新疆昌吉州东部平原区地下水水文地球化学演化分析

为探究新疆昌吉州东部平原区地下水水质演化过程，采用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图和离子比法对昌吉州东部平原区2016年63组地下水水质取样点及54组2012—2015年地下水水质监测数据进行分析。结果表明：昌吉州东部平原区2012年地下水阳离子平均含量总体为Ca²⁺>K⁺+Na⁺>Mg²⁺，阴离子平均含量总体为HCO^3->SO₄^2->Cl^-；从2013年开始，SO₄^2-逐渐增大，Ca²⁺逐渐减小；到2016年阳离子平均含量总体为Ca²⁺>K⁺+Na⁺>Mg²⁺，阴离子平均含量总体为HCO₃^->SO₄^2->Cl^-。水化学类型由2012年HCO₃—Ca·Mg（Ca·Na、Ca·Na·Mg）型向2016年HCO₃·SO₄—Ca·Na·Mg（Ca·Mg、Ca·Na）演化，这主要与含水介质的风化作用和蒸发浓缩作用有关，而蒸发浓缩作用更加体现在承压水区的上部潜水中。地下水中Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-主要来自岩盐的溶解；Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺主要来自蒸发岩溶解；SO₄^2-主要来自石膏（CaSO₄·2H₂O）和芒硝（Na₂SO₄·10H₂O）的溶解。Cl^-、SO₄^2-除来自岩盐的溶解外，还受到人类活动的影响。     

伊犁河谷西北部地下水化学特征及成因分析

为探究新疆伊犁河谷西北部地下水化学特征及成因,运用数理统计以及Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比图等方法,对2018年伊犁河谷西北部地下水取样监测数据进行分析。结果表明:(1)研究区地下水属于总硬度偏高的弱碱性水,地下水化学组分含量整体变异性不大,主要阳离子为Ca²⁺,主要阴离子为HCO₃^-。(2)地下水水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Na和HCO₃^-Ca·Mg型为主。(3)研究区地下水化学组分主要受岩石溶滤作用控制,蒸发-浓缩作用及阳离子交换作用对地下水化学组分有一定的贡献,个别地下水水样点可能受到人为活动的影响。(4)地下水中的Na⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-主要来自岩盐、石膏等蒸发岩的溶解,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要来自方解石、白云石和石膏等矿物溶解。     

西藏易贡湖流域地表水水化学特征及其控制因素

为探究易贡湖流域地表水水化学特征及其控制因素,以藏东南易贡湖流域为研究对象,采集了26组地表水样,绘制了水样点主要离子线性变化趋势图、Gibbs图及Piper三线图等,运用相关分析、线性趋势分析、数理统计和离子比等方法。分析了研究区地表水主要离子特征及其控制因素,揭示了研究区地表水水中的主要物质来源。结果显示：易贡湖流域地表水阳离子主要为Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺,K⁺和Na⁺含量较低,4种阳离子的含量关系为：Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺>Na⁺>K⁺,阴离子主要为HCO₃^-、SO₄^2-和Cl^-,NO₃^-和F^-含量较低,阴离子含量关系为：HCO₃^->SO₄^2-...     

冻融作用下地下水浅埋区土壤盐分及离子变化特征

冻融作用是地下水浅埋区土壤盐渍化的重要原因之一，了解其对土壤盐分及离子变化的影响对土壤盐渍化防治具有重要意义。为探究冻融作用下土壤盐分及离子的分布及变化规律，以太谷均衡实验站地中蒸渗仪系统为试验设备，结合野外和室内试验分析了2020—2021年冻融期内6种不同地下水埋深下土壤剖面水分、可溶性盐分及离子含量的变化特征以及冻结层在冻融过程中对土壤盐分运移的影响，并采用灰色关联法分析了土壤含盐量与离子间的关联度。结果表明：（1）蒸渗仪土壤中以Na⁺、Ca²⁺、HCO₃^-、SO₄^2-及Cl^-为主，土壤含盐量与Na⁺和HCO₃^-极显著相关，与Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-和Cl^-显著相关。（2）冻结层在整个冻融过程中对于Ca²⁺和Cl^-变化影响较小，对Na     

