北方地区部分酿酒葡萄品种短须螨田间调查

2007年春季,对20个酿酒葡萄品种(系)短须螨发生情况进行了田间调查。调查结果显示,不同品种(系)受害程度差异明显。其中梅鹿辄181受害最重(虫叶率98%,8.5头/片),西拉次之,霞多丽、紫大夫、马瑟蓝、小味儿多和爱娇多拉受害轻,虫叶率<10%,平均虫口数<0.15头/片。     

中国葡萄主要品种对葡萄座腔菌的抗性评价

采用离体有伤接种绿枝条的方法分析了我国25个葡萄主要品种对葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea的抗/感程度并建立了抗性分级标准。根据接种发病后的病斑长度,利用系统聚类方法鉴定不同葡萄品种对葡萄座腔菌的抗性并进行分级,建立了葡萄对葡萄座腔菌的抗性评价方法和抗性分级标准。结果表明,我国25个主要葡萄品种对葡萄座腔菌的抗性存在明显差异,‘巨峰’、‘红宝石无核’、‘藤稔’、‘红地球’、‘香妃’、‘玫瑰香’、‘巨玫瑰’、‘霞多丽’、‘龙眼’、‘西拉’、‘品丽珠’、‘贝达’、‘峰后’、‘梅鹿辄’、‘美人指’、‘赤霞珠’和‘山葡萄洛桑’等17个品种对葡萄座腔菌表现为抗病,‘弗蕾无核’、‘5BB’、‘夏黑’和‘无核白鸡心’表现为感病,而‘维多利亚’、‘牛奶’、‘矢富罗莎’和‘摩尔多瓦’表现为高感。     

2020年北京房山酿酒葡萄霜霉病发生动态监测

霜霉病是世界范围内葡萄上的一种重要流行性病害。2020年,本研究系统调查了北京市房山区3个酿酒葡萄酒庄中4个不同葡萄品种的霜霉病发生情况,并记录了实时温湿度、降雨数据和用药时间,还分析了葡萄霜霉病的发生与降雨、相对湿度和用药时间的关系以及不同葡萄品种对霜霉病感病性的差异。结果表明:房山3个酿酒葡萄酒庄在2020年5月29日初次观察到霜霉病病叶,6月-8月病叶率增长缓慢,8月份以后,病叶率大幅增加,霜霉病严重。6月-8月期间,有多次降雨和相对湿度大于90%的持续时间达到了病原菌侵入和产孢的条件,但降雨后及时用药减缓了葡萄霜霉病的发展,3个酿酒葡萄酒庄的霜霉病病叶率均低于2.86%。4个品种最终的平均病叶率调查结果表明‘赤霞珠’(病叶率83.19%)和‘梅鹿辄’(63.77%)对霜霉病的感病性要高于‘霞多丽’(40.86%)和‘马瑟兰’(39.71%)。本次调查明确了房山3个酿酒葡萄酒庄的霜霉病发生初始时间和病害发展,分析了4个酿酒葡萄品种在不同气象和用药条件下造成霜霉病病叶率差异的可能原因,为今后葡萄霜霉病的田间防治和管理提供借鉴。     

H2S位于H2O2下游介导葡萄抗霜霉病过程

 以霜霉病抗性葡萄品种左优红和感病品种霞多丽为材料,研究硫化氢(H₂S)在葡萄应答霜霉病过程中的作用及其与过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的相互关系。结果表明,接种霜霉病菌后,抗性品种左优红和感病品种霞多丽叶片均出现H₂S含量的猝发、H₂S合成酶基因表达量增加、抗病相关蛋白多酚氧化酶(PPO)和β-1,3葡聚糖酶(Glu)活性显著升高现象;且H₂S清除剂次牛磺酸(HT)可以显著抑制霜霉病菌诱导的PPO和Glu活性升高,并导致葡萄的感病率和病情指数显著升高;同时外源H₂S可降低两个葡萄品种的感病率和病情指数。说明,H₂S是参与葡萄抗霜霉病过程的新的信号物质。受霜霉病菌侵染后,葡萄叶片H₂O₂含量猝发早于H₂S,并且H₂O₂清除剂抗坏血酸(AsA)可显著抑制霜霉病菌所诱导的H₂S含量的上升,而H₂S清除剂HT对霜霉病菌诱导的H₂O₂含量变化影响不显著,推测,H₂S作用于H₂O₂的下游参与葡萄抵御霜霉病过程。     

