南昌市园林植物刺蛾种类的发生及综合防治研究

刺蛾是一类重要的园林植物食叶害虫,寄主广泛,南昌市发生较为普遍。据调查,南昌市刺蛾种类有21种,危害园林植物较为严重的刺蛾种类主要有黄刺蛾Cnidocampa flavescens（Walker）、丽绿刺蛾Latoia lepida（Cramer）、褐边绿刺蛾L.consocia（Walker）、桑褐刺蛾Setor postonata（Hampson）及扁刺蛾Thosea sinensis（Walker）等5种刺蛾。本文记述了南昌市5种危害园林植物较为严重的刺蛾种类的寄主植物、发生及为害特点,以及相关的综合防治措施,为南昌市园林植物害虫防治提供参考。     

青刺蛾的新寄主蓖麻

青刺蛾的新寄主蓖麻哲里木盟地区刺蛾科害虫有黄刺蛾Ｃｎｉｄｏｃａｍｐａｆｌａｖｅｓｌｅｎｓ（Ｗａｌｋｏ）、中国绿刺蛾Ｌａｔｏｉａｓｉｎｉｃａ（Ｍｏｏｒｅ）、褐边绿刺蛾Ｌａｔｏｉａｃｏｎｓｏｃｉａ（Ｗａｌｋｅｒ）和扁刺蛾Ｔｈｏｓｅａｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｗａ...     

城市绿地有害生物风险分析体系构建及应用

为探索建立统一的城市绿地有害生物风险评价尺度,引入有害生物风险分析(PRA)理论.基于国际PRA规定程序,结合城市绿地生态系统特点及模糊数学理论,利用德尔菲法及层次分析法,探讨城市绿地有害生物风险分析体系工作程序、评价指标和评价值的计算方法.利用此方法评价了上海城市绿地中新发现的16种害虫和7种病害的风险性.结果表明:咖啡豹蠹蛾等3种害虫、柳杉赤枯等4种病害风险指数在0.6～0.8,风险级别为高;棉褐带卷叶蛾等9种害虫、杨树锈病等3种病害风险指数在0.4～0.6,风险级别为中;木樨瘿螨等4种害虫风险指数在0.2～0.4,风险级别为低.根据不同风险等级,提出相关风险管理策略.     

江西樟树害虫的发生、危害特点与IPM策略

樟树是江西省省树,在全省范围推广种植多年,樟树虫害发生呈逐年上升趋势。据前期调查数据及文献资料,汇总统计江西樟树害虫179种,其中,重要害虫26种,占14.5%,次重要害虫23种,占12.8%,非重要害虫130种,占72.6%,包括重要食叶害虫樟叶蜂、泡桐叶甲、黄刺蛾、丽绿刺蛾、褐边绿刺蛾、樗蚕、龙眼裳卷蛾、樟巢丛螟等;重要刺吸性害虫六点始叶螨、樟脊网蝽、黑刺粉虱、樟木虱、樟白轮盾蚧、思茅壶蚧等;重要钻蛀性害虫家白蚁、黄翅大白蚁、黑翅土白蚁、吉安樟筒天牛等;重要地下害虫粉白金龟、黑绒金龟等。据危害方式、发生特点将其归为强生态适应性害虫、r类害虫、隐蔽性害虫与嗜食性害虫,由此有针对性地提出其IPM策略。     

褐边绿刺蛾核型多角体病毒研究初报

褐边绿刺蛾(Parasa consocia Walker)属鳞翅目刺蛾科。国内分布较广,能为害苹果、海棠、杏、枣、柿、核桃、柑桔以及杨、榆、柳、桑、刺槐等20多种植物,是林果上重要害虫之一。在山东主要为害枣和杨树。幼虫取食叶片,严重时仅剩叶柄和叶脉。刺蛾体表遍布毒毛,人体皮肤触及,立即引起红肿,痛痒异常。1981年8月作者在山东惠民县沙窝林场杨树林发现罹病死亡的幼虫,经分离镜检其病原体是一种核型多角体病     

入侵害虫蔗扁蛾在中国的风险性分析

为确定入侵害虫蔗扁蛾是否应列入检疫性害虫进行控制,根据WTO的<卫生与植物卫生措施协定>(SPS)要求,对其进行风险性分析.依据国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)规定的有害生物风险性分析(PRA)程序,利用相关模型,对各项分析指标进行分析并赋值运算.各分析指标及运算值为:(1)国内分布情况,风险值为2;(2)潜在的危害性,风险值为1.6;(3)寄主植物的经济重要性,风险值为3;(4)传播扩散的可能性,风险值为1.89;(5)风险性管理难度,风险值为1.67.蔗扁蛾的综合风险性值为1.98,风险指数已达到检疫性害虫条件,应列入检疫性害虫名单,最后提出了相关风险性管理对策.     

