不同栽培措施和药剂对油菜茎象甲防治效果及对油菜的影响

研究不同栽培措施和7种药剂对油菜茎象甲防治效果及对油菜农艺和产量性状的影响。结果表明,初春漫灌浇水一次在田间应用和小区试验中对茎象甲成虫的防治效果分别为18.09%和19.91%,为害株率比对照CK分别降低30.37%和32.11%,浇水施肥处理试验组油菜株高比CK提高76.84%,含油量提高2.9百分点,单株产量比对照提高37.7%;25%甲维·氯虫苯EC 150 g/hm~2处理对茎象甲成虫防治效果最高,达85.45%,为害株率比CK降低75.8%,其次为20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC 150 g/hm~2,防治效果达到80.21%,两种药剂处理可使油菜农艺性状株高、分枝部位、一次分枝数、主花序长比对照显著提高,一次分枝长度则显著降低,单株产量分别比对照提高47.16%和36.76%,含油量分别提高2.63和2.93百分点;其他药剂处理对油菜茎象甲成虫防治效果在49.69%～69.23%之间,防治效果较差。     

药剂拌种结合土壤处理对小麦全蚀病的防效

选用5种种衣剂分别拌种,结合播前以20%三唑酮乳油处理土壤,在河南博爱开展小麦全蚀病防治试验,调查各药剂处理的安全性、防治全蚀病的效果以及对产量的影响。结果表明,使用3%苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂处理麦种防治小麦全蚀病的效果最优:处理后的小麦出苗整齐、生长健壮、未见药害;拔节期病株防效为98.62%,乳熟期白穗防效为92.04%;处理区小麦产量较清水对照区增加54.37%,均为各处理中最高。     

滴灌施药对覆膜玉米茎腐病防效及产量影响

在辽西风沙半干旱地区,开展了人工接种茎腐病病原菌条件下覆膜滴灌施用多菌灵和戊唑醇防治玉米茎腐病效果研究.结果表明:滴灌施用50％多菌灵WP和25％戊唑醇WP对玉米茎腐病防治效果均在54％以上,两年平均防效最高的是25％戊唑醇可湿性粉剂140 g/667 m2滴灌处理,达到72.60％,平均产量为948.94 kg/66...     

不同杀菌剂对油菜根肿病的防效及对油菜产量损失的影响

本研究使用5种杀菌剂和1种微肥于油菜苗期2~3片真叶期进行灌根处理,以传统的石灰处理方法比较,评价不同处理对油菜根肿病的防治效果和对油菜产量损失的影响。5种杀菌剂处理、微肥以及石灰处理均对油菜根肿病有较好的防效,其中50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂防效达90.82%;从产量损失方面比较,10%氰霜唑悬浮剂、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂,75%百菌清可湿性粉剂和60%硫磺·敌磺钠可湿性粉剂处理可显著减少根肿病引起的产量损失;50%氟啶胺悬浮剂处理较对照增产不显著,而且对油菜生长有抑制作用;油菜根肿病的病情指数与油菜产量呈显著的负相关性,相关系数r=-0.796 2,油菜产量(y)与病情指数(x)的回归方程为y=-32.65x+2 372。     

6种杀菌剂对马铃薯黑痣病菌的毒力和拌种防效

为了探索马铃薯黑痣病高效防控技术,本研究选择240 g/L噻呋酰胺SC、20％嘧菌酯WG、10％苯醚甲环唑ME、0.3％四霉素AS、100万孢子/g寡雄腐霉WP、1％申嗪霉素SC等6种杀菌剂进行室内毒力测定和田间拌种防效试验.结果显示,6种杀菌剂对马铃薯黑痣病菌均有抑菌作用,其中1％申嗪霉素SC、20％嘧菌酯WG、0....     

循化县杂交油菜茎象甲的发生条件与综合防治技术

<正>近年来,杂交油菜在循化县迅速发展,成为农民增收的新亮点。油菜茎象甲(Ceuthorrhynchus asperRoel)是为害杂交油菜的主要害虫。主要以幼虫在茎     

药剂拌种对大麦越冬前和拔节期纹枯病的防效

为明确不同拌种剂对大麦生育期纹枯病的田间防效,用戊唑醇、咯菌腈、苯醚甲环唑不同剂量拌种,调查对越冬和拔节期大麦生长发育的影响及对纹枯病的防效.结果表明,经2.5％咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、3％苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂拌种处理后,大麦出苗率和幼苗期株高与对照差异不显著;经2％戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂拌种处理后,大麦出苗率和幼苗期株高均低于对...     