西北半干旱地区法引酿酒葡萄霞多丽营养系筛选的初步研究

从植物学性状、物候期、果实特征特性、抗病性以及酿酒特性等方面,对法引酿酒葡萄霞多丽的6个营养品种(系)进行了系统的观察与研究,并进行了单品种酿酒试验。结果表明,霞多丽各品种(系)植物学性状差异不大,但抗病性、果实性状及酿酒品质有一定差异。     

部分葡萄品种酸腐病田间发病情况调查

酸腐病是近年来在我国葡萄生产上严重发生的病害之一,引起中后期果穗腐烂,严重影响了葡萄的产量和质量。2010-2011年笔者调查了北京地区24个不同葡萄品种酸腐病的田间发生情况,并对病情指数进行了差异显著性和聚类分析,结果发现:11个酿酒葡萄品种聚为3类。第1类,‘小味尔多’、‘小芒森’和‘赤霞珠’病情指数最低(2.08～4.17);第2类,‘胡桑’、‘阿拉奈尔’和‘品丽珠’病情指数居中(5.83～9.17);第3类,‘长相思’、‘佳美’、‘雷司令’、‘梅鹿辄’和‘维奥尼’病情指数最高(16.25～20.00)。13个食用葡萄品种也聚为3类。第1类,‘茉莉’、‘红伊豆’、‘巨峰’和‘黑奥林’发病最轻,病情指数最低(1.00～5.00);第2类,‘世纪无核’、‘玫瑰香’、‘龙宝’、‘黄意大利’、‘京蜜’、‘金香玉’和‘魏可’病情指数居中(7.00～10.67);第3类,‘里扎马特’和‘亚都蜜’,发病最重,病情指数最高(15.67～18.00)。试验为葡萄酸腐病的田间防治提供了依据。     

葡萄感染霜霉病菌后几种信号物质的变化

以3个抗病性不同的酿酒葡萄品种(‘西拉’‘霞多丽’‘赤霞珠’)叶片为材料,检测霜霉病菌侵染后几种病原相关信号物质,如脱落酸(ABA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、一氧化氮(NO)、茉莉酸(JA)和乙烯(ETH)等的变化,以探讨葡萄抵御霜霉病菌的信号转导机制。结果表明,H2O2和NO是葡萄感应霜霉病菌的早期信号分子,且抗性较强的品种‘西拉’的变化最为明显;JA和ABA是抗性较差品种‘赤霞珠’应答霜霉病的信号组分。而3个抗性不同葡萄品种的乙烯变化无明显差别。推测H2O2、NO、JA和ABA均参与了葡萄对霜霉病菌的防御反应,但不同品种间信号转导组分可能存在差异。     

山东葡萄产区主要病毒病发生危害调查

采用DAS- ELISA检测方法 ,对山东省葡萄主产区的葡萄病毒病害进行了调查 ,明确危害当地葡萄主要是葡萄扇叶病毒 (grapevine fanleaf virus ,GFLV)和葡萄卷叶病毒 (grapevine leafroll associated virus,GLRaV)。病毒感染率为 59.1% ,其中鲜食品种病毒感染率为57% ,酿酒品种的感染率为 62.5%。苗木与成龄树感染GFLV的比率分别为 78.4%和56% ,感染GLRaV的比率分别为55.3%和70%。病毒感染率较高的品种有霞多丽、梅露汁和佳丽酿。病毒病的发生与品种、栽培年限、繁殖方式和苗木来源有关 ,其中带毒苗木是葡萄病毒病传播的关键因素     

不同灌溉条件下干旱区葡萄生长发育研究

在甘肃河西走廊嘉峪关紫轩葡萄种植园，以当地滴灌条件下生育期内灌水量（CK: 360 mm）为参照，设置了4种滴灌覆膜水分处理梯度，研究3 a生葡萄梅鹿辄生长发育特征。研究表明：不同灌水量条件下滴灌覆膜处理对葡萄光合蒸腾速率、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量及产量和品质均产生显著影响，灌水量多的T3和T4光合蒸腾速率及叶绿素含量高于灌水量少的T1、T2和CK，但水分利用效率却较低；而脯氨酸和丙二醛的含量各处理随灌水量的减少而增加；膜下滴灌处理的产量和品质都优于CK，且T1产量比CK年平均高了2 009.78 kg·hm-2。可见，膜下滴灌有利于葡萄生长发育；T1处理是解决干旱区缺水问题的有效灌溉模式。     