玛纳斯河流域绿洲土壤春季盐渍化研究

运用经典统计学和冗余分析方法,对玛纳斯河流域绿洲土壤全盐量（TS）、pH、电导率（EC）、钠吸附比（SAR）和盐分离子组成的空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明：土壤全盐量呈现明显的底聚特征,各层土壤全盐量均值在5.80~9.02 g•kg^-1,表现为轻度至中度盐化;各层土壤中,pH在8.2~8.4、EC在0.70~1.38 mS•cm^-1、SAR在0.25~0.64,未出现碱化现象。冗余分析表明：不同层次土壤中,Ca ²⁺与SO ₄^2-、Na⁺与SO₄^2-保持较好的关联性。TS的空间分布,在 0 ~70 cm 全剖面上主要受控于Na^+、SO₄^2-、Ca ²⁺和Mg ²⁺;分层与全剖面的情况略有不同,但Na⁺、SO₄^2-在各个土层仍为最主要的控制离子。EC在全剖面上的空间分布受控于 Na⁺、SO₄^2-;50 ~70 cm 土层主要受Na⁺与Cl^-的控制,其他土层与全剖面相同。 pH受控于CO₃^2-;除0~10 cm土层受HCO^-₃影响外,其他土层与全剖面相同。SAR在全剖面的空间分布受环境因子的影响较小,除50~70 cm土层受Cl^-因子的制约外,0~50 cm土层未表现出明显的控制因子。     

乌鲁木齐大气总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）离子化学组分及影响因素

利用2009年乌鲁木齐4个大气总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）观测站点资料,采用离子色谱仪分析了TSP中水溶性离子成分。结果表明：① 2009年乌鲁木齐市区3站总离子浓度为151.28 μg/m³,白杨沟为40.83 μg/m³。4站NO₃^-/SO4^2-比值较小,表明乌鲁木齐大气污染主要来自于固定污染源。② 2009年乌鲁木齐4站TSP中SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺的浓度高于其他各离子,各站离子浓度有明显的季节变化特征,采暖期各离子浓度明显增加,SO₄^2-、NO₃^-增幅最大。③ 对各主要离子进行相关性分析,得到NH₄⁺与SO₄^2-的相关系数为0.828,与NO₃^-的相关系数为0.659,说明铵盐化合物主要以硫酸铵和硝酸铵的形式存在;SO₄^2-与NO₃^-的相关性很大,相关系数为0.973,表明二者主要来自二氧化硫和氮氧化物,排放方式与在大气中的传输途径较一致;地壳元素Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺有很好的相关性,相关系数是0.914,表明二者来源相似,可能主要来自风沙土壤尘、道路尘和建筑尘。     

石羊河流域中下游浅层地下水水化学特征及其成因

为系统研究石羊河流域中下游浅层地下水水化学特征及主要离子来源,于2018年6-8月采集地下水水化学样品62组。综合运用数理统计、Gibbs图、离子比例关系和水文地球化学模拟等方法,分析了石羊河流域中下游浅层地下水的水文地球化学特征,探讨了水化学演化过程及主要离子来源。结果表明:研究区浅层地下水在水平方向上呈现明显的水化学分带,从中游至下游地下水水化学类型由SO4·HCO3-Na·Ca型过渡为SO4·Cl-Na·Mg型,TDS含量也随之升高,流域中游为TDS含量小于1g/L的淡水,至下游演化为TDS含量高于1g/L的微咸水和咸水。该区浅层地下水水化学组分主要受水岩作用和蒸发浓缩作用控制,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺主要来源于硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩的溶解,碳酸盐岩以白云石风化溶解为主,部分水样点存在方解石的风化溶解,阳离子交换作用是影响研究区地下水化学组分的重要过程。模拟结果表明沿地下水流向,地下水离子组分浓度呈递增趋势,岩盐、白云石和石膏发生溶解,方解石沉淀;从中游到下游地下水中阳离子交换作用越来越强烈,且阳离子交换作用强于溶解沉淀作用。     

