CO2浓度增加对半干旱区马铃薯生长动态及产量、品质的影响

为了解CO₂浓度升高条件下马铃薯生长动态及其产量、品质的变化特征,在典型半干旱区（甘肃定西）利用开顶式气室(OTC)试验平台,以马铃薯‘新大坪’为供试品种,设对照(390 μmol·mol^-1)和590 μmol·mol^-1共2个CO₂浓度梯度,开展CO₂浓度增加模拟试验。结果表明：CO₂浓度增加至590 μmol·mol^-1时,马铃薯发育加快,生育期提前,全生育期天数缩短3 d;CO₂浓度升高对马铃薯株高、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和叶片水势有明显促进作用。随着生育进程的推移,马铃薯地上部干物质生产对CO₂浓度的响应值呈现先变大再变小的趋势。CO₂浓度增加促进了马铃薯块茎产量的提高,单株结薯数和单株薯块质量也有所增加。与对照相比,590 μmol·mol^-1CO₂处理马铃薯块茎水分、蛋白质、维生素C含量以及铁、锌、铜元素含量分别下降3.43%、11.78%、13.09%、25.58%、31.94%和9.76%,而粗淀粉、粗脂肪、粗纤维和还原糖含量分别增加10.56%、240.00%、14.28%、106.38%。     

覆膜对宁南山区马铃薯光合特性和产量的影响

以青薯9号原种为材料，采用大田单因素随机区组设计，以不覆膜为对照，研究了覆盖黑膜和白膜对马铃薯光合特性、荧光参数、干物质积累以及产量的影响。结果表明：与不覆膜相比，覆膜条件下马铃薯净光合速率提高0.4~3.0个百分点，气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度平均增加31.45%和6.58%，Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、PI分别提高了2.47%、12.18%、20.93%；蒸腾速率在马铃薯生育前期覆膜比不覆膜降低20.82%，而后期却比对照增加8.55%，热耗散量子比率Fo/Fm覆膜较不覆膜处理降低7.11%，差异达显著水平；覆膜比不覆膜处理条件下马铃薯干物质积累量增加0.25~1.86个百分点，大薯率和中薯率分别增加33.78%，15.73%，每公顷产量增加43.08%，其中黑膜处理的各项指标优于白膜，黑膜比白膜和不覆膜增产16.86%、54.20%，差异达显著水平。因此，覆膜处理可以显著提高马铃薯的光合性能、荧光参数和产量，有效缓解干旱等逆境引起的马铃薯的衰老，减轻干旱对马铃薯的危害。在宁南山区，马铃薯采用黑色地膜覆盖栽培技术具有延缓叶片衰老和增加产量的作用。     

马铃薯抗旱栽培土壤含水量及产量效益研究

于2014年在宣威市农业技术示范基地开展了玉米间作马铃薯集雨保墒抗旱栽培复合技术试验研究。试验处理包括：T₁：玉米+开沟覆膜‖马铃薯;T₂：玉米+打塘覆膜‖马铃薯;T₃：玉米+平作覆膜‖马铃薯;T₄：玉米平作覆膜单作;T₅：马铃薯单作。结果表明,T₁和T₂处理玉米土壤含水量均高于其它处理,T₁、T₂处理0～7.6 cm土层玉米平均土壤含水量比T₄处理最多增加28.32%,0～20 cm土层最多增加28.12%;间作处理马铃薯的土壤含水量均高于马铃薯单作,T₁、T₂处理马铃薯平均土壤含水量在0～7.6 cm和0～20 cm两个土层分别比T₅处理最多增加23.52%和12.78%;T₁、T₂处理玉米产量、复合产量和土地当量比（LER）均高于T₃处理,其中,T₂处理的土地当量比最大（LER=1.20）,比T₃处理增加10.52%,产量效益明显。     