2种药剂对春油菜苗期主要害虫的防效比较

油菜是临夏州最重要的经济作物,受多种害虫危害,尤其是苗期（子叶～7叶）。本实验在2012年设在甘肃临夏州和政县,选用2种药剂（毒死蜱与辛硫磷）来防治春油菜苗期主要害虫油菜跳蚤甲（Psylliodes punctifrons Baly）。比较了2种农药及2种施药方法对害虫防效的差异,分析防效与产量之间的线性相关性,并从中选择出适宜保苗、保产的农药。对春油菜苗期害虫防治提出了建议,为临夏州春油菜区害虫综合防治提供了一定的理论支撑。     

不同药剂对小麦白粉病防效试验

近年来小麦白粉病流行频率增加、危害加重。本文对5种防治小麦白粉病的药剂进行田间药效试验,试验结果表明,240g/L氯氟醚·吡唑酯EC(50mL/667m~2)防治小麦白粉病的效果最好,防效高达99.01%,具有良好的推广价值;除三唑酮外的三唑类单剂和复配剂防治小麦白粉病的效果较好,防效为70%左右;三唑酮对小麦白粉病的防效最差,仅50%左右。生产上要注意各类防治药剂交替使用,延缓抗药性的产生。     

Relative contribution of genotype, seed size and environment to secondary seed dormancy potential in Canadian spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

Secondary seed dormancy has been linked to seedbank persistence of volunteer oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in western Canada. It has been suggested that there is a genetic component to secondary seed dormancy expression in oilseed rape, but little is known of its importance in relation to non‐genetic factors. In a series of experiments we investigated the relative importance of genotype, seed size, time of windrowing and pre‐ and post‐harvest environment on the expression of secondary seed dormancy. We found that genotype contributed between 44 and 82% to the total variation in secondary seed dormancy. A broad range in secondary seed dormancy expression was observed among 16 genotypes examined. Nevertheless, three‐quarters of the genotypes investigated exhibited relatively high potential for the expression of secondary seed dormancy (back‐transformed mean 71% dormant seeds). Seed size contributed 21% to the total variation, while the influence of seed maturity (harvest regime) on secondary seed dormancy expression was negligible. Despite diverging environmental conditions during the four growing seasons spanning these experiments, the influence of pre‐harvest environment on seed dormancy expression was relatively small and ranged from 0.1% to 4.5%. Secondary seed dormancy potential decreased over time during seed storage. This decrease was greatest when seeds were stored at ambient temperatures and least when seeds were stored at ?70°C.     

拌种防治玉米二点委夜蛾的药剂筛选及其安全性研究

为了筛选拌种防治二点委夜蛾的有效药剂,并明确其对玉米种子萌发的安全性。本文通过培养皿法和室内盆栽试验比较了9种不同类型杀虫剂拌种对玉米种子萌发的影响以及保苗效果。结果表明,60%溴氰虫酰胺SC和20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC拌种处理效果较好,保苗效果分别达到90.02%和70.07%,可将死苗率控制在10%以内,被害指数控制在20%以内,且对玉米出苗安全。因此,60%溴氰虫酰胺SC和20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC可作为拌种防止玉米二点委夜蛾为害的有效药剂。     

药剂拌种对大麦条纹病的防治效果

选用喹啉铜、苯醚甲环唑、烯肟·戊唑醇、己唑醇、烯酰吗啉、咪鲜胺、腈菌唑等7种药剂按1∶500剂量拌种,进行大麦条纹病防效试验.结果表明,7种药剂均有一定的防病效果,尤以25％腈菌唑乳油防效最好,但综合出苗率、产量和防治效果等因素,33.5％喹啉铜悬浮剂、20％苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂可作为药剂拌种的首选药剂.     

Effects of powdery mildew and weather on winter wheat yield. 2. Effects of mildew epidemics

Wheat yield losses caused by powdery mildew were computed based on effects of the disease on leaf photosynthesis. Powdery mildew was introduced in a crop model of wheat by quantification of five parameters, taking the vertical and horizontal distribution of mildew in the crop into account. The most important parameters were those of the mildew intensity, the distribution of mildew in the crop, and the effect of mildew on assimilation at light saturation. Measured mildew epidemics in field experiments in three different years, were used to compute yield losses. Computed losses were compared to measured losses. On average, computed yield loss approached measured, but measured yield loss was underestimated, especially in early mildew epidemics due to the computation of partitioning and reallocation of assimilates. Other processes which may cause an underestimation are described. The use of crop models as a method to upgrade disease management systems is discussed.Samenvatting Opbrengstderving van wintertarwe werd berekend aan de hand van het effect dat meeldauw heeft op de blad-fotosynthese. Een rekenmodel voor de gewasgroei van tarwe werd uitgebreid met meeldauw. Met inachtneming van de vertikale en horizontale verdeling van meeldauw in het gewas, werd meeldauw in het model gekwantificeerd door vijf parameters. De belangrijkste parameters waren die van de meeldauwintensiteit, de verdeling van meeldauw in het gewas en het effect van meeldauw op de assimilatie bij een overvloed aan licht. Epidemieën van meeldauw, gemeten in veldproeven in drie verschillende jaren, werden gebruikt om opbrengstdervingen te berekenen. Gemiddeld kwam deze redelijk overeen met de in de veldproeven gemeten opbrengstderving. De gemeten opbrengstderving werd echter onderschat, vooral bij vroege epidemieën van meeldauw door de wijze waarop de (her)verdeling van assimilaten wordt berekend. Andere mechanismen, die een onderschatting van opbrengstderving kunnen veroorzaken worden besproken. Of deze modellen als methode gebruikt kunnen worden om systemen voor de geleide bestrijding van ziekten te verbeteren wordt bediscussieerd.     