塔里木河流域水化学组成分布特征

于2010年6月对塔里木河干流及主要支流地表水进行水化学采样,共设25个点采集50个样品。分析表明：塔里木河干流水体中阳离子Na⁺+K⁺＞Ca²⁺＞Mg²⁺,与南北侧支流Na⁺+K⁺＞Mg²⁺＞Ca²⁺存在显著差异,但均以Na⁺+K⁺为主,阳离子浓度分别占干流、南北侧支流的68.6%、62.6%和62.5%。与1965年对应采样点同月份水化学成分相比,塔里木河流域主要可溶性离子浓度增幅较大,整体平均增加8.0倍,尤其是Cl^-达21.7倍,这可能是近年来塔里木河流域气温上升降水增加等自然因素,间接促进降水过程中水化学侵蚀地表可溶性物质所致。同时,流域内工农业快速发展,生活污水、工农业废水大量排放到塔里木河,这可能是影响塔里木河水质变化的重要因素之一。     

南太行山前冲积平原潜水水化学特征及控制因素分析

南太行山前冲积平原地下水分带性明显，区域内人类活动频繁导致地下水化学组分来源复杂。为明确位于南太行山前冲积平原区水文地球化学特征及影响因素，获取了潜水水样109组以及44组氢氧同位素样品。通过水化学特征分析、离子比例系数法及水文地球化学模拟等手段，明确潜水在南太行山前冲积平原地区水化学类型表现为HCO₃·Cl·SO₄-Ca·Na及Cl·SO₄·HCO₃-Ca·Na,浅层地下水位降落漏斗区转变为HCO₃·Cl·SO₄-Ca·Na;研究区内主要受控因素有水岩作用、蒸发浓缩作用、离子交换作用以及人类活动的影响。区内沿地下水流向，平原区内方解石、白云石及石膏等矿物均溶解，浅层漏斗区内方解石过饱和沉淀，白云石和石膏溶解程度增强，同时浅层漏斗区具有强烈的Ca²⁺与Na⁺的阳离子交换作用。平原区主要受控因素为蒸发浓缩作用，浅层漏斗区内受控因素主要以水岩作用、阳离子交换作用为主，其中部分地区受控于工业化活动影响。该研究对南太行山...     

博尔塔拉河上游河谷地区水化学特征及水质评价

为了解博尔塔拉河上游河谷地区地下水和地表水水化学特征及水质状况,以36组水样数据为基础,运用Piper图、相关性分析、Gibbs图和离子比值等方法研究水化学特征及其影响因素,采用熵权-贝叶斯水质评价模型、Wilcox图和USSL图等方法进行水质评价。水化学分析结果显示：（1）研究区机井水、泉水和河水均为弱碱性淡水,总硬度（TH）、溶解性总固体（TDS）、F^-和NO₃^-整体表现为：机井水>泉水>河水,HCO₃^-和Ca²⁺分别为优势阴、阳离子,博尔塔拉河上游水中各组分含量沿程呈增加趋势;（2）区内机井水和泉水水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型为主,河水水化学类型主要为HCO₃-Ca型和HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Na型,水化学特征主要受控于岩石风化作用,水化学组分主要来源碳酸盐岩风化,且存在蒸发盐岩溶解,同时也受阳离子交换作用和人类活动的影响。饮用水水质评价显示,82.6...     