外源水杨酸对连作马铃薯生长发育及抗性生理的影响

探讨了不同浓度外源水杨酸处理对连作马铃薯幼苗生长发育、耐连作障碍、抗氧化能力以及块茎营养的影响。结果表明：5年连作导致马铃薯幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量、净光合速率、细胞膜稳定指数、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化剂含量、抗氧化酶活性显著下降,块茎产量和硬度降低,块茎淀粉、Vc、可溶性蛋白含量下降,叶片MDA含量、活性氧水平显著增加,植株生长发育受到显著抑制;在施用外源水杨酸处理后,马铃薯幼苗的相对含水量增高,叶绿素含量、净光合速率、 根系活力和细胞膜稳定指数增强,生长得到促进,植物叶片内渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化剂含量、抗氧化酶活性提高,块茎产量、硬度以及块茎淀粉、Vc、可溶性蛋白含量增高,叶片MDA含量、活性氧水平显著降低;比较不同浓度的外源水杨酸处理,以20 μmol·L^-1和30 μmol·L^-1对促进马铃薯连作幼苗生长发育及缓解连作伤害效果最佳,其中对于连作5年的马铃薯,30 μmol·L^-1外源水杨酸处理相比于对照块茎产量相对增加64.4%,而叶片净光合速率相对增加287.0%。可见,适宜浓度的外源水杨酸处理显著减轻了连作障碍造成的伤害,促进了马铃薯植株的生长发育,提高了马铃薯块茎的产量,并改善了块茎的营养与品质。     

不同生育期水分胁迫对设施延后栽培葡萄光合特性的影响

在张掖市灌溉试验站开展了设施延后栽培葡萄灌溉试验,研究了不同生育期水分胁迫对温室栽培葡萄光合指标的影响。结果表明,各个胁迫处理下光合速率均大于对照处理,而胞间CO₂浓度相比对照均有明显下降,且以生育期的先后胁迫顺序从高到低排列。水分胁迫可以提高设施延后栽培葡萄的外观品质,以开花期胁迫处理下果粒重、纵横径最大。萌芽期胁迫处理使得果实产量增加,营养品质有所提高,并且叶片水分利用效率最高,可为设施延后栽培葡萄节水、调质、增效的灌溉制度提供依据。     

拔节期高温干旱复合胁迫对夏玉米生长发育的影响

西北地区夏玉米拔节期为高温和干旱易发期，对玉米造成高温和干旱双重胁迫，因此研究夏玉米生长对拔节期高温和干旱双重胁迫的响应对玉米高产稳产具有重要意义。采用盆栽试验结合人工模拟高温胁迫的方法，设置2个温度梯度（常温，T₀；高温，T₁），各温度设置3个水分梯度（适宜水分，W₀；轻度干旱，W₁；重度干旱，W₂），共计6个处理。对玉米光合参数、叶绿素含量、株高以及干物质量进行测定与分析。结果表明：拔节期胁迫结束后，与T₀W₀处理相比，T₁W₀、T₁W₁、T₁W₂处理净光合速率分别降低39.78%、40.13%、57.13%，SPAD值分别降低34.99%、37.47%、43.19%；灌浆期中，与T₀W₀处理相比，上述三种处理株高分别降低20.40%、21.51%、35.22%，高温干旱复合胁迫对玉米生育后期造成了严重甚至不可恢复的影响；成熟期结束后，与T₀W₀处理相比，T₁W₂处理地上部分干物质量降低59.60%，百粒重降低10.09%。拔节期高温干旱复合胁迫导致光合速率下降、株高降低、干物质积累量减少、产量下降，然而高温适宜水分处理T₁W₀与高温干旱复合胁迫处理T₁W₂相比，净光合速率和SPAD值显著上升，保持适宜水分（70%~80%FC）可有效防止高温与干旱叠加，有助于缓解高温胁迫对玉米的伤害。     