葡萄应答霜霉病过程中多磷酸肌醇激酶基因与过氧化氢的作用机制

以对霜霉病不同抗性的葡萄品种左优红和霞多丽为材料,利用分子生物学和植物生理学试验手段,结合药理学试验,探讨葡萄在应答霜霉病过程中葡萄多磷酸肌醇激酶基因（VvIPK2）和H2O2的作用机制。接种霜霉病菌后15 h葡萄叶片VvIPK2表达量是正常水平的12倍,接种后3 hH2O2含量达最大值,同时苯丙氨酸解氨酶和几丁质酶活性升高;多磷酸肌醇激酶（IPK2）抑制剂、外源H2O2及H2O2清除剂均能改变霜霉病菌所引起的抗性葡萄品种左优红叶片PAL和几丁质酶活性的变化,同时可以影响不同抗性品种叶片的感病情况;IPK2抑制剂对葡萄霜霉病菌引起的H2O2水平变化没有影响;清除H2O2可减弱葡萄霜霉病菌对VvIPK2表达量的诱导效应。研究表明H2O2位于IPK2的上游,通过调控PAL和几丁质酶活性参与葡萄应答霜霉病过程。     

葡萄卷叶伴随病毒2实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术的检测应用

通过引物筛选和体系优化建立了葡萄卷叶伴随病毒2 Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2(GLRaV-2)的SYBR GreenⅠ染料法实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测技术。该技术标准曲线扩增效率为102.2%,决定系数为0.999,最低检出限可达10-3稀释梯度,是常规RT-PCR的100倍。对不同季节和不同部位葡萄样品的检出率普遍高于常规RT-PCR。春夏秋季样品检出率分别为67%、89%和86%,比常规RT-PCR检出率分别高42%、28%和17%。冬季休眠枝条检出率最高(100%),与常规RT-PCR相同。夏季老叶柄和卷须、秋季和冬季枝条等样品检测效果最好,检出率均为100%。对来自我国17个省38个品种的116份田间葡萄样品检测结果表明,qRT-PCR共检测到10个样品为阳性,检出率略高于常规RT-PCR。     

Reaction of selected winter wheat cultivars from Europe and United States to Karnal bunt

A study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of popular United States (U.S.) and European winter wheat cultivars to the fungal pathogen Tilletia indica. Historically, the disease has been limited to autumn-sown spring-habit wheat areas and not associated with winter wheat. In 1997, Karnal bunt was observed on winter wheat in limited regions of Texas. This region marks the southern end of the contiguous U.S. central winter wheat belt, which extends north into Canada. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of disease resistance in winter wheat. Fifty U.S. and European winter wheat cultivars were tested using two different greenhouse inoculation procedures. For each cultivar, 12 spikes in boot were inoculated by boot-injection with a sporidial suspension (1.0 ml/boot, 10,000 spores ml⁻¹), and 12 other emerged spikes were spray-inoculated with the same concentration. The experiment was repeated for three seasons. Among cultivars, mean seed infection ranged from 2.1 to 87.2% and 0 to 15.6% for boot-injected and spray-inoculated treatments, respectively. Results showed that the majority of winter wheat cultivars tested were susceptible to Karnal bunt.     