Chemical characteristics of precipitation and the indicative significance for sand dust events in the northern and southern slopes of Wushaoling Mountain,northwestern China

Precipitation chemistry analysis is essential to evaluate the atmospheric environmental quality and identify the sources of atmospheric pollutants. In this study, we collected a total of 480 precipitation samples at 6 sampling sites in the northern and southern slopes of Wushaoling Mountain from May 2013 to July 2014 to analyze the chemical characteristics of precipitation and to identify the main sources of ions in precipitation. Furthermore, we also explored the indicative significance for sand dust events in the northern and southern slopes of Wushaoling Mountain based on the precipitation chemistry analysis.During the sampling period(from May 2013 to July 2014), the p H values, EC(electrical conductivity)values and concentrations of cations(Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), Na~+, K~+ and NH_4~+) and anions(SO_4~(2–), NO_3~–, Cl~–, NO_2~– and F~–) in precipitation were different in the northern and southern slopes at daily and seasonal time scales, with most of the values being higher in the northern slope than in the southern slope. The chemical type of precipitation in the southern and northern slopes was the same, i.e.,SO_4~(2–)-Ca~(2+)-NO_3~–-Na~+. The concentrations of ions in precipitation were mainly controlled by terrigenous material and anthropogenic activities(with an exception of Cl~–). The concentration of Cl~– in precipitation was mainly controlled by the sea salt fraction. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl~– showed an increasing trend after the occurrence of sand dust events both in the northern and southern slopes. In addition, after the occurrence of sand dust events, the concentrations of K~+, Mg~(2+), SO_4~(2–), NO_3~– and Ca~(2+) showed an increasing trend in the southern slope and a decreasing trend in the northern slope. It is our hope that the results may be helpful to further understand the atmospheric pollution caused by sand dust events in the Wushaoling Mountain and can also provide a scientific basis for the effective prevention of atmospheric pollution.     

Variation of soil physical-chemical characteristics in salt-affected soil in the Qarhan Salt Lake,Qaidam Basin

Soil salinization has adverse effects on the soil physical-chemical characteristics.However,little is known about the changes in soil salt ion concentrations and other soil physical-chemical characteristics within the Qarhan Salt Lake and at different soil depths in the surrounding areas.Here,we selected five sampling sites(S1,S2,S3,S4,and S5)alongside the Qarhan Salt Lake and in the Xidatan segment of the Kunlun Mountains to investigate the relationship among soil salt ion concentrations,soil physical-chemical characteristics,and environmental variables in April 2019.The results indicated that most sites had strongly saline and very strongly saline conditions.The main salt ions present in the soil were Na⁺,K⁺,and Cl^-.Soil nutrients and soil microbial biomass(SMB)were significantly affected by the salinity(P<0.05).Moreover,soil salt ions(Na⁺,K⁺,Ca2+,Mg²⁺,Cl^-,CO₃^2-,SO₄^2-,and HCO₃^-)were positively correlated with electrical conductivity(EC)and soil water content(SWC),but negatively related to altitude and soil depth.Unlike soil salt ions,soil nutrients and SMB were positively correlated with altitude,but negatively related to EC and SWC.Moreover,soil nutrients and SMB were negatively correlated with soil salt ions.In conclusion,soil nutrients and SMB were mainly influenced by salinity,and were related to altitude,soil depth,and SWC in the areas from the Qarhan Salt Lake to the Xidatan segment.These results imply that the soil quality(mainly evaluated by soil physical-chemical characteristics)is mainly influenced by soil salt ions in the areas surrounding the Qarhan Salt Lake.Our results provide an accurate prediction of how the soil salt ions,soil nutrients,and SMB respond to the changes along a salt gradient.The underlying mechanisms controlling the soil salt ion distribution,soil nutrients,and SMB in an extremely arid desert climate playa should be studied in greater detail in the future.     