印度梨形孢促进棉花幼苗生长及诱导提高苗期抗旱性研究

以干旱敏感型陆地棉栽培种沙洋505-3A为材料，二叶期接种印度梨形孢，20 d后测定株高、茎粗、叶面积、净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等指标，研究印度梨形孢对棉花幼苗的促进生长作用。在自然干旱和15%、20%PEG6000模拟干旱处理后测定株高、茎粗、根系生长参数、叶片温度、叶片反射率和MDA含量。结果表明：接种印度梨形孢后，棉花幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积分别显著提高32.4%、15.8%、20.5%；净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、蒸腾速率（T_r）分别提高了29.1%、55.9%、20.1%和51.1%；干旱处理后，接种印度梨形孢植株的株高、茎粗分别降低14.1%和5.3%；不接菌植株分别降低23.3%和8.7%。接菌植株总根长、总根表面积、根体积、根尖数分别增加9.6%、9.9%、3.8%和21.3%；不接菌植株分别增加11%、27.7%、12.2%，根尖数降低5.2%；接菌植株叶温和MDA含量分别上升0.34℃和9.9%，不接菌植株分别上升0.97℃和19.1%。说明接种印度梨形孢可以促进棉花幼苗生长并且通过调节植株根系形态和维持正常的生理代谢来诱导提高棉花的抗旱性。     

覆膜方式对旱作夏玉米产量和温室气体排放的影响

在西北半湿润易旱区雨养条件下，研究了不同覆膜方式对夏玉米土壤水分、温度、生长、产量及温室气体排放的影响。以平作无覆盖为对照（CK），设置4种覆膜方式：垄沟种植垄覆白膜（T1）、垄沟种植垄覆黑膜（T2）、连垄沟播白膜全覆盖（T3）和连垄沟播黑膜全覆盖（T4）。结果表明：与平作无覆盖相比，地膜覆盖显著增加了表层土壤温度和土壤含水量，促进了夏玉米生长；T1、T2、T3、T4处理产量比CK分别增加了19.32%、8.88%、25.59%、29.61%，水分利用效率分别增加了25.95%、14.71%、41.22%、44.20%；各处理N₂O和CO₂排放趋势一致，N₂O排放峰值出现在苗期，T1、T2、T3和T4处理N₂O各生育期排放总量分别比CK高178.26%、134.78%、334.78%、256.52%，T3与T4处理CO₂各生育期排放总量显著高于T1和T2处理，且各处理都显著高于CK；CH₄排放无明显趋势，T1、T2、T3、T4处理都增加了CH₄吸收总量；T1、T2、T3、T4处理温室气体增温潜势（GWP）均显著高于CK，T3与T4处理GWP无显著差异，但都显著高于T2处理；T1、T2、T3、T4处理气体排放强度（GHGI）分别比CK高151.93%、124.65%、246.53%、186.90%，T3处理GHGI显著高于T4处理。综合考虑产量与温室气体排放，连垄沟播黑膜全覆盖为该地区旱作夏玉米绿色高效生产适宜的覆膜方式。     

陇东旱地果园地表覆盖方式对苹果光合特性的影响

为筛选出适宜陇东旱塬地区苹果园的土壤耕作模式,以20年生苹果树为试材,研究不同地表覆盖方式对苹果叶片光合特性的影响,并从经济效益方面进行比较分析。结果表明：清耕(F4)净光合速率(Pn)日变化为双峰型,地膜覆盖(F1)、麦草覆盖(F2)和覆砂(F3)为单峰型;其中覆草净光合速率最高,10:00达到峰值,并显著提 高水分利用效率(WUE)(P<0.01)。净光合速率(Pn)与大气相对湿度(RH)呈极显著正相关,与气温(Ta)、叶温 (Tl)呈显著负相关;蒸腾速率(Tr)则与Ta与Tl呈显著正相关。覆草后光补偿点(LCP)显著降低,光饱和点(LSP)显著提高,表明对光照的适应范围较宽;并且Pn_max显著高于CK,CO₂补偿点显著低于F1、F3和F4。经济效益分析 表明,覆膜果园的收入与产投比均较高。可见,陇东旱地果园覆草和覆膜均可显著提高富士苹果叶片光合作用,增 强光能与CO₂的利用能力,有利于干物质形成,增加产量。     