Evaluation of screening methods and fruit composition in relation to anthracnose fruit rot resistance in blueberries

Anthracnose fruit rot is an important disease of blueberries, and losses are common in humid growing regions. Most commercial cultivars are susceptible and the disease is usually managed with fungicides. However, a few cultivars are considered resistant. The objectives of this study were to: (i) compare different inoculation techniques for anthracnose fruit rot resistance screening, (ii) screen ripe fruit from a range of blueberry cultivars using selected techniques, and (iii) investigate the role of fruit characteristics in anthracnose fruit rot resistance. The following inoculation methods were evaluated on ripe fruit of a susceptible and resistant cultivar using a conidial suspension: spray, droplet, and injection inoculation of whole fruit; and droplet inoculation of the open surface of cut fruit. All whole‐fruit inoculations yielded similar results. Despite the removal of the epidermis, resistance was also expressed in cut fruit but relatively fewer conidia were produced. The cut‐fruit assay required substantially less time and half the amount of fruit to accomplish than whole‐fruit assays. Detached ripe fruit from 24 cultivars in 2008 and 26 cultivars in 2009 were screened for resistance. Results from the cut‐fruit assay correlated best with published resistance ratings. To determine the possible role of fruit characteristics in resistance, fruit pH, titratable acidity, sugar content and firmness were regressed against various fruit rot resistance measures. Fruit rot resistance was positively correlated with sugar content. On defined media, mycelial growth was restricted as sugar concentration increased and pH decreased, suggesting that fruit composition may play a role in the resistance phenotype.     

我国北方葡萄根癌病的发生规律及药剂防治

葡萄根癌病在我国北方地区发生分布广泛,部份葡萄园发病严重,感病品种病株率高达100％。葡萄的根、根颈、枝蔓均能发病,以根颈部冠瘿瘤最多。在受冷伤害严重的葡萄园,枝蔓上发病也重,且成为植株死亡的主要原因。在内蒙古包头市一带,5月下旬发病,6月中旬至8月为发病盛期,9月下旬停止发病。温度、湿度及降水与病害关系密切,葡萄受霜冻和冬季低温的影响,增加了病菌新的侵染点,加快病害的发生发展。葡萄品种抗病性差异显著,玫瑰香、巨峰等高度感病,罗也尔玫瑰、康拜尔、贝达等抗病性强。室内药效测定和田间防治试验,抗菌剂401、402,福美砷和石硫合剂渣子等抑菌力强,并有较好的防治效果。     

Flavescence dorée phytoplasma titre in field‐infected Barbera and Nebbiolo grapevines

Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDP) titre in two red grapevine cultivars, Barbera and Nebbiolo, was measured over the vegetative seasons of two consecutive years in two vineyards of the Piemonte Region (northwestern Italy), with a double absolute quantification of FDP cells and grapevine DNA in real‐time PCR. The relationships of pathogen concentration to cultivar susceptibility and symptom severity were investigated. FDP titre was always higher in cv. Barbera than in cv. Nebbiolo infected vines, and this difference was significant at early and late summer samplings of 2008 and at early summer sampling of 2009. A seasonal trend in FDP concentration (low in spring, high in early summer and intermediate in late summer) was conserved for cvs Barbera and Nebbiolo in both years and vineyards. Considering both cultivars and years from both vineyards, a significant positive correlation between FDP concentration and symptom severity was found in the spring samples. Regarding the FDP strains (‐C or ‐D), no differences in pathogen titres were detected for either cultivar. Similarly, the presence of another grapevine yellows phytoplasma, bois noir, a subgroup 16SrXII‐A phytoplasma, in mixed infection with FDP strains had no effect on FDP concentration. These results demonstrate for the first time that grapevine cultivars with different susceptibility to FDP support different pathogen titres.     

Grapevine inflorescences are susceptible to the bunch rot pathogens, Greeneria uvicola (bitter rot) and Colletotrichum acutatum (ripe rot)

Grapevine inflorescences (cv. Chardonnay) were found to be susceptible to infection by the berry rotting pathogens Colletotrichum acutatum and Greeneria uvicola responsible for ripe rot and bitter rot of grapes respectively. Infection of inflorescences on field-grown grapevines at mid-flowering led to subsequent berry rot at veraison. An application of the strobilurin fungicide Cabrio (active ingredient pyraclostrobin) at flowering reduced the incidence of ripe rot and bitter rot at veraison from 88% to 0% and from 86% to 2%, respectively. The infection of detached inflorescences was influenced by temperature and was greatest at 25–30°C for C. acutatum and 30°C for G. uvicola. Our results demonstrate for the first time that grapevine flowers are susceptible to C. acutatum and G. uvicola and that flower infections have the potential to lead to subsequent rotting of the grape berries. The findings have implications for the management of ripe rot and bitter rot of grapes.     

