Spatial variability and temporal stability of actual evapotranspiration on a hillslope of the Chinese Loess Plateau

Actual evapotranspiration(ETa)is a key component of water balance.This study aimed to investigate the spatial variability and time stability of ETa along a hillslope and to analyze the key factors that control the spatiotemporal variability of ETa.The potential evaporation,surface runoff and 0–480 cm soil water profile were measured along a 243 m long transect on a hillslope of the Loess Plateau during the normal(2015)and wet(2016)water years.ETa was calculated using water balance equation.Results indicated that increasing precipitation during the wet water year did not alter the spatial pattern of ETa along the hillslope;time stability analysis showed that a location with high time stability of ETa could be used to estimate the mean ETa of the hillslope.Time stability of ETa was positively correlated with elevation(P<0.05),indicating that,on a hillslope in a semi-arid area,elevation was the primary factor influencing the time stability of ETa.     

Spatiotemporal changes of eco-environmental quality based on remote sensing-based ecological index in the Hotan Oasis,Xinjiang

The rapid economic development that the Hotan Oasis in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China has undergone in recent years may face some challenges in its ecological environment.Therefore,an analysis of the spatiotemporal changes in ecological environment of the Hotan Oasis is important for its sustainable development.First,we constructed an improved remote sensing-based ecological index(RSEI)in 1990,1995,2000,2005,2010,2015 and 2020 on the Google Earth Engine(GEE)platform and implemented change detection for their spatial distribution.Second,we performed a spatial autocorrelation analysis on RSEI distribution map and used land-use and land-cover change(LUCC)data to analyze the reasons of RSEI changes.Finally,we investigated the applicability of improved RSEI to arid area.The results showed that mean of RSEI rose from 0.41 to 0.50,showing a slight upward trend.During the 30-a period,2.66% of the regions improved significantly,10.74% improved moderately and 32.21% improved slightly,respectively.The global Moran's I were 0.891,0.889,0.847 and 0.777 for 1990,2000,2010 and 2020,respectively,and the local indicators of spatial autocorrelation(LISA)distribution map showed that the high-high cluster was mainly distributed in the central part of the Hotan Oasis,and the low-low cluster was mainly distributed in the outer edge of the oasis.RSEI at the periphery of the oasis changes from low to high with time,with the fragmentation of RSEI distribution within the oasis increasing.Its distribution and changes are predominantly driven by anthropologic factors,including the expansion of artificial oasis into the desert,the replacement of desert ecosystems by farmland ecosystems,and the increase in the distribution of impervious surfaces.The improved RSEI can reflect the eco-environmental quality effectively of the oasis in arid area with relatively high applicability.The high efficiency exhibited with this approach makes it convenient for rapid,high frequency and macroscopic monitoring of eco-environmental quality in study area.     

Coupling analysis of social-economic water consumption and its effects on the arid environments in Xinjiang of China based on the water and ecological footprints

In arid areas,ecological degradation aroused by over-exploitation of fresh water,expansion of artificial oasis and shrinkage of natural oasis,has drawn attention of many scholars and officials.The water and ecological footprints can be used to quantitatively evaluate the water consumption of social-economic activities and their influence on the eco-environments.In addition,increase of the water footprint indicates the expansion of artificial oasis,and the influence on the natural oasis could be reflected by the variation of the ecological footprint.This study was conducted to answer a scientific question that what is the quantitative relationship between the expansion of the artificial oasis and the degradation of the natural oasis in the arid environments of Xinjiang,China.Thus,based on the social-economic data,water consumption data and meteorological data during 2001–2015,we calculated the water and ecological footprints to express the human-related pressure exerted on the water resources and arid environments in Xinjiang(including 14 prefectures and cities),and explore the relationship between the water and ecological footprints and its mechanism by using the coupling analysis and Granger causality test.The results show that both the water and ecological footprints of Xinjiang increased significantly during 2001–2015,and the increasing rate of the ecological footprint was much faster than that of the water footprint.The coupling degree between the water and ecological footprints was relatively high at the temporal scale and varied at the spatial scale.Among the 14 prefectures and cities examined in Xinjiang,the greater social-economic development(such as in Karamay and Urumqi)was associated with the lower coupling degree between the two footprints.Increases in the water footprint will cause the ecological footprint to increase,such that a 1-unit increase in the consumption of water resources would lead to 2–3 units of ecological degradation.The quantitative relationship between the increases of the water and ecological footprints,together with the intensities of water consumption both in the natural and artificial oases of Tarim River Basin,have approved the fact that the formation and expansion of 1 unit of the artificial oasis would bring about the degradation of 2 units of the natural oasis.These conclusions not only provide a technical basis for sustainable development in Xinjiang,but also offer a theoretical guide and scientific information that could be used in similar arid areas around the world.     