外源H2O2对干旱胁迫下裸燕麦 幼苗叶片生理特性的影响

为探讨信号分子过氧化氢(H₂O₂)对干旱胁迫下裸燕麦生理响应的调控机制，以砂培白燕7号幼苗为材料，研究了喷施0.01 mmol·L^-1 H₂O₂对17.8%聚乙二醇6000模拟的干旱胁迫下叶片光合特性、活性氧代谢、渗透调节物质积累和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：喷施H₂O₂后，干旱胁迫下的裸燕麦幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量和叶绿素a/b较对照(喷H₂O后干旱胁迫)分别提高了20.0%、12.9%、18.5%、8.1%和24.3%，叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度和水分利用效率分别提高了20.6%、25.9%、12.0%和33.8%，蒸腾速率降低了9.7%；喷施H₂O₂还使干旱胁迫下裸燕麦幼苗叶片的过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性和抗坏血酸含量分别提高了113.5%、102.9%和13.8%，而超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性及O^{—[KG-1][JX*3]·[JX-*3]}₂、H₂O₂、丙二醛含量和细胞膜相对透性分别下降了21.5%、60.4%、29.3%、38.4%、19.7%和14.2%，可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸和脯氨酸含量分别上升了10.5%、40.3%、13.8%和17.2%，幼苗株高、根长、植株鲜重、植株干重和相对含水量分别提高了14.8%、25.0%、20.1%、11.0%和5.93 %，但谷胱甘肽含量没有显著变化。表明外源H₂O₂能够通过降低膜脂过氧化程度和促进渗透溶质积累，改善叶片光合功能和植株水分状况，从而减轻干旱对裸燕麦幼苗生长的抑制，增强裸燕麦的抗旱性。     

硼调控干旱胁迫下马铃薯生长发育及抗性的生理机制

为了探讨叶面喷施硼（Na2B4O7·10H2O溶液）对马铃薯植株在干旱胁迫下生长发育及抗性的影响及其生理机制,在甘肃省景泰县条山集团马铃薯种植基地,对中度干旱和轻度干旱处理的两垄地,每隔3m进行一个硼浓度（Na2B4O7·10H2O）喷施处理,浓度依次为0、10、20、30、40、60 g·L-1,每个浓度（3 m长）的喷施量为166．7 ml。结果表明：叶面喷施硼相对增加了干旱胁迫下马铃薯的块茎产量及生物量,使干旱胁迫下叶片含水量和色素含量下降幅度减小;叶面喷施硼还从整体上表现为抗氧化酶活性的提高,并抑制了超氧阴离子产生速率的增加。通过去花与不去花植株生长发育的比较,发现去花后马铃薯植株地上部分重和地下部分重均有所下降,但施硼相对提高了块茎产量及地下部分重。可见,叶面喷施硼能促进马铃薯植株在干旱胁迫下的生长发育,提高其抗旱性及块茎产量,且这种变化可能与其促进光合产物向地下部分输送密切相关。     

不同钾肥品种对甘肃中部地区马铃薯产量及品质的影响

为了确定甘肃中部马铃薯主产区马铃薯生产过程合理施用钾肥品种及其用量,于2009年在甘肃省漳县进行了硫酸钾和氯化钾两种钾肥的不同用量试验,测定了马铃薯植株地上部分株高、分枝数以及经济性状和薯块产量,分析了不同用量下马铃薯品质和经济效益。结果表明,施用钾肥能有效提高马铃薯地上部分株高、分枝以及薯块产量和品质;同一钾肥下K₂O施用量105 kg·hm^-2时单株薯块、大中薯率、产量以及干物质、粗淀粉、Vc最高,而烂薯率和薯块还原糖含量最低,K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2时马铃薯粗蛋白含量最高;同一钾水平下施用硫酸钾马铃薯植株分枝数以及烂薯率明显低于施用氯化钾,单株结薯个数、大中薯鲜重、大中薯率及产量明显高于氯化钾,同时薯块干物质、粗淀粉、Vc、粗蛋白含量高于氯化钾,还原糖含量低于氯化钾,而株高差异不明显。研究得知,甘肃中部马铃薯主产区马铃薯生产过程中施用硫酸钾优于氯化钾,在施纯N120 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 60 kg·hm_-2条件下,K₂O施用量105 kg·hm_-2时可有效提高马铃薯产量和品质,且纯收益最高。     

