased in successive soybean growth stages under both treatments. Compared with NH plot, there was less runoff and higher infiltration amount from HT plot. However, soil loss from HT plot was larger than that from NH plot in R1-R3, but lower in R4 and R5. In the early growth stages, hoeing tillage was effective for reducing runoff and enhancing rainfall infiltration. By contrast, hoeing tillage enhanced soil and water conservation during the late growth stages. The total soil loss from HT plot (509.0 g/m²) was 11.1% higher than that from NH plot (457.9 g/m²) in R1-R5. However, the infiltration amount from HT plot (313.9 mm) was 18.4% higher than that from NH plot (265.0 mm) and the total runoff volume from HT plot was 49.7% less than that from NH plot. These results indicated that crop vegetation can also act as a type of vegetation cover and play an important role on sloping farmland. Thus, adopting rational soil management in crop planting on sloping farmland can effectively reduce runoff and soil loss, as well as maximize rainwater infiltration during crop growth period.     

Effects of climate change and land use/cover change on the volume of the Qinghai Lake in China

Qinghai Lake is the largest saline lake in China.The change in the lake volume is an indicator of the variation in water resources and their response to climate change on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)in China.The present study quantitatively evaluated the effects of climate change and land use/cover change(LUCC)on the lake volume of the Qinghai Lake in China from 1958 to 2018,which is crucial for water resources management in the Qinghai Lake Basin.To explore the effects of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume,we analyzed the lake level observation data and multi-period land use/land cover(LULC)data by using an improved lake volume estimation method and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.Our results showed that the lake level decreased at the rate of 0.08 m/a from 1958 to 2004 and increased at the rate of 0.16 m/a from 2004 to 2018.The lake volume decreased by 105.40×10⁸ m³ from 1958 to 2004,with the rate of 2.24×10⁸ m³/a,whereas it increased by 74.02×10⁸ m³ from 2004 to 2018,with the rate of 4.66×10⁸ m³/a.Further,the climate of the Qinghai Lake Basin changed from warm-dry to warm-humid.From 1958 to 2018,the increase in precipitation and the decrease in evaporation controlled the change of the lake volume,which were the main climatic factors affecting the lake volume change.From 1977 to 2018,the measured water yield showed an"increase-decrease-increase"fluctuation in the Qinghai Lake Basin.The effects of climate change and LUCC on the measured water yield were obviously different.From 1977 to 2018,the contribution rate of LUCC was -0.76% and that of climate change was 100.76%;the corresponding rates were 8.57% and 91.43% from 1977 to 2004,respectively,and -4.25% and 104.25% from 2004 to 2018,respectively.Quantitative analysis of the effects and contribution rates of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume revealed the scientific significance of climate change and LUCC,as well as their individual and combined effects in the Qinghai Lake Basin and on the QTP.This study can contribute to the water resources management and regional sustainable development of the Qinghai Lake Basin.     

关中-天水经济区土地生态系统水土保持价值

水土保持价值的计算,对土地的可持续利用以及生态与环境的协调发展具有重要意义。利用遥感数据、DEM数据和统计数据,应用遥感与地理信息系统技术,以关中-天水经济区为研究对象,对该区域1980年、2000年、2005年和2010年的水土保持价值进行了测算。结果表明：关中-天水经济区的水土保持价值是逐年上升的,且涨幅不断增大,从1980-2000年增加了2.54×10¹⁰元,2000-2005年增加了1.56×10¹⁰元,2005-2010年增加了3.59×10¹⁰元,其中耕地、林地和草地的水土保持价值较大,水域、城乡居民建设用地和未利用地的水土保持价值较小。此外,水土保持价值的分布与植被覆盖度呈正相关。若要提高全区的水土保持价值,需要加强基本农田保护措施和林地、草地建设,提高林地、草地覆盖度。     

基于CMIP5的中国区域气溶胶变化及其对降水的影响

基于第5次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP5）提供的气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）数据和气溶胶单因子历史试验降水数据，采用线性趋势分析、相关分析、经验正交分解（EOF）方法，从时间和空间维度上分析了自工业革命以来中国AOD的变化及其对降水的影响。1860—2000年，中国区域的AOD整体呈显著增加的趋势（P<0.001），AOD的增加趋势以胡焕庸线为界呈现出“东高西低”的空间分布格局，并在1945年以后AOD的增加趋势〔0.380 7·(100a)^-1〕显著大于1945年以前的趋势〔0.029 0·(100a)^-1〕。在气溶胶单因子驱动试验中，中国有89.1%区域的降水呈显著减少的趋势（P<0.001），其中东南部、四川盆地以及青藏高原东南部是降水减少最明显的区域，西北地区降水减少趋势较弱，并在1962年以后降水的减少趋势〔118.04 mm·(100a)^-1〕显著大于1962年以前的趋势〔26.67 mm·(100a)^-1〕。气溶胶主要通过抑制弱降水显著降低了降水事件发生的频率与降水强度，降低速率分别为3.160 d·(100a)^-1、0.162 4 mm·d^-1·(100a)^-1。研究工业革命以来气溶胶对降水的气候效应，为更好的应对区域气候变化问题提供科学依据。     