Assessment of river basin habitat quality and its relationship with disturbance factors: A case study of the Tarim River Basin in Northwest China

The status of regional biodiversity is determined by habitat quality.The effective assessment of habitat quality can help balance the relationship between economic development and biodiversity conservation.Therefore,this study used the InVEST model to conduct a dynamic evaluation of the spatial and temporal changes in habitat quality of the Tarim River Basin in southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China by calc ulating the degradation degree levels for habitat types that were caused by threat factors from 1990 to 2018(represented by four periods of 1990,2000,2010 and 2018).Specifically,we used spatial autocorrelation analysis and Getis-Ord Gi*analysis to divide the study area into three heterogeneous units in terms of habitat quality:cold spot areas,hot spot areas and random areas.Hemeroby index,population density,gross domestic product(GDP),altitude and distance from water source(DWS)were then chosen as the main disturbance factors.Linear correlation and spatial regression models were subsequently used to analyze the influences of disturbance factors on habitat quality.The results demonstrated that the overall level of habitat quality in the TRB was poor,showing a continuous degradation state.The intensity of the negative correlation between habitat quality and Hemeroby index was proven to be strongest in cold spot areas,hot spot areas and random areas.The spatial lag model(SLM)was better suited to spatial regression analysis due to the spatial dependence of habitat quality and disturbance factors in heterogeneous units.By analyzing the model,Hemeroby index was found to have the greatest impact on habitat quality in the studied four periods(1990,2000,2010 and2018).The research results have potential guiding significance for the formulation of reasonable management policies in the TRB as well as other river basins in arid areas.     

EVAPORATION AND WATER BALANCE IN ARID LAND——AN EXAMPIE IN TURPAN,XINJIANG,CHINA

<正> This paper discussed some observation and calculation methods of evaporation and itscharacteristics in arid land taken an example in Turpan, Xinjiang, China by using the dataobtained from July 1, 1991 to June 30, 1992 in the observation station which was settled forthe Japan-China cooperation study in the marginal area of an oasis in Turpan, Xinjiang,China. It is pointed out that due to very low water content in arid land, real evaporation de-     

Response of vegetation to temperature and precipitation in Xinjiang during the period of 1998-2009

In this paper,10-day spatio-temporal response of vegetation to the change of temperature and precipitation in spring,summer,autumn and whole year during the period of 1998―2009 was analyzed based on the data of SPOT VEGETATION-NDVI and 10-day average temperature or precipitation from 54 meteorological stations in Xinjiang.The results show that the response of 10-day NDVI to temperature was more significant than that to precipitation,and the maximal response of vegetation to temperature and precipitation lagged for two 10-day periods.Seasonally,the effect of temperature and precipitation on vegetation NDVI was most marked in autumn,then in spring,and it was not significant in summer.The response of vegetation to 10-day change of meteorological factors was positive with a long affecting duration in spring,and it had a relatively short affecting duration in autumn and summer.Spatially,the 10-day maximal response of NDVI to temperature in northern Xinjiang was higher than that in southern Xinjiang.The correlation between the 10-day NDVI in whole year and the temperature in the 0-8th 10-day period was significantly higher than that between the annual NDVI and the annual temperature at all meteorological stations;the interannual change of NDVI was accordant well with the change of annual precipitation.However,the effect of precipitation within a year on NDVI was not strong.The results indicated that interannual change of temperature was not the dominant factor affecting the change of vegetation NDVI in Xinjiang,but the decrease of annual precipitation was the main factor resulting in the fluctuation of vegetation coverage.Ten-day average temperature was an important factor to promote vegetation growth in Xinjiang within a year,but the effect of precipitation on vegetation growth within a year was not strong.     