植物生长调节剂对马铃薯叶片生理代谢及产量品质的影响

大田栽培条件下,以马铃薯克新13为材料,叶面喷施植物生长调节剂2-N,N-二乙氨基乙基己酸酯(Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate,简称DTA-6)、缩节安(Mepiquat chloride,简称DPC)以及烯效唑(Uniconazole,简称S3307),研究植物生长调节剂对马铃薯叶片生理代谢及产量、品质形成的影响。结果表明:在马铃薯块茎膨大期喷施植物生长调节剂,均显著增加了单薯重、淀粉产量和鲜薯产量,其中,以DTA-6调控效果为最佳,单薯重、淀粉产量、鲜薯产量和淀粉含量比CK分别增加了10.40%、40.26%、26.56%和11.32%,块茎还原糖含量比CK降低了20%。此外,调节剂处理均提高了马铃薯叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和细胞间隙CO_2浓度,加快了叶片的光合作用,各指标与产量之间呈正相关。随着时间的推移,各处理的叶片淀粉和蔗糖含量呈先降低后升高的变化趋势,淀粉酶活性呈降低的变化趋势,调节剂对叶片蔗糖转化酶活性的调控效果呈不同规律的变化。总体而言,调节剂均提高了马铃薯产量,改善了块茎品质,其中DTA-6处理效果最佳。     

Weed–pathogen interactions and elevated CO2: growth changes in favour of the biological control agent

In this study, we used Parthenium hysterophorus and one of its biological control agents, the winter rust (Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola) as a model system to investigate how the weed may respond to infection under a climate change scenario involving an elevated atmospheric CO₂ (550 μmol mol^?1) concentration. Under such a scenario, P. hysterophorus plants grew significantly taller (52%) and produced more biomass (55%) than under the ambient atmospheric CO₂ concentration (380 μmol mol^?1). Following winter rust infection, biomass production was reduced by 17% under the ambient and by 30% under the elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration. The production of branches and leaf area was significantly increased by 62% and 120%, under the elevated as compared with ambient CO₂ concentration, but unaffected by rust infection under either condition. The photosynthesis and water use efficiency (WUE) of P. hysterophorus plants were increased by 94% and 400%, under the elevated as compared with the ambient atmospheric CO₂ concentration. However, in the rust‐infected plants, the photosynthesis and WUE decreased by 18% and 28%, respectively, under the elevated CO₂ and were unaffected by the ambient atmospheric CO₂ concentration. The results suggest that although P. hysterophorus will benefit from a future climate involving an elevation of the atmospheric CO₂ concentration, it is also likely that the winter rust will perform more effectively as a biological control agent under these same conditions.     

Photosynthetic capacity of intact leaves of resistant and susceptible cultivars of Brassica napus L. to atrazine

The rate of photosynthesis in intact leaves attached to plants of an atrazine-resistant cultivar of Brassica napus L. was compared with that in leaves of an atrazine-susceptible, rather isogenic cultivar, in a number of irradiance series. The resistant cultivar had been obtained from the susceptible cultivar by crossing the resistant biotype of Brassica campestris L. with the susceptible cultivar of B. napus, and using the fourth back-cross for comparison. At a natural CO₂ concentration (360 cm³ m^?3) the rate of photosynthesis of leaves of the atrazine-resistant cultivar was significantly (17–21%) less than that of leaves of the susceptible cultivar, over the whole range of irradiances up to 250 W m^?2 At the enriched CO₂ concentration of 1500 cm^?3 m^?3 this reduction in rate amounted to 9–12%.     