Tomato fruits as an alternative host for a laboratory strain of the olive fruit flyBactrocera oleae

In nature, oviposition and larval growth of the olive fruit flyBactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) occur only in the mesocarp of fruits of the genusOlea, including the cultivated olive. Here we report on its growth in tomatoes, in the laboratory, as affected by a number of factors. Caged flies from a colony reared for more than 100 generations on an artificial diet, oviposited in intact fruits of four tomato cultivars in an unheated greenhouse and in the open. In choice tests, at 25°C, 16L:8D and 65% r.h., medium (5–6 cm diam) and large (>6 cm diam) fruits received more eggs than small (3–4 cm diam) fruits, but differences were not significant in all cases. In all cultivars, more eggs were laid in greenhouse than in open-air tomatoes of three different degrees of maturity, the differences being significant in most cases. The smaller the resistance of a cultivar’s epicarp to penetration by flat ended 0.2 and 1 mm square probes, the greater the number of eggs a cultivar received. Green (unripe) fruits proved unsuitable for larval growth. Half-ripe and fully ripe (red) fruits of cvs. ‘Isidro’, ‘204’, ‘Tobo’ and ‘Ace’ yielded pupae of acceptable weight (mean 5.6 to 6.7 mg) with a high percentage of adult emergence, yet the yield was considerably lower than that of olive fruit. Fully ripe greenhouse Isidro tomatoes yielded an average of 3.2 adults per fruit and 20.4% of the eggs laid developed into adults, whereas the other categories and cultivars yielded less. The mean percentages of pupae over eggs were higher in fully ripe Isidro and 204 fruits, than in half-ripe Tobo and Ace ones. The mean time from oviposition to pupation ranged from 16.2 to 25 days, depending on the cultivar and degree of fruit maturity. In fully ripe Isidro and 204 fruits, the fewer the eggs laid per fruit, the higher the percent yield in pupae and the longer the time from oviposition to pupation. Greenhouse fully ripe fruits of cv. 204 maintained under a low light intensity of 50 lux gave a much lower yield in pupae and slower larval growth than under 1600 lux. The usefulness of tomatoes as substitutes of artificial diets in rearing the fly is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 20, 2005.     

放射土壤杆菌HLB-2菌株防治葡萄根癌病的研究

用放射土壤杆菌HLB-2菌株的悬浮液分别预浸接种根癌土壤杆菌的葡萄苗、向日葵苗,和田间自然带菌的葡萄苗,抑制葡萄冠瘿发生的效果分别为85.6％,83.5％和100％。在田间葡萄痛株上割去冠瘿后的患部,涂上HLB.2菌悬浮液,防治效果为73.1～88.6％。     

白菜型冬油菜在北方寒旱区的适应性分析

采用多点试验,对白菜型冬油菜在北方地区的越冬率、生育期及产量进行比较,以分析其适应性.结果表明,不同冬油菜品种越冬率存在较大差异,依次表现为陇油6号＞陇油7号＞陇油8号＞陇油9号＞天油2号(CK)＞天油5号＞天油8号＞天油7号,其中陇油6号和陇油7号越冬率最高,分别为86.40％和85.53％,明显高于CK,而天油7号与天油8号的越冬率仅分别为54.07％和55.50％,均低于CK;同一参试品种在不同试点生育期差异较大,如陇油6号在秦王川试点,生育期长达300 d,而在和田,其生育期仅为251 d,较秦王川试点提前49 d;不同冬油菜品种间生育期差异也较大,在秦王川,陇油6号和陇油7号的生育期最长,为300 d,陇油8号为295 d,而其它各参试品种的生育期均为290 d,较陇油6号缩短了10 d;在不同试点,冬油菜农艺性状和含油率均存在较大差异.综合分析,陇油8号、陇油7号、陇油6号的丰产性和稳定性最好,其次为陇油9号;不同生态区区域适宜种植的冬油菜品种也有差异,其中陇油6号、陇油7号可成为北京及周边地区、新疆乌鲁木齐以西地区、甘肃中北部与河西走廊以及陕西靖边周边地区的主栽品种,而新疆乌鲁木齐以南地区应以陇油8号与陇油9号为主栽品种,天油2号、天油5号及天油8号也适宜在该地区种植.