Interdecadal variations of pan-evaporation at the southern and northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains,China

Evaporation controlled by meteorological parameters plays a crucial role in hydrology,meteorology and water resources management.An insight view of long-term variation in evaporation will help understanding the effects of climate change and provide useful information for rational utilization of water resources,especially in the arid land where the shortage of water resources exists.However,the lack of data on evaporation led to difficulties in assessing the impacts of climate change on evaporation,especially in arid mountainous area.This study investigated the long-term variation of the pan-evaporation(Ep) measured by E601 type evaporation pan and its influencing climatic factors at both northern and southern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang of China using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method and Path analysis.The results revealed that Eps at both northern and southern slopes had obvious interdecadal variation within cycles of 3–4 and 7–8 years.Eps at both slopes sharply decreased in early 1980 s,but increased after late 1990 s.Path analysis showed that the 3–4 years cycle of Ep at the northern and southern slopes was mainly dependent upon actual water vapor pressure with a negative direct path coefficient of –0.515 and sunshine duration with a positive direct path coefficient of 0.370,respectively.The variation of Ep with cycle of 7–8 years at the northern slope was attributed to the wind speed with a direct path coefficient of 0.774.Average temperature had a direct path coefficient of 0.813 in 7–8 years cycle at the southern slope.The assessment of Ep variation and its causes provides information essential for a good understanding of hydrologic cycle and regional climate of arid mountainous regions in Xinjiang of China and offers a theoretical reference for distribution and utilization of water resources.     

Modeling and analyzing supply-demand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang from a perspective of ecosystem services

Water shortage is one bottleneck that limits economic and social developments in arid and semi-arid areas.As the impacts of climate change and human disturbance intensify across time,uncertainties in both water resource supplies and demands increase in arid and semi-arid areas.Taking a typical arid region in China,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,as an example,water yield depth(WYD)and water utilization depth(WUD)from 2002 to 2018 were simulated using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model and socioeconomic data.The supply-demand relationships of water resources were analyzed using the ecosystem service indices including water supply-demand difference(WSDD)and water supply rate(WSR).The internal factors in changes of WYD and WUD were explored using the controlled variable method.The results show that the supplydemand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang were in a slight deficit,but the deficit was alleviated due to increased precipitation and decreased WUD of irrigation.WYD generally experienced an increasing trend,and significant increase mainly occurred in the oasis areas surrounding both the Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin.WUD had a downward trend with a decline of 20.70%,especially in oasis areas.Water resources in most areas of Xinjiang were fully utilized and the utilization efficiency of water resources increased.The water yield module in the InVEST model was calibrated and validated using gauging station data in Xinjiang,and the result shows that the use of satellite-based water storage data helped to decrease the bias error of the InVEST model by 0.69×10⁸m³.This study analyzed water resource supplies and demands from a perspective of ecosystem services,which expanded the scope of the application of ecosystem services and increased the research perspective of water resource evaluation.The results could provide guidance for water resource management such as spatial allocation and structural optimization of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas.     