咸宁茶区茶刺蛾的发生与防治技术

<正>刺蛾是茶树上的主要害虫之一,茶树刺蛾主要有扁刺蛾、绿刺蛾和黄刺蛾等,对茶叶造成一定的为害,影响茶叶产量和品质。1发生与为害1.1扁刺蛾扁刺蛾以幼虫取食叶片,除为害茶树外,还为害油茶、桑、苹果、柑桔、蓖麻、豆类等多种植物。1.1.1形态特征成虫体长10~18mm,翅展26~35mm,     

颗粒体病毒防治褐边绿剌蛾的后效作用

褐边绿刺蛾颗粒体病毒(Parasa consocia GV),1975年在山东省无棣县发现。最初由中国农科院土肥所鉴定。并经山东惠民地区农科所、武汉大学病毒所等单位鉴定。笔者1976～1980年进行利用该病毒防治枣树刺蛾[Lafoia consocia(Walker)]研究,经多年设点试验,杀虫效果明显。为了探讨病毒治虫的后效作用,连续进行多年多项调查,结果如下:     

蜜柑大实蝇入侵四川的风险分析

蜜柑大实蝇是为害柑橘最严重的害虫之一,近年来在我国有逐渐扩散的趋势,威胁柑橘产业发展。采用多指标综合评价方法对蜜柑大实蝇入侵四川的风险进行定性和定量分析,计算其入侵四川的综合风险值和风险等级。结果表明,蜜柑大实蝇入侵四川的综合风险值为2.20,属高度危险等级的检疫性害虫,急需加强检疫和监测力度,并制定预警管理系统,以保障柑橘产业健康发展。     

丽绿刺蛾颗粒体病毒试验

丽绿刺蛾(Latoia lepida)是分布很广的杂食性害虫,为害油桐、糖槭、樟树、檫树、茶叶等,严重时吃光树叶。在常德一年发生二代,以蛹越冬。 1981年6月,在王家坪油桐树上,发现丽绿刺蛾幼虫自然感病死亡的虫尸,经中国科学院武汉病毒所鉴定为颗粒体病毒所致。1981～1984年对该病毒进行了室内外感染试验和林间防治。 一,材料和方法: 丽绿刺蛾颗粒体病毒从罹病死虫体内分离获得。感染试验用初步提纯的颗粒体病毒。大     

松烂皮病内生拮抗细菌的筛选、生防效果及华山松的生理响应

为探究内生细菌对华山松烂皮病的生防效果及其生理响应,采用平板涂布法和对峙培养法从健康华山松树皮上分离筛选抗烂皮病菌Cenangium ferruginosum的拮抗菌株,运用形态学、生理生化及分子生物学对其进行鉴定;并利用喷雾法研究其对华山松苗烂皮病的盆栽防治效果及苗木各生理指标的变化,观测其对田间发病华山松病斑的防治效果.结果显示,分离得到具有优良拮抗效果的菌株Ba4,经鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens;其发酵原液盆栽防治效果可达90.15%,稀释至10⁵防治效果也有17.77%,发病率和病情指数均下降.接种病原菌30 d后,不同浓度Ba4菌剂处理的苗木丙二醛含量均减少,木质素、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均增加;丙二醛含量与发病率和病情指数呈显著正相关,与防治效果呈显著负相关;木质素、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量则与其相反.田间试验中原液和稀释倍液(10、10²和10³)的病斑治愈率均超过80%.表明菌株Ba4对松烂皮病有良好的防治效果,能调节华山松抗性物质的合成.     

茶皂素、生石灰等防治稻田福寿螺的效果评估

福寿螺已成为我国南方局部稻区严重危害水稻的有害生物,为解决常用的化学杀螺剂污染环境和农产品的问题,分别在室内和大田环境下研究了生石灰、碳酸氢铵、茶麸和茶皂素4种替代物质防治福寿螺的效果。茶皂素、茶麸和生石灰对稻田福寿螺有很好的防治作用。在室内试验中40 mg/L和50 mg/L茶皂素处理在48 h 即达到了100%的防效;在大田试验中茶皂素6.0 g/m²的处理在第4天、1.5 g/m²的处理在第16天均达到了100%的防治效果,且速效性和持效性也显著优于其它物质。30 g/m²和45 g/m²的茶麸处理以及45 g/m²的生石灰处理在大田试验第16天的防治效果也在80%以上。这3种物质对稻田稗草还有很好的抑制作用。碳酸氢铵对福寿螺防治效果较差,且能促进稻田稗草的发生。研究结果表明,茶皂素、茶麸和生石灰可作为化学杀螺剂的替代物质在大田中推广应用。     

