植物内生细菌在棉花体内的定殖动态及对棉花黄萎病的生物防治效果

为明确植物内生细菌在棉花体内的定殖规律及对棉花黄萎病防治效果的影响,采用对峙培养法筛选对大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae Kleb.抑菌活性强的植物内生细菌,通过形态及生理生化特征并结合16S r DNA和gyr B基因分析鉴定菌株;利用抗生素标记法及盆栽试验研究其在棉花体内的定殖动态及对棉花黄萎病的防治效果。结果表明:共筛选到3株对大丽轮枝菌具有强抑菌活性的菌株SZ5、DP10和CCM9,其中SZ5为蜡样芽胞杆菌Bacillus cereus,定殖在棉花根部、茎部和叶部,DP10和CCM9为枯草芽胞杆菌B.subtilis,定殖在棉花根部和茎部,3株菌在棉花根部的定殖数量均在10~3CFU/g以上;棉花苗沾根分别接入3株内生细菌10 d后再接种大丽轮枝菌孢子悬浮液,对棉花黄萎病的防治效果达79.52%~89.79%,而3株内生细菌沾根接种后立即移栽到含有大丽轮枝菌的土壤中对棉花黄萎病的防治效果为23.77%~36.03%。表明不同内生细菌菌株在棉花体内的定殖规律不同;且在棉苗中定殖一定数量后,才能对棉花黄萎病产生较高的防治效果。     

接种球孢白僵菌提高烟草对蚜虫和白粉菌的抗性

球孢白僵菌既是一种广泛用于农林及卫生害虫生物防治的昆虫病原真菌,也是多种植物的内生真菌。为探索球孢白僵菌的应用新途径,以烟草为供试植物,研究外源接种球孢白僵菌5株不同菌株对定殖以及植株抗虫抗病的影响。结果表明,不同菌株在烟草中的定殖率存在明显差异,且随着时间的延长,植株中定殖菌株的检出率下降。不同接种方法的定殖效果差异明显,其中叶面喷雾接种的定殖效果优于浸根接种。叶面接种的球孢白僵菌可正常萌发和生长,菌丝定殖于叶面组织内部。叶面接种球孢白僵菌对烟蚜产生明显的趋避性,而且提高了烟草对白粉病菌的抗性。     

番茄早疫病生防细菌B731的分离、鉴定及抑菌防病作用

利用对峙培养法,从分离自番茄根部土壤的细菌中筛选得1株对番茄早疫病菌具强拮抗活性的菌株B731.根据形态特征、生理生化反应及16S rDNA序列分析将其鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis.该菌在初始pH 7.0的NB培养液、装液量25 mL(250 mL锥形瓶)、28℃、120 r/min培养24～48 h抑菌能力最大,抑菌带宽达1.24 cm,且其在番茄植株及根际土壤中有很强的定殖能力.接种15d后,在番茄植株叶片或果实表面,其定殖量可保持在2×102 cfu/cm2以上;而在番茄根际土壤中,其定殖量可达104 cfu/g.菌株B731的代谢产物能有效抑制番茄早疫病菌分生孢子的萌发和菌丝生长,抑制率分别高达89.72％和82.62％.喷施于叶面,具有很好的防病效果,预防处理防效可高达81.83％.     

一株砂生槐内生真菌的鉴定及抑菌活性测定

为研究西藏特有藏药植物砂生槐内生真菌SY01对常见植物病原菌的抑菌效果,采用皿内拮抗试验测定了内生菌SY01菌株及其发酵液萃取物对12种植物病原菌的抑菌效果,并结合形态学特征和ITS序列对菌株SY01进行鉴定。结果表明,菌株SY01对葡萄灰霉病病菌的抑菌效果很好,对峙培养8 d后抑菌率为40%,抑菌带宽度达到4mm;对小麦根腐病病菌、草莓灰霉病病菌的抑菌效果也较好,达到30%以上。菌株SY01的发酵液萃取物(200μg/mL)对供试病原菌均有抑制作用。对峙培养7 d时,对小麦全蚀病病菌、猕猴桃干枯病病菌和稻瘟病病菌的抑菌效果达到55%以上;对番茄灰霉病病菌、苹果褐腐病病菌和小麦根腐病病菌抑菌率达到50%以上;对草莓灰霉病病菌和葡萄灰霉病病菌的抑菌率均达到46%以上;对马铃薯干腐病病菌抑菌率为28.89%;对油菜菌核病、甜瓜镰刀病病菌和棉花黄萎病病菌的抑菌率均达40%以上;其抑菌效果与药剂对照18 mg/mL的多菌灵溶液的效果相当。结合形态学和分子生物学特征将菌株SY01鉴定为黑色毛壳(Chaetomium nigricolor)。     

三个拮抗菌株对辣椒青枯病的作用机制

对辣椒青枯病菌生物防治机制的研究中发现，J2菌株(沙雷氏菌)的无抑菌能力突变株只保留了15．5％的防病效果，比野生型J2菌株的防效降低了77．6％，推测其生物防治功能主要依赖于抑菌能力。未检测出其定殖的J3菌株(假单胞菌)突变株，对青枯病的防治效果只有7．7％，比野生型J3菌株下降了90．0％，推测J3菌株主要依赖于在植株根部的定殖竞争能力。分根试验表明，BB11菌株(芽孢杆菌)的防病功能主要依赖于诱导抗性作用，亦有抑菌作用的因素。菌株J2、J3和BB11在灭菌土和自然土中均有良好的定殖表现。     

枯草芽胞杆菌PTS-394的GFP标记及其定殖能力

为探明枯草芽胞杆菌PTS-394在番茄根围的定殖能力,采用电转化法获得绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescent protein,GFP）标记菌株PTS-GFP,构建其生长曲线,采用对峙生长法评价其室内抑菌活性,并应用抗生素平板回收结合激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察标记菌株在番茄根围的定殖数量。结果显示：与原始菌株PTS-394相比,标记菌株PTS-GFP的生长、对青枯病菌和4种病原真菌的室内抑菌能力无明显差异。标记菌株PTS-GFP和青枯病菌菌液单独或混合处理番茄苗,灌根当天标记菌株初始菌量接近10⁸ CFU/g,处理3 d后种群数量迅速下降,约10⁶ CFU/g,随后缓慢下降,处理10 d后种群数量约10⁴ CFU/g,处理30 d后,标记菌株仍然能被检测到,约20 CFU/g。表明枯草芽胞杆菌PTS-394在番茄根际土壤中具有一定的定殖能力。     

雷帕霉素对4种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌、油菜菌核病菌、水稻纹枯病菌和棉花枯萎病菌的抑菌活性,比较了嘧菌酯、丙烷脒及雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌效果,并通过电子显微镜观察了雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:雷帕霉素对供试4种植物病原真菌菌丝均表现出了极强的抑制活性,其中对油菜菌核病菌的抑制作用最强,EC50值为2.23×10-4μg/mL,对番茄灰霉病菌、水稻纹枯病菌和棉花枯萎病菌的EC50值分别为1.32×10-3、4.05×10-3及3.82×10-3μg/mL;雷帕霉素对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝的抑制活性显著高于嘧菌酯(EC50值为3.24μg/mL)和丙烷脒(EC50值为3.81μg/mL)。电镜观察发现,经雷帕霉素处理后,番茄灰霉病菌菌丝表现出提前衰老等症状。研究结果可为深入探讨雷帕霉素对植物病原真菌的作用机制奠定基础。     

枯草芽孢杆菌Bs-15在枣树体内和土壤中的定殖及其对土壤微生物多样性的影响

为明确枯草芽孢杆菌Bs-15在枣树定殖能力及其对土壤微生物多样性的影响,本研究通过盆栽试验研究了菌株Bs-15在枣树体内和土壤中的定殖情况,通过固体平板法和Biolog方法分析了菌株Bs-15对土壤微生物种群数量和功能多样性的影响。结果显示,通过浇灌法和涂抹叶片法,菌株Bs-15均能在枣树根、茎、叶和土壤中成功定殖,定殖量达到104 cfu/g以上的水平。接种菌株Bs-15后,土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量略有增加,而真菌数量的增长速度极显著下降。Biolog ECO微生物平板分析结果显示,菌株Bs-15提高了土壤中微生物的每孔颜色平均变化率,72 h后达到极显著差异;提高土壤微生物多样性指数,其中Shannon多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和McIntosh多样性指数的差异达到极显著水平,Simpson均匀度和McIntosh均匀度的差异达到显著水平。本研究结果表明菌株Bs-15具有良好的定殖能力,提高了土壤微生物的整体活性以及土壤微生物种群和功能多样性。     

抑菌圈－定殖力双重测定法筛选青枯病生防细菌

本研究首先用平皿抑菌圈法筛选出５５个拮抗青枯菌的细菌菌株，将番茄幼苗在各菌菌悬液中浸根１２ｈ后栽种于温室未灭菌的土壤中，结果发现，有２２个菌株在幼苗根部的定殖能力较强（终定殖密度大于１０４ｃｆｕ／ｇ根），其中革兰氏阴性土壤细菌占同类菌的８６．３％，革兰氏阳性土壤细菌占同类菌的１３．０％，１０个无致病力产细菌素的青枯菌菌株在根部的终定殖密度均低于１０４ｃｆｕ／ｇ根，其定殖能力弱于致病青枯菌。有１７个拮抗菌菌株在番茄幼苗根部的定殖密度超过所有致病菌。温室生防结果证明，抑菌圈－定殖力双重测定法对于筛选生防菌株是一种行之有效的方法     

非致病性尖孢镰刀菌FJAT-9290的定殖特性及对番茄枯萎病的防治效果

为评价非致病性尖孢镰刀菌FJAT-9290对不同植物的致病性和定殖能力,利用该菌株所含的无毒基因SIX1特异性检测引物P12-R1/P12-F2跟踪其在不同植物中的侵入与定殖情况,并研究其对番茄植株生长特性的影响及对番茄枯萎病的防治效果。结果显示,接种120 d内,菌株FJAT-9290对所供试的11种植物均未造成危害,但在侵入时间与定殖方面存在差异。该菌株最易侵入番茄植株,接种第5天即可在茎基部检测到;其次为甜椒、甜瓜、西瓜和香蕉等植株,接种10 d时可在茎基部检测到;但在韭菜、香葱和马唐草上均未检测到。该菌株在番茄与茄子植株的定殖时间最长,达90 d;其次为甜椒、香蕉和粉蕉,至少60 d;在甜瓜、西瓜和黄瓜上为40~50 d。该菌株能促进番茄植株生长,显著提高其株高和叶片数量,对番茄枯萎病的盆栽与田间防治效果分别达76.70%和69.56%。表明菌株FJAT-9290具有良好的定殖能力且对番茄枯萎病具有较好的防治效果。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.