Temporal and spatial variation of annual mean air temperature in arid and semiarid region in northwest China over a recent 46 year period

We analyzed the 1961-2006 mean surface air temperature data of 138 stations in China’s northwest arid and semi-arid areas(CNASA),to measure climate change in terms of annual mean air temperature changes.We used methods of linear regression analysis,multinomial fitting,Empirical Or-thogonal Function(EOF),Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function(REOF),Mann-Kendall,Glide T-examination,wavelet analysis and power spectrum analysis.The results show that(1) the warming rate of the annual mean air temperature in CNASA was 0.35oC/10a during the 1961-2006 study period.Some places in the west part of Xinjiang and east part of the Qinghai plateau,which is impacted by the terrain of leeward slope,exhibit smaller increasing trends.However,the majority of region has shown distinct warming in line with general global warming;(2) The standard deviation of the annual mean temperature distribution is non-uniform.The south Xinjiang and east Qinghai-south Gansu areas show relatively small standard deviations,but the inter-annual variation in annual mean air temperature in the greater part of the region is high;(3) Inner Mongolia,Shaanxi,Gansu,Ningxia and Tarim Basin are the areas where the temperature changes are most sensitive to the environment.The degree of uniformity in annual mean air temperature increase is higher in the arid and semi-arid area.From the early 1970s,the trend in tempera-ture changed from a decrease to an increase,and there was a marked increase in mean temperature in 1986.After that mean temperature went through a period of rapid increase.The entire area’s 10 hottest years all occurred in or since the 1990s,and 90% of various sub-districts’ hottest years also occurred after 1990.The process of temperature change appears to have a roughly 5-year and a 10-year cycle;(4) An-nual mean air temperature variation has regional differences.In Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang and Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia-Qinghai areas,the temperature variation in their northern areas was very different from that in their southern areas;(5) Using     

A preliminary study of water use strategy of desert plants in Dunhuang,China

Water is a restrictive factor for plant growth and ecosystem stability in arid and semiarid areas. The dynamics of water availability in soils and water use by plants are consequently critical to ecosystem functions, e.g. maintaining a high resistance to the changing climate. Plant water use strategies, including water-use efficiency(WUE) and the main water source that a plant species utilizes, play an important role in the evaluation of stability and sustainability of a plantation. The water use strategies of desert plants(Tamarix chinensis, Alhagi sparsifolia, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Sophora alopecuroides, Bassia dasyphylla and Nitraria sphaerocarpa) in three different habitats(saline land, sandy land and Gobi) in Dunhuang(located in the typical arid area of northwestern China) were studied. The stable isotope of oxygen was used to determine the main water source and leaf carbon isotope discrimination was used to estimate the long-term WUE of plant species in the summer of 2010. The results suggest that: 1) the studied desert plants took up soil water below the depth of 80 cm; 2) T. chinensis in the three habitats used deeper soil water and T. chinensis in the Gobi site had higher WUE than those in the saline land and the sandy land. The results indicated that desert plants in Dunhuang depended on stable water source and maintained high WUE to survive in water limited environments.     

新疆棉田杂草龙葵对二甲戊灵的抗性水平及多抗性测定

为明确新疆棉田杂草龙葵对二甲戊灵的抗性水平及对其他常用土壤处理型除草剂的多抗性,本研究分别采用培养皿种子检测法和整株植物检测法,测定了采自新疆不同地区的56个龙葵种群对二甲戊灵的抗性,比较了两种检测方法的差异;依据整株植物检测法的结果,分别选取敏感 (SHZ-8)、中抗 (CJ-2)及高抗 (BL-1) 3个种群,测定了其对扑草净、乙氧氟草醚和丙炔氟草胺的多抗性。结果表明:两种方法检测结果的抗性趋势一致,新疆龙葵对二甲戊灵的整体抗性水平为北疆 > 南疆、东疆,但培养皿种子检测法的抗性指数普遍低于整株植物检测法。培养皿检测法的敏感、低抗、中抗和高抗种群分别占总数的12.5%、71.4%、12.5%和3.6%,整株检测法中该指标分别为5.4%、73.2%、16.0%和5.4%;两种方法检测结果均表明,新疆棉田龙葵对二甲戊灵大多为低到中抗水平。相较于敏感种群SHZ-8,BL-1种群在两种检测方法中相对抗性均最高:培养皿种子检测法的GR₅₀值为90.30 mg/L,抗性指数为20.62;整株植物检测法的GR₅₀值为4805 g/hm2,抗性指数为26.20。多抗性研究发现,BL-1种群对丙炔氟草胺产生了多抗性,而WJQ-2种群对乙氧氟草醚、丙炔氟草胺和扑草净均未产生多抗性。     