Climate change and its impacts on mountain glaciers during 1960-2017 in western China

Mountain glaciers are highly sensitive to climate change. In this paper, we systematically analyzed and discussed the responses of glaciers to climate change during 1960-2017 in western China by the methods of least squares and correlation analysis. Results show that the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, and precipitation significantly increased in western China at the rates of 0.32°C/10a, 0.48°C/10a, 0.39°C/10a, and 11.20 mm/10a, respectively. However, the wind speed, hours of sunshine, snowfall, and snowy days displayed decreasing trends at the rates of -0.53 m/(s?10a), 3.72 h/10a, -2.90 mm/10a, and -0.10 d/10a, respectively. The annual percentage of glacier area decreased by approximately 0.42%, and the average glacier area decreased by 2.76 km²/a. Meanwhile, glacial shrinkages were greater in the Altay Mountains, Tanggula Mountains, and Qilian Mountains than in the other mountainous regions. Glacier accumulation decreased while melt volume increased at a rate of 2.7×10⁴ m³/a. The area of melt volume was 1.3 times that of the glacier accumulation area. The glacier mass balance (GMB) decreased substantially at a rate of -14.0 mm/a, whereas the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) showed an increasing trend at a rate of 0.5 mm/a. After 1997, the mass was smaller than -500.0 mm, indicating a huge loss in glaciers. Furthermore, relationships between ELA and GMB and various climatic factors were established. Temperature and precipitation demonstrated a significantly negative correlation, whereas wind speed and snowy days had significantly positive correlations with GMB. Snowy days also exhibited a remarkably negative correlation with ELA. The strong warming trend and less snowy days were thought to be the main factors leading to glacial melting, whereas the increase in precipitation, and reductions of sunshine hours and wind speed might slow glacial melting.     

Impact factors of soil wind erosion in the center of Taklimakan Desert

The development and progress of soil wind erosion are influenced by the factors of climate,terrain,soil and vegetation,etc. This paper,taking Tazhong region,a town in the centre of the Taklimakan Desert,as an example and using comparative and quantitative methods,discussed the effects of climate,surface roughness(including vegetation cover) and surface soil properties on soil wind erosion. The results showed that the climate factor index C of annual wind erosion is 28.3,while the maximum of C is 13.9 in summer and it is only 0.7 in winter. The value of C has a very good exponential relationship with the wind speed. In Tazhong region,the surface roughness height is relatively small with a mean of 6.32 × 10-5 m,which is in favor of soil wind erosion. The wind erosion is further enhanced by its sandy soil types,soil particle size,lacking of vegetation and low soil moisture content. The present situation of soil wind erosion is the result of concurrent effects of climate,vegetation and surface soil properties.     

Impact of land use/cover changes on carbon storage in a river valley in arid areas of Northwest China

Soil carbon pools could become a CO_2 source or sink, depending on the directions of land use/cover changes. A slight change of soil carbon will inevitably affect the atmospheric CO_2 concentration and consequently the climate. Based on the data from 127 soil sample sites, 48 vegetation survey plots, and Landsat TM images, we analyzed the land use/cover changes, estimated soil organic carbon(SOC) storage and vegetation carbon storage of grassland, and discussed the impact of grassland changes on carbon storage during 2000 to 2013 in the Ili River Valley of Northwest China. The results indicate that the areal extents of forestland, shrubland, moderate-coverage grassland(MCG), and the waterbody(including glaciers) decreased while the areal extents of high-coverage grassland(HCG),low-coverage grassland(LCG), residential and industrial land, and cultivated land increased. The grassland SOC density in 0–100 cm depth varied with the coverage in a descending order of HCGMCGLCG.The regional grassland SOC storage in the depth of 0–100 cm in 2013 increased by 0.25×1011 kg compared with that in 2000. The regional vegetation carbon storage(S_(rvc)) of grassland was 5.27×10~9 kg in2013 and decreased by 15.7% compared to that in 2000. The vegetation carbon reserves of the under-ground parts of vegetation(S_(ruvb)) in 2013 was 0.68×10~9 kg and increased by approximately 19.01%compared to that in 2000. This research can improve our understanding about the impact of land use/cover changes on the carbon storage in arid areas of Northwest China.     

密怀顺研究区地下水NO3--N时空变化分析

密怀顺地区是北京市重要的水源涵养区,直接影响着主城区的供水安全。2014年南水北调盈余水量通过潮白河河道回补地下水,地下水位不断抬升,使常年积累在耕地土壤中NO₃^--N对地下水环境风险不断增加。通过对地下水中NO₃^--N和耕地属性地块研究。结果表明:1)2015-2018年研究区地下水NO₃^--N浓度有升高趋势;2)2015-2018年研究区水质稳定区面积达到164.26km²,占比33.78%;其次为水质略变差区和水质变差区,面积分别为136.76km²和112.74km²,占比分别为28.12%和23.18%。3)耕地属性不变的7个有监测地块地下水NO₃^--N浓度均有不同程度升高,MW-3和MW-1地块超过地下水Ⅲ类水质标准;4)地下水NO₃^--N含量变化与地下水回补有一定关联。     

Estimation of net primary productivity and its driving factors in the Ili River Valley,China

Net primary productivity(NPP), as an important variable and ecological indicator in grassland ecosystems, can reflect environmental change and the carbon budget level. The Ili River Valley is a wetland nestled in the hinterland of the Eurasian continent, which responds sensitively to the global climate change. Understanding carbon budget and their responses to climate change in the ecosystem of Ili River Valley has a significant effect on the adaptability of future climate change and sustainable development. In this study, we calculated the NPP and analyzed its spatio-temporal pattern of the Ili River Valley during the period 2000–2014 using the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) and an improved Carnegie-Ames-Stanford(CASA) model. Results indicate that validation showed a good performance of CASA over the study region, with an overall coefficient of determination(R2) of 0.65 and root mean square error(RMSE) of 20.86 g C/(m~2·a). Temporally, annual NPP of the Ili River Valley was 599.19 g C/(m~2·a) and showed a decreasing trend from 2000 to 2014, with an annual decrease rate of –3.51 g C/(m~2·a). However, the spatial variation was not consistent, in which 55.69% of the areas showed a decreasing tendency, 12.60% of the areas remained relatively stable and 31.71% appeared an increasing tendency. In addition, the decreasing trends in NPP were not continuous throughout the 15-year period, which was likely being caused by a shift in climate conditions. Precipitation was found to be the dominant climatic factor that controlled the inter-annual variability in NPP. Furthermore, the correlations between NPP and climate factors differed along the vertical zonal. In the medium-high altitudes of the Ili River Valley, the NPP was positively correlated to precipitation and negatively correlated to temperature and net radiation. In the low-altitude valley and high-altitude mountain areas, the NPP showed a negative correlation with precipitation and a weakly positive correlation with temperature and net radiation. The results suggested that the vegetation of the Ili River Valley degraded in recent years, and there was a more complex mechanism of local hydrothermal redistribution that controlled the growth of vegetation in this valley ecosystem.     

准噶尔盆地地表反照率时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

地表反照率变化影响地表辐射收支与能量平衡,从而对区域和全球气候产生影响。以准噶尔盆地为研究对象,利用MODIS卫星遥感数据产品MOD09A1反演地表短波反照率,结合气象数据和植被指数分析准噶尔盆地2001—2018年荒漠草地地表反照率时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:准噶尔盆地地表反照率空间分布地域差异明显,地表反照率年均值为0.303,整体呈东北高、西南低的特点;其年际变化速率呈减少趋势,平均每年为1.4×10^-4,减少面积约占总面积的52.8%;四季空间分布变化明显,春、夏、秋三季空间分布相似,冬季值最高(0.551),夏季最低(0.203)。准噶尔盆地东北缘的阿尔泰山地表反照率年内变化较为剧烈;生长季归一化植被指数(NDVI)值大小为:夏季>秋季>春季。准噶尔盆地整体地表反照率与NDVI呈负相关,大部分区域与平均气温呈负相关,与降水呈正相关,且相关性大小依次为气温>NDVI>降水。MODIS反演结果与地面实测值之间存在显著的相关性(R²=0.8908,P<0.01),均方根误差为0.014。为了解准噶尔盆地陆面特征,客观评价全球气候变化下干旱区陆面变化及其正负反馈响应机制提供一定的理论依据。     

Investigating natural drivers of vegetation coverage variation using MODIS imagery in Qinghai,China

The climatically sensitive Qinghai province of China has been recognized as a hotspot for studies on the feedbacks of terrestrial ecosystems to global climate change. Thus, investigating vegetation coverage and its natural drivers in Qinghai is an important focus of ecosystem research. On the basis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI) time series data, we estimated the vegetation coverage in this region using the dimidiate pixel model. Trend analyses, correlations between meteorological parameters, changes in vegetation coverage, and the temporal and spatial relationships between soil texture and vegetation coverage were used to investigate the possible drivers of vegetation coverage variations. The results indicated that the reduction of vegetation coverage slowed down in the period from 2000 to 2012. Annual mean temperature was the main climatic driver of the total extremely low and low vegetation coverage areas in Qinghai, followed by the precipitation anomalies. The extremely low and low vegetation coverage areas were mainly distributed in regions with a mean annual relative air humidity of <40% and the spatial distributions of these two area types differentiated along the 200-mm rainfall contours. The total extremely low and low vegetation coverage areas were mainly characterized by sandy clay loam soil, followed by loamy sand and sandy soil. Regions with sandy loam or loam soil have the greatest risk of vegetation coverage reductions. Knowledge of vegetation coverage variation and its natural drivers in the ecologically fragile region of Qinghai can provide scientific support for managing environmental change and desertification.