Soil water repellency and influencing factors of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas at different succession stages

Soil water repellency(WR) is an important physical characteristic of soil surface. It is capable of largely influencing the hydrological and geomorphological processes of soil, as well as affecting the ecological processes of plants, such as growth and seed germination, and has thus been a hot topic in recent research around the world. In this paper, the capillary rise method was used to study the soil WR characteristics of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas. Soil water repellencies at different succession stages of Nitraria tangutorun were investigated, and the relationships between soil WR and soil organic matter, total N, and total P, soil texture, pH, and concentrations of CO3 2-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO4 2-, Na+, K+, Ca2+and Mg2+were discussed. Soil WR may be demonstrated at the following nebkhas dune evolvement stages: extremely degradeddegradedstabilizedwell developednewly developedquick sand. Apart from some soil at the bottom, the WR of other soils(crest and slope of dune) was found to be largest at the topsoil, and decreased as the soil depth increased. The results showed that multiple factors affected soil WR characteristics, e.g. WR increased significantly as the contents of soil organic matter and total N increased, but did not change as the total P content increased. Soil texture was a key factor affecting soil WR; soil WR increased significantly as clay content increased, and decreased significantly as sand content increased. Low pH was shown to be more suitable for the occurrence of soil WR. Four cations(Ca2+, Mg2+, K+and Na+) and two anions(Cl-and SO4 2-) enhanced soil WR, while CO3 2-decreased it. HCO3-did not show any observable effect. Finally, we established a best-fit general linear model(GLM) between soil-air-water contact angle(CA) and influencing factors(CA=5.606 sand+6.496(clay and silt)–2.353 pH+470.089 CO3 2-+11.346 Na+–407.707 Cl-–14.245 SO4 2-+0.734 total N–519.521). It was concluded that all soils contain subcritical WR(0°CA90°). The development and succession of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas may improve the formation of soil subcritical WR. There exist significant relationships between soils subcritical WR and soil physical or chemical properties.     

Soil microbial activity and community structure as affected by exposure to chloride and chloride-sulfate salts

Mixed or chloride salty ions dominate in saline soils, and exert wide-ranging adversely affect on soil biological processes and soil functions. The objectives of this study were to(1) explore the impacts of mixed(0, 3, 6, 10, 20 and 40 g Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)salt/kg dry soil) and chloride(0, 1.5, 3, 5, 8 and 15 g Cl~– salt/kg dry soil) salts on soil enzyme activities, soil physiological functional(Biolog) profiles and microbial community structure by using soil enzymatic, Biolog-Eco microplates as well as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DEEG) methods, and(2) determine the threshold concentration of soil electronic conductivity(EC_(1:5)) on maintaining the functional and structural diversity of soil microbial community. The addition of either Cl~– or mixed Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)salt obviously increased soil EC, but adversely affected soil biological activities including soil invertase activity, soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and substrate-induced respiration(SIR). Cl~– salt showed a greater deleterious influence than mixed Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)salt on soil enzymes and MBC, e.g., the higher soil MBC consistently appeared with Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)instead of Cl– treated soil. Meanwhile, we found that SIR was more reliable than soil basal respiration(SBR) on explaining the changes of soil biological activity responsive to salt disturbance. In addition, microbial community structures of the soil bacteria, fungi, and Bacillus were obviously affected by both salt types and soil EC levels, and its diversity increased with increasing of mixed Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)salt rates, and then sharply declined down after it reached critical point. Moreover, the diversity of fungal community was more sensitive to the mixed salt addition than other groups. The response of soil physiological profiles(Biolog) followed a dose-response pattern with Cl~–(R~2=0.83) or mixed Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)(R~2=0.89) salt. The critical threshold concentrations of salts for soil physiological function were 0.45 d S/m for Cl~– and 1.26 d S/m for Cl~–/SO_4~(2–), and those for soil microbial community structural diversity were 0.70 d S/m for Cl~– and 1.75 d S/m for Cl~–/SO_4~(2–).     