利用光谱特征评价广聚萤叶甲对豚草的控制效果

为建立快速有效的豚草生物防治效果评价技术体系,采用基于成像光谱遥感技术的多波段光谱辐射仪,研究豚草被广聚萤叶甲取食后冠层光谱反射率的变化规律,并利用冠层光谱特征值评价广聚萤叶甲对豚草的控制效果.广聚萤叶甲的取食会引起豚草的冠层光谱发生变化,在绿光区560nm和近红外区710～810nm处,随着被取食程度的加重,豚草冠层光谱反射率逐渐降低;在黄光区660nm处,随着被取食程度的加重,豚草冠层光谱反射率逐渐升高.豚草被广聚萤叶甲取食后,归一化植被指数、比值植被指数、差值植被指数、再归一化植被指数均显著低于未被取食的对照组.在可见光绿光区560nm处和近红外区710nm和760nm处豚草冠层光谱反射率与其被取食程度均达到显著负相关,故可以将可见光绿光区560nm、近红外区710nm和760nm这3个波段作为监测的敏感波段.     

Influence of neem on susceptibility of Beauveria bassiana and investigation of their combined efficacy against sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci on eggplant

A study on the compatibility of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana with neem was conducted against sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, on eggplant. Initially, three concentrations of neem (0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0%) were used to investigate the physiological responses of B. bassiana. Thereafter, above three concentrations of neem along with three concentrations of B. bassiana (10⁶, 10⁷ and 10⁸ conidia/ml) were used to investigate combined deterrence index, DI under two application methods (foliar and soil) of B. tabaci. Significant differences were observed among neem concentrations on all variables- germination percentage, vegetative growth, number of conidia, amount of biomass and proteolytic activity of B. bassiana. The reduction percentage of germination, vegetative growth, sporulation, biomass production and proteolytic activity of B. bassiana were as high as 12%, 13%, 35%, 38%, and 34%, respectively, to neem. Significant differences were also observed on deterrence index, DI (adult and oviposition) of B. tabaci. The current study investigated that the highest adult DI (80.15) and oviposition DI (88.25) occurred when 1.0% neem was combined with 10⁸ conidia/ml of B. bassiana. As the results show, neem is compatible with B. bassiana; and soil application of neem along with foliar application of B. bassiana might be useful for the control of B. tabaci.     

Indoxacarb resistance in the house fly, Musca domestica

Indoxacarb (DPX-MP062) is a recently introduced oxadiazine insecticide with activity against a wide range of pests, including house flies. It is metabolically decarbomethoxylated to DCJW. Selection of field collected house flies with indoxacarb produced a New York indoxacarb-resistant (NYINDR) strain with >118-fold resistance after three generations. Resistance in NYINDR could be partially overcome with the P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO), but the synergists diethyl maleate and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorothioate did not alter expression of the resistance, suggesting P450 monooxygenases, but not esterases or glutathione S-transferases are involved in the indoxacarb resistance. Conversely, the NYINDR strain showed only 3.2-fold resistance to DCJW, and this resistance could be suppressed with PBO. Only limited levels of cross-resistance were detected to pyrethroid, organophosphate, carbamate or chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in NYINDR. Indoxacarb resistance in the NYINDR strain was inherited primarily as a completely recessive trait. Analysis of the phenotypes vs. mortality data revealed that the major factor for indoxacarb resistance is located on autosome 4 with a minor factor on autosome 3. It appears these genes have not previously been associated with insecticide resistance.     

四株虫生真菌的鉴定及其对小菜蛾的室内毒力

为了明确4株虫生真菌在小菜蛾防治中的应用潜力,采用生物测定法测定其室内毒力,并通过多相分类法研究其分类地位。结果表明:菌株GZU-BCECWC113对小菜蛾的毒力最强,在1.6×108孢子/mL浓度下对小菜蛾的校正死亡率最高,达到89.47%;半致死时间LT50值最小,为3.33天;感染8天时的LC50值最小,为0.45×105孢子/mL。根据形态特征、培养性状及ITS序列分析结果明确4株菌的分类地位,即GZU-BCECWC113为环链拟青霉Paecilomyces catenianulatus,GZU-BCECWQ16为玫烟色拟青霉P.fumosorosenus,GZU-BCECW122为蝉拟青霉P.cicadae,GZU-BCEC-WKKS2为细脚拟青霉P.tenuipes。     

Ultra-structural changes in the integument induced by the use of three of six forms of allylisothiocyanate tested against Plutella xylostella and Pieris rapae larvae