尖孢镰刀菌侵染对马铃薯光合效率和叶绿素荧光参数影响

为研究枯萎病对马铃薯光合特性的影响,在幼苗期接种尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum后,统计抗病品种陇薯10号和感病品种新大坪的病情指数,并测定叶绿素含量、光合及荧光参数。结果表明,尖孢镰刀菌侵染30 d后马铃薯表现出枯萎病症状,叶绿素含量显著降低,其中叶绿素a含量降幅最大,抗病品种陇薯10号比对照降低9.64%,感病品种新大坪比对照降低14.24%。尖孢镰刀菌侵染后马铃薯光合效率显著降低,侵染30 d后,抗病品种陇薯10号净光合速率比对照降低39.56%,感病品种新大坪比对照降低47.13%。病株的光响应曲线参数光补偿点、暗呼吸速率和表观量子效率都显著提高;而光饱和点和最大净光合速率都显著低于对照,表明尖孢镰刀菌侵染缩小了马铃薯对光能的利用有效范围。病株CO2响应曲线参数CO2饱和点、最大净光合速率和羧化效率分别显著低于对照;病株CO2补偿点和光呼吸速率反而升高,说明碳同化过程受到尖孢镰刀菌的限制。暗适应下的初始荧光、最小荧光、最大荧光、PSII最大光化学效率、光适应下PSII最大光化学效率及实际光化学效率、光化学猝灭系数、非光化学猝灭系数和光合电子传递速率均显著低于对照,...     

Potato plant response to seed tuber bacterization in the field in various rotations

The effects of a seed tuber treatment with antagonistic isolates of fluorescentPseudomonas spp. were investigated on potato plants from 1981 to 1984. The experimental plots were located in fields in short and long rotations of potato. The short rotations are characterized by serious yield reductions which are caused by unknown microbial factors. The reductions varied from 30% in 1982 to only 3% in 1983 in the 3-year rotations. A statistically significant increase in yield (four to five months after planting) of ware potatoes varying from 9 to 20% was obtained in these plots through tuber bacterization, but only in 1981. In 1982 and 1983 initially significant improvements in shoot or tuber weight of seed potatoes were no longer detectable at ware potato harvest at the end of the growing period. Seed tuber bacterization had no effect on tuber yield in long rotations. Initial colonization of basal root parts by 53×10⁴ colony forming units (cfu) of antibiotic-resistant mutants per gram of root (fresh) dropped significantly to 20×10⁴ cfu per gram after three months. The bacterization effect on tuber yield depended on the development of harmful microbial activity and of introduced antagonists during the growing period. Seed tuber bacterization is more promising for seed potatoes than for ware potatoes in short rotations, the latter being harvested two months later.Samenvatting De invloed van pootgoedbehandeling met antagonistische isolaten van fluorescerendePseudomonas-soorten op de aardappelteelt, werd onderzocht in de periode van 1981 tot en met 1984. De proefvelden maakten deel uit van zowel ruime als nauwe rotaties met aardappelen. Kenmerkend voor de nauwe rotatie is, dat de opbrengst aanzienllijk gereduceerd wordt als gevolg van de aanwezigheid van nog onbekende microbiële factoren. Deze opbrengstverlaging varieerde van 30% in 1982 tot slechts 3% in 1983 in de 3-jarige rotaties. Pootgoedbacterisatie had in deze proefvelden een significante toename van de eindopbrengst (vier tot vijf maanden na pootdatum) van consumptieaardappelen tot gevolg, die varieerde van 9 tot 20%, echter allen in 1981. In 1982 en 1983 werd het effect van bacterisatie ook in de loop van de groeiperiode onderzocht. Aanvankelijk significante toenames van zowel spruit-als knolgewicht waren aan het einde van het groeiseizoen niet meer aantoonbaar. Pootgoedbacteristie bleek geen effect te hebben op aardappel in ruimte rotaties. Aanvankelijk werden de basale wortelgedeelten gekoloniseerd door antibioticum-resistente mutanten met 53×10⁴ kolonievormende eenheden (kve) per gram wortel(vers); dit aantal liep (drie maanden na pootdatum) echter significant terug tot 20×10⁴ kve per gram. Het effect van bacterisatie op de eindopbrengst werd bepaald door de ontwikkeling van de schadelijke microbiële activiteit en de ontwikkeling van de geïntroduceerde antagonisten tijdens het groeiseizoen. Pootgoedbacterisatie in nauwe rotaties biedt meer mogelijkheden voor de teelt van pootaardappelen dan die van consumptieaardappelen, die geruime tijd later geoogst worden.     