东天山哈密榆树沟流域夏季降水的化学特征研究

2013年5-8月按照GB13580.2-92规定的大气降水采样方法,采集了东天山喀尔力克山南坡榆树沟流域32场降水,进行了pH、EC及离子组成的测定,并运用综合描述法、相关性分析、气团来源轨迹、富集因子及端源贡献法探究其来源。结果表明：榆树沟流域夏季降水的pH平均值为6.8,呈弱酸性;电导率在3.79~239 μs·cm^-1,受降水量影响明显;阴阳离子质量浓度的平均值分别是SO₄^2->NO3^->Cl^->F^-和Ca2⁺> NH4⁺>Na⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺;SO42^-、NO3^-、F^-和NH4⁺主要来自于人类活动;Cl^-基本来自海盐源,受地壳源的影响甚微;Na⁺的来源受海盐源和陆源共同影响;Ca2⁺和K⁺来自于非海盐源的贡献。     

Origin and circulation of saline springs in the Kuqa Basin of the Tarim Basin,Northwest China

It is widely accepted that hydrogeochemistry of saline springs is extremely important to understand the water circulation and evolution of saline basins and to evaluate the potential of potassium-rich evaporites.The Kuqa Basin,located in the northern part of the Tarim Basin in Northwest China,is a saline basin regarded as the most potential potash-seeking area.However,the origin and water circulation processes of saline springs have yet to be fully characterized in this saline basin.In this study,a total of 30 saline spring samples and 11 river water samples were collected from the Qiulitage Structural Belt(QSB)of the Kuqa Basin.They were analyzed for major(K^+,Ca2^+,Na^+,Mg2^+,SO42-,Cl-and HCO3-)and trace(Sr2^+and Br-)ion concentrations,stable H-O-Sr isotopes and tritium concentrations in combination with previously published hydrogeochemical and isotopic(H-O)data in the same area.It is found that the water chemical type of saline springs in the study area belonged to the Na-Cl type,and that of river water belonged to the Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO4 type.The total dissolved solid(TDS)of saline springs in the QSB ranged from 117.77 to 314.92 g/L,reaching the brine level.On the basis of the general chemical compositions and the characteristics of the stable H-O-Sr isotopes of saline springs,we infer that those saline springs mainly originated from precipitation following river water recharging.In addition,we found that saline springs were not formed by evapo-concentration because it is unlikely that the high chloride concentration of saline springs resulted in evapo-concentration and high salinity.Therefore,we conclude that saline spring water may have experienced intense evapo-concentration before dissolving the salty minerals or after returning to the surface.The results show that the origin of salinity was mainly dominated by dissolving salty minerals due to the river water and/or precipitation that passed through the halite-rich stratum.Moreover,there are two possible origins of saline springs in the QSB:one is the infiltration of the meteoric water(river water),which then circulates deep into the earth,wherein it dissolves salty minerals,travels along the fault and returns to the surface;another is the mixture of formation water,or the mixture of seawater or marine evaporate sources and its subsequent discharge to the surface under fault conditions.Our findings provide new insight into the possible saltwater circulation and evolution of saline basins in the Tarim Basin.     

石河子市浅层地下水化学特征及其成因分析

为研究新疆石河子市地下水化学特征及成因,采用描述性统计和Piper三线图对研究区19个潜水和25个浅层承压水水样的主要离子组分含量及水化学类型进行统计分析,并运用Schoeller图、Gibbs图和离子比值图等方法分析影响研究区地下水化学特征形成的主要因素。结果表明:石河子市浅层地下水为低矿化度的弱碱性水,水化学类型以HCO3-Ca和HCO3·SO4^-Ca型为主,其次是HCO3·SO4^-Na型。影响潜水水化学特征的主要是岩石风化作用和地表水蒸发浓缩后的渗透补给,影响浅层承压水水化学特征的主要因素是岩石风化作用;地下水中少量Ca^2+和Mg2+来自碳酸盐的溶解,一部分Ca^2+来自硫酸盐的溶解,Na^+和Cl^-主要来自岩盐的溶解;γ(Na+-Cl-)与γ(Ca^2++Mg^2+)-γ(HCO3^-+SO4^2+)呈负相关关系,表明阳离子交换作用也是浅层地下水中化学组分形成的重要作用之一。