植物源农药对刺梨白粉病田间防效及其品质和产量的影响

为筛选有效防治刺梨白粉病的植物源农药, 以‘贵农5号’为试材, 研究5种植物源农药对刺梨白粉病的防治效果以及对果实品质及产量的影响。结果表明, 连续两次施药后, 植物源农药对刺梨白粉病防效良好, 能提高果实品质, 增加产量; 其中, 0.5%大黄素甲醚AS、0.5%小檗碱AS药后7 d防效分别为88.09%、85.82%, 药后14 d 防效分别为82.07%、83.27%, 与化学药剂相当; 0.5%大黄素甲醚AS处理组果实品质最佳, 相对化学药剂处理果实中可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C含量分别提高22.11%、24.58%、11.26%, 抗氧化能力增强6.72%; 6%大蒜素EC、0.5%大黄素甲醚AS、0.5%小檗碱AS处理与化学药剂25%嘧菌酯SC处理相比产量无明显差异, 增产作用相当, 增产率分别为143.02%、152.29%、148.38%; 从对刺梨白粉病田间防治效果、果实品质、产量等因素综合考虑, 0.5%大黄素甲醚AS是防治刺梨白粉病的最佳植物源农药。     

论农药雾滴的剂量及分布对害虫防治效果的影响及其与农药损失的关系

为了明确农药雾滴在剂量传递中的作用方式,本文就雾滴的农药剂量和分布形式在保护作物和杀死害虫过程中的作用模式、以及由此产生的剂量损失进行了论述。农药剂量确定后,雾滴作为农药剂量的载体降落在水稻表面形成沉积点,害虫获得致死剂量后死亡。当雾滴在叶片表面呈连续的均匀分布时,害虫极易接触到药剂。如果害虫在第一时间获得致死剂量,则害虫死亡,其他剂量被浪费;如果第一时间未获得致死剂量,则害虫将继续为害,直至获得致死剂量,导致叶片受损。当雾滴累积的药液量超出叶片的流失点时,药液沉积量将减少约50%,药剂随药液流失,药液用量越多,药剂流失越多,与未流失者相比,需要2倍以上的农药剂量才能确保害虫获得致死剂量。当雾滴在叶片表面呈不连续的点状分布时:①若沉积点大小合适并含有致死剂量,则害虫接触沉积点后死亡,但若沉积点数量太少,则害虫在接触沉积点前会对水稻叶片造成伤害;②若沉积点太小并不足致死剂量,则害虫接触沉积点后仍继续为害叶片直至获得致死剂量;③若沉积点太大,虽含有致死剂量,但害虫只能接触该沉积点的小部分,不能获得致死剂量,则害虫可能在沉积点的范围内继续为害,也可能在几个沉积点的缝隙间为害直至获得致死剂量;④当沉积点的剂量超出致死剂量,则害虫接触沉积点后死亡,超出致死剂量的那部分农药被浪费。总之杀死害虫和保护作物需要有足够多的农药沉积点,而单位面积上沉积点的数量、大小和剂量即可组成农药的沉积结构,不同的沉积结构会产生不同的杀虫效果,最终影响农药利用率。     

Risk posed to honeybees (Apis mellifera L,Hymenoptera) by an imidacloprid seed dressing of sunflowers

In a greenhouse metabolism study, sunflowers were seed‐treated with radiolabelled imidacloprid in a 700 g kg^?1 WS formulation (Gaucho® WS 70) at 0.7 mg AI per seed, and the nature of the resulting residues in nectar and pollen was determined. Only the parent compound and no metabolites were detected in nectar and pollen of these seed‐treated sunflower plants (limit of detection <0.001 mg kg^?1). In standard LD₅₀ laboratory tests, imidacloprid showed high oral toxicity to honeybees (Apis mellifera), with LD₅₀ values between 3.7 and 40.9 ng per bee, corresponding to a lethal food concentration between 0.14 and 1.57 mg kg^?1. The residue level of imidacloprid in nectar and pollen of seed‐treated sunflower plants in the field was negligible. Under field‐growing conditions no residues were detected (limit of detection: 0.0015 mg kg^?1) in either nectar or pollen. There were also no detectable residues in nectar and pollen of sunflowers planted as a succeeding crop in soils which previously had been cropped with imidacloprid seed‐treated plants. Chronic feeding experiments with sunflower honey fortified with 0.002, 0.005, 0.010 and 0.020 mg kg^?1 imidacloprid were conducted to assess potential long‐term adverse effects on honeybee colonies. Testing end‐points in this 39‐day feeding study were mortality, feeding activity, wax/comb production, breeding performance and colony vitality. Even at the highest test concentration, imidacloprid showed no adverse effects on the development of the exposed bee colonies. This no‐adverse‐effect concentration of 0.020 mg kg^?1 compares with a field residue level of less than 0.0015 mg kg^?1 ( = limit of detection in the field residue studies) which clearly shows that a sunflower seed dressing with imidacloprid poses no risk to honeybees. This conclusion is confirmed by observations made in more than 10 field studies and several tunnel tests. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry