GGE双标图在西北旱区马铃薯新品种选育中的应用

采用GGE双标图将西北旱区马铃薯品比试验中的42个参试品系的产量、株高、主茎数、单株块茎数、单株薯块质量、商品薯率等农艺性状展示在双标图中进行综合分析。结果表明,在参加马铃薯品比试验的42个品系中,G38(0903-111)与产量和单株薯块质量关系相互作用大;G16(0904-25)、G30(0904-51)、G31(0773-9)、G35(0773-3)与主茎数、单株薯块数相互作用大;G1(0913-27)、G2(0911-101)、G6(0929-6)、G9(0904-75)、G20(0907-25)、G23(0904-11)、G24(0904-15)等品系与株高和商品薯率的相互作用较大。表现较好的品系有G38(0903-111)、G16(0904-25)、G31(0773-9)、G1(0913-27)等,其中品系G38(0903-111)综合表现最好。参加品比试验的6个农艺性状中,产量和单株薯块质量相比其它农艺性状,具有很强的代表性,能够准确反映出试验各品系的表现特性。单株薯块数和商品薯率对各品系表现的区分力强。     

AMMI模型在马铃薯产量及农艺性状分析中的应用

使用AMMI模型对2010-2011年贵州省马铃薯区域试验结果中的产量及其农艺性状，包括株高、单株块茎数、单株主茎数、生育期、单株块茎重量进行了分析。分析结果表明，AMMI模型中的主成分轴能够解释产量、 单株主茎数、单株块茎数、生育期、单株块茎质量等性状90.64%,90%,86%,82%,81%交互作用平方和，在参加贵 州省马铃薯区试的11个品种中，W04-36,0402-2，米拉等品种稳定性、适应性与丰产性表现良好，W04-36可作为 大面积推广种植品种,0402-7，宣薯2号,2005-1，盘薯1号，丽薯200202，威薯001号，B01-41-4产量表现一般， 黑美人产量表现差。参加区试的5个试点中，通过对其鉴别力参数D_i，进行计算可知，毕节和安顺地区D_i值大，鉴 别力高，对品种具有较强选择性，六盘水地区的鉴别力最低，对品种选择性弱，适合多品种种植。     

不同钾肥品种对甘肃中部地区马铃薯产量及品质的影响

为了确定甘肃中部马铃薯主产区马铃薯生产过程合理施用钾肥品种及其用量,于2009年在甘肃省漳县进行了硫酸钾和氯化钾两种钾肥的不同用量试验,测定了马铃薯植株地上部分株高、分枝数以及经济性状和薯块产量,分析了不同用量下马铃薯品质和经济效益。结果表明,施用钾肥能有效提高马铃薯地上部分株高、分枝以及薯块产量和品质;同一钾肥下K₂O施用量105 kg·hm^-2时单株薯块、大中薯率、产量以及干物质、粗淀粉、Vc最高,而烂薯率和薯块还原糖含量最低,K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2时马铃薯粗蛋白含量最高;同一钾水平下施用硫酸钾马铃薯植株分枝数以及烂薯率明显低于施用氯化钾,单株结薯个数、大中薯鲜重、大中薯率及产量明显高于氯化钾,同时薯块干物质、粗淀粉、Vc、粗蛋白含量高于氯化钾,还原糖含量低于氯化钾,而株高差异不明显。研究得知,甘肃中部马铃薯主产区马铃薯生产过程中施用硫酸钾优于氯化钾,在施纯N120 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 60 kg·hm_-2条件下,K₂O施用量105 kg·hm_-2时可有效提高马铃薯产量和品质,且纯收益最高。     

西北旱作区马铃薯多点试验中高代品系稳定性分析

本文借助于GenStat的GGE双标图对2016—2018年马铃薯多点试验中的7个马铃薯参试高代品系在5个试点的产量及稳定性进行分析。结果表明，在参加多点试验的7个品系中，在丰产性与稳定性方面表现较好的是品系0773-2（G5）与1003-2（G2）。0904-134（G1）与0911-27（G6）既不高产，也不稳产。综合3年试验分析结果，参加多点试验的5个试点中，试点陇西（E3）的代表性与区分力综合表现好，其次为试点安定（E1），试点临洮（E2）与通渭（E5）的区分力与代表性相似，试点会宁（E4）的区分力与代表性较差， GGE双标图能够为马铃薯的新品种选育、产量稳定性评价提供快速准确的分析方法。     