泛中亚干旱区气候变化特征分析

利用Climatic Research Unit(CRU)1949—2018年最新0.5°×0.5°网格点月均数据集,主要从EOF分解、小波分析的角度,讨论了泛中亚干旱区近70 a的气候变化特征。结果表明:(1)泛中亚干旱区近70 a降水以1.393 mm·(10a)-1的速率呈增加趋势,夏季降水呈减少趋势,其余三季为增加趋势,其中冬季最明显[0.834 mm·(10a)-1],同时冬季增温幅度也最大[0.360℃·(10a)-1];(2)降水距平场的EOF分析表明:泛中亚干旱区降水变化趋势呈整体一致性(降水第一模态),西南-东北反向变化特征(降水第二模态),由西向东“-+-”交替分布特征(降水第三模态),3个模态都存在显著的准3 a周期,第一模态还存在5~7 a和准12 a周期,第三模态存在准7 a变化周期;(3)温度距平场的EOF分析表明:温度距平变化表现出整体一致性(温度第一模态),东-西反向变化特征(温度第二模态),第一模态具有显著的准2 a、8~10 a周期,第二模态具有明显的2~4 a、准5 a周期。传统意义上的暖季并没有呈现出比较明显的增温多雨,冷季反而增温幅度更大,降水增加更明显。哈萨克斯坦中部、土库曼斯坦及蒙古国大部干旱化趋势明显,哈萨克斯坦东西两侧、我国新疆北部以及帕米尔高原的部分地方表现出显著的湿润化趋势,我国西北大部地区总体呈弱的湿润化趋势。随着亚洲夏季风的减弱,冷季降水增量高于暖季,这似乎说明亚洲冬季风对泛中亚干旱区降水的影响正在加大。本研究结果旨在加深对泛中亚干旱区气候变化特征的认识,为进一步防灾减灾、合理应对气候变化、坚持可持续发展战略提供科学依据。     

新疆北部汛期降水的变化特征

基于新疆北部1961-2007年43站逐日降水资料,分析汛期降水的变化特征。结果表明：小雨、中雨和大雨的降水日数和降水强度均呈增加和增强的趋势,大雨日数和强度变化显著,尤其在2000年以后。进一步的研究发现,湿时期（1987-2007年）相对干时期（1961-1986年）,新疆北部汛期的总降水量均是增多的,北疆西北部降水量的增多主要是由于小雨和中雨的增加所致,而天山山区及其北麓,伊犁河谷地区降水量的增多是由大雨增加主导。极端干旱事件呈减少趋势,尤其在近10 a处在低发期,极端湿润事件呈增多趋势。     

近50a西北干旱区气候变化对农业的影响

本文选取了西北干旱区21个代表站点1951-2000年逐日气温和逐日降水量资料。用趋势法和百分位阈值法分析年平均气温、年降水量、极端年最低温度、年最高温度和极端降水量变化特征及其各分区极端气候变化趋势。研究结果表明:(1)近50a西北干旱区气温呈上升趋势(0.22℃/10a),1986年后气温明显升高,柴达木盆地和北疆升温较大。近50a西北干旱区年降水量变化和趋势分布,降水变化有增加的趋势(3.2mm/10a),其中北疆降水增加最多。(2)西北干旱区近40a年极端最低温度的天数有减少趋势,平均最低温度天数的减少率为7-8天/40a。而极端年最高温度的天数略有增加趋势,平均增加率为0.5天/40a左右。年最高温度略有减少趋势,平均变率为-0.5℃/40a,年最低温度也有增加趋势,平均变率为1.0℃/40a。西北干旱区近40a极端降水的天数增加了2天/40a。(3)气候变暖对西北干旱区农业既有有利影响,又有不利影响,降水量增加,极端气候事件减少对农业有有利影响。     