The insecticidal activity of four forms of Hong Jing (HJ) allylisothiocyanate (AITC), AITC + cypermethrin (HJ_A, HJ_B, and HJ_C) with ratio of (1:1, 4:1, and 2:1), pure AITC (HJ_D), and two forms of Hong Du (HD) AITC, AITC + chlorpyrifos (HD_A and HD_B) with ratio of (2:1 and 2:1), respectively, were studied on the major cruciferous insect larvae Plutella xylostella (L.) and Pieris rapae (L.) by combining both spraying and dipping methods. The P. rapae was more susceptible than P. xylostella larvae. The LC₅₀ values 72 h after treatment of AITC forms (HJ_B, HJ_A, HJ_C, HJ_D, HD_B, and HD_A) on the P. rapae were; 0.07, 0.08, 0.16, 0.83, 0.26, 1.08 gL⁻¹, and 0.69, 0.26, 5.45, 0.93, 3.01, 5.98 gL⁻¹ on the P. xylostella, respectively. The toxicity of some of the AITC forms was very close to or better than that of the commercial contact insecticides such as chlorpyrifos (LC₅₀ = 0.03 and 0.04 gL⁻¹ on P. rapae and P. xylostella, respectively), and cypermethrin (0.65 and 0.78 gL⁻¹, respectively, against P. rapae and P. xylostella). The ultrastructural studies on the integument of the third larval instar of P. xylostella treated by sub-lethal concentration (LC₂₀) of HJ_B, HJ_D, and HD_B were carried out by using transmission electron microscope. The more pronounced alterations in the hypodermis and mitochondria cells. They exhibited changes in all treated samples. The hypodermis was almost completely destroyed, and the mitochondria exhibited morphological alterations, represented by enlargement, matrix rarefaction and vacuolization of the mitochondria matrix, quantity of cristae reduced, and density electron matrix lessened. These AITC forms have potential as contact insecticides, and the ultra structural observations confirm the insecticidal efficiency of different AITC forms on P. rapae and P. xylostella.     

Fitness cost, cross resistance and realized heritability of resistance to imidacloprid in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Imidacloprid has been used as a key insecticide for controlling sucking insect pests of cotton, whereas Spodoptera litura also has been indirectly exposed to this insecticide in Pakistan. To evaluate the risk of resistance evolution and to develop a better resistance management strategy, a field collected population was selected with imidacloprid in the laboratory. Thereafter, fitness cost, realized heritability and cross resistance of imidacloprid resistance in S. litura were investigated. After 14 generations of selection with imidacloprid, S. litura developed a 137.48-fold resistance to the insecticide. Bioassay revealed that this strain showed cross-resistance to acetamiprid (RR 8.52) and a little to lamdacyhalothrin (1.92) but negative cross-resistance was found to methomyl (−0.19). The resistant strain had a relative fitness of 0.38, with substantially lower rates of larval survival, larval duration, male pupal duration, development time, emergence rate of healthy adults, fecundity, hatchability, and prolonged larval and pupal duration. Mean relative growth rate of the larvae, intrinsic rate of population increase, and biotic potential was lower for the selected populations. The estimated realized heritability (h²) of imidacloprid resistance was 0.15 in the resistant strain of S. litura. Development of the resistance may cost significant fitness for the resistant population. This study provided valuable information for further understanding the impact of imidacloprid resistance on physiological parameters of S. litura and for facilitating the development of resistance management strategies.     

白僵菌对盲蝽的致病性

我国棉花盲蝽的发生危害日益严重,而化学防治是当前控制这类害虫的唯一有效途径.为了探索盲蝽的微生物防治技术,在室内条件下利用浸虫法评价了7个白僵菌菌株对我国3个盲蝽优势种类--绿盲蝽、中黑盲蝽和苜蓿盲蝽的致病能力.结果显示,不同菌株对不同种类盲蝽的致病效果存在较大差异,菌株C-1对绿盲蝽的致病力优于对中黑盲蝽和苜蓿盲蝽,菌株07-2-3、07-10-10、07-10-11、07-10-12和07-10-14对中黑盲蝽和苜蓿盲蝽的致病力优于对绿盲蝽.在7个菌株中,C-1对绿盲蝽2龄若虫的致病力最强,其LC50为5.34×106个孢子/mL.菌株C-1的致病力随着绿盲蝽若虫龄期的增加而减弱.在浓度为1×107个孢子/mL时,菌株C-1对绿盲蝽2～4龄若虫的致死中时间分别为7.11、8.37和12.44天;在浓度为1×108个孢子/mL时,分别为3.14、3.87和4.95天.研究表明,白僵菌在防治我国棉花盲蝽方面具有较大的应用潜力.