CO2浓度增加对半干旱区马铃薯生长动态及产量、品质的影响

为了解CO₂浓度升高条件下马铃薯生长动态及其产量、品质的变化特征,在典型半干旱区（甘肃定西）利用开顶式气室(OTC)试验平台,以马铃薯‘新大坪’为供试品种,设对照(390 μmol·mol^-1)和590 μmol·mol^-1共2个CO₂浓度梯度,开展CO₂浓度增加模拟试验。结果表明：CO₂浓度增加至590 μmol·mol^-1时,马铃薯发育加快,生育期提前,全生育期天数缩短3 d;CO₂浓度升高对马铃薯株高、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和叶片水势有明显促进作用。随着生育进程的推移,马铃薯地上部干物质生产对CO₂浓度的响应值呈现先变大再变小的趋势。CO₂浓度增加促进了马铃薯块茎产量的提高,单株结薯数和单株薯块质量也有所增加。与对照相比,590 μmol·mol^-1CO₂处理马铃薯块茎水分、蛋白质、维生素C含量以及铁、锌、铜元素含量分别下降3.43%、11.78%、13.09%、25.58%、31.94%和9.76%,而粗淀粉、粗脂肪、粗纤维和还原糖含量分别增加10.56%、240.00%、14.28%、106.38%。     

河北坝上地区不同降水年型下马铃薯耗水特征

基于2010-2017年连续8年的马铃薯生育期和产量数据、以及生育期内气象和土壤数据，利用作物-土壤水分平衡公式的方法，揭示坝上地区马铃薯在不同降水年型下不同生育阶段的耗水特征。结果表明：研究区马铃薯生育期内降水量在260~449 mm之间，其中25%的试验年份为干旱年份；不同生育阶段的耗水量在25~182 mm之间，其中播种~出苗阶段和薯块形成~薯块膨大阶段在湿润年型下耗水量最大，出苗~薯块形成阶段在干旱年型下耗水最多，薯块膨大~成熟阶段在正常年型下耗水最多；薯块形成~薯块膨大阶段的日耗水量显著高于其他阶段，干旱、正常和湿润年型下该阶段的日耗水量分别为3.6、3.9 mm和4.7 mm。2010-2017年马铃薯产量8 250~24 500 kg·hm^-2，水分利用效率32~135 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1，其中干旱年型下马铃薯水分利用效率最高，显著高于其他年型；另外薯块膨大~成熟阶段耗水量的增加对马铃薯产量具有显著的正效应。坝上地区在马铃薯薯块膨大~成熟阶段增加灌溉并且在其他阶段进行适当的干旱胁迫对提升该地区的马铃薯产量具有重要的意义。     

灌溉量对马铃薯生理特性及 块茎产量品质的影响

以 “大西洋”马铃薯品种为试验材料，在甘肃省中部沿黄高扬程灌区的白银市景泰县条山农场马铃薯种植基地设置小区试验，在各发育阶段分别设置5个水分梯度（原灌溉量的50%、75%、100%、125%和150%，其中原灌溉量，即100%灌溉量，为当地常用的、维持试验地25.8%左右土壤含水率的灌溉量），探讨马铃薯各发育阶段灌溉量对其生理特性及块茎产量、品质的影响。结果表明，在马铃薯的各发育阶段，随着灌溉量的增加马铃薯叶片净光合速率 (P_n)和蒸腾速率(T_r)分别先增加到最大值30.19 μmol·m^-2·s^-1、12.50 mmol·m^-2·s^-1，而后减小。当灌溉量为50%和150%时叶片P_n较100%灌溉量分别降低35.06%和19.59%。在不同发育阶段马铃薯叶片的生理活性对灌溉量表现出敏感响应。幼苗期75%灌溉量马铃薯叶片叶绿素含量、P_n和水分利用效率（WUE）分别为0.