全球变暖情景下新疆降水的变化

基于有关水文气象测站的观测资料,对全球变暖背景下新疆降水的时空分布特征、演变趋势与变化原因进行了分析。结果表明:近40年来新疆年降水量总体上呈增加的趋势,并且不同地区降水的区域性差异十分明显。从年代际变化来看,新疆降水从上世纪60年代到80年代中期处于振荡减少阶段,80年中后期以后降水呈振荡增加趋势,且1987年为一个降水突变的拐点;新疆年平均降水量的增加主要应归因于全球变暖所带来的境外输入水汽量的增加。     

近50a西北干旱区降水量变化差异分析

利用近50a西北干旱区21个代表站点的逐月降水量资料,通过逐月降水量趋势系数和对西北干旱区降水量变化贡献最大的月份的比较,深入分析近50a西北干旱区降水量变化的差异,从而得到以下结论:(1)降水量变化具有明显的季节差异。西北干旱区春季降水量变化较为复杂;夏季除了新疆西北部降水量减少趋势外,其他地区降水量都以增加为主;秋季形成了从南到北降水量依次增加的格局;冬季在新疆东部、南部和河西走廊的降水量有减少趋势,新疆西北部和柴达木盆地降水量以增加为主。(2)对夏半年降水量增加贡献最大的月份主要在7月,在新疆东部、南部和柴达木盆地。冬半年降水量增加贡献最大的月份主要在3月,在新疆西部、南部地区、河西走廊和柴达木盆地。     

1961-2008年新疆夏半年干湿气候时空变化

根据新疆101个气象台站1961-2008年4-9月逐月气候资料,采用气候倾向率、Morlet小波、累计距平、t-检验、Penman-Monteith公式和Kriging插值技术等方法,对近48年新疆夏半年（4-9月）降水量、潜在蒸散量和地表湿润指数等要素的时空变化特征进行了研究。结果表明：1）新疆夏半年平均降水量为1...     

1961-2013年新疆雪雨比变化

基于中国国家气象信息中心发布的1961-2013年全国0.5°×0.5°逐日降水量和逐日平均气温数据集以及气象站点日降水量和气温实测资料,评估了该套格点降水资料在新疆地区的可信度,并利用格点降水资料研究了新疆地区降雪量、降雨量以及雪雨比的时空变化和突变信息.结果表明:内插到气象站点的格点降水数据和气象站点实测降水数据之间的偏差普遍较小,偏差在0.2 ～1.0 mm的站点个数占总站点数的72.55％,在绝大多数区域二者之间的相关系数均在0.80以上;1961-2013年,新疆降雪量呈微弱的增加趋势,增加幅度为0.11 mm·a-1,但没有通过0.05的显著性水平检验.降雨量以0.63 mm·a-1的速率呈明显的增加趋势(P ＜0.000 1),突变出现在1992年左右.雪雨比呈下降趋势,幅度为0.01 a-1 (P ＜0.05),突变出现在1991年左右;降雪量、降雨量及雪雨比表现出一定的空间分布差异,降雪量和降雨量在全区普遍呈增加趋势,而雪雨比在天山山地以北呈增加趋势,在天山山地以及天山山地以南主要呈减少趋势.在新疆冰川分布区域,降雪量倾向率在新疆北部呈增加趋势,而在新疆东南部呈减少趋势;降雨量倾向率呈增加趋势,且新疆东南部降雨量倾向率大于北部;雪雨比倾向率呈现出与降雪量倾向率相似的变化趋势.