二氧化碳浓度和温度升高对烟粉虱主要保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响

为明确烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)在大气CO2浓度和温度双因子胁迫下的生理响应,以CO2浓度和温度为作用因子,研究了4种不同组合处理下烟粉虱成虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(Ach E)活性的变化。结果表明:常温处理下,CO2浓度升高烟粉虱体内POD和GST活性分别增加87.6%和295%,SOD和CAT活性分别降低22.4%和28.2%;高温处理下,CO2浓度升高烟粉虱体内Ach E和GST活性分别增加103.6%和167.5%,CAT活性降低31.6%;常CO2浓度处理下,温度升高烟粉虱体内POD和SOD活性分别增加46.2%和18.2%,CAT活性降低35.8%;高CO2浓度处理下,温度升高烟粉虱体内Ach E和SOD活性分别增加75.3%和40.3%,CAT活性降低38.9%。表明CO2浓度和温度升高是导致烟粉虱体内SOD、POD、GST和Ach E活性升高的主要原因,并且SOD和POD活性变化受到CO2和温度的交互影响。烟粉虱可能通过改变体内保护酶或解毒酶的活性来适应CO2浓度和温度升高的环境。     

Complex interplay of future climate levels of CO2, ozone and temperature on susceptibility to fungal diseases in barley

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) was grown in different climatic environments with elevated [CO₂] (700 vs 385 ppm), [O₃] (60/90 vs 20 ppb) and temperature (24/19 vs 19/12°C day/night) as single factors and in combinations, to evaluate the impact of these climatic factors on photosynthesis and susceptibility to powdery mildew and spot blotch disease. No significant increase in net CO₂ assimilation rate was observed in barley grown under elevated [CO₂] at ambient temperature. However, this rate was positively stimulated under elevated temperature together with a slightly higher potential quantum efficiency of PSII, both at ambient and elevated [CO₂], suggesting that photosynthesis was not limited by [CO₂] at ambient temperature. When growing under elevated temperature or [O₃], infection by the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus decreased, whereas disease symptoms and growth of the toxin‐secreting hemibiotrophic spot blotch fungus increased compared to ambient conditions, implying that climate‐induced changes in disease severity could be linked to the trophic lifestyle of the pathogens. Elevated [CO₂] decreased powdery mildew infection but had no effect on spot blotch disease compared to ambient condition. However, the effect of elevated [CO₂], [O₃] and temperature did not act in an additive manner when combined. This led to a surprising disease development in the combination treatments, where powdery mildew infection increased despite the individual reducing effect of the climatic factors, and spot blotch disease decreased despite the individual promoting effect of temperature and ozone, emphasizing the importance of conducting multifactorial experiments when evaluating the potential effects of climate change.     

Gesunde Pflanzen unter zukünftigem Klima

Predicted changes in average values of global climate variables (increased temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, increased concentrations of atmospheric CO₂) and changes in the frequency, duration, and degree of extremes (frost, heat, drought, hail, storms, floods, etc.) will affect agricultural crops, agroecosystems, and agricultural productivity. Although forecasts of regional climate changes are still imprecise, mean temperature increases in Europe are expected to be greater in the north (2.5–4.5°C) than in the south (1.5–4.5°C). Regional forecasts for precipitation changes are also very far from precise; however, problems with drought are expected to increase, especially in Mediterranean countries. Overall, shortage of water will be the predominant factor affecting plant growth. As higher temperatures are known to enhance plant development and especially the grain-filling duration of cereals, grain yield losses are possible in a warmer climate. On the other hand, elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations are known to stimulate photosynthesis and enhance growth and yield (“CO₂ fertilization”); concomitantly, leaf transpiration is reduced, resulting in improved water use efficiency. Total biomass and yield were enhanced by 20–30% in experiments with elevated CO₂ exposure (550–700 ppm) under more or less ideal growth conditions. Elucidating the interactions between positive and negative effects of climate change is of crucial importance for any prediction of future crop yields. The present paper is a brief summary mainly of the potential effects of elevated temperatures and atmospheric CO₂ on crop growth, quality, and yield. Also, adaptation measures, possible interactive effects of different climate variables, and interactions of climate change components with other growth variables (pathogens, air pollutants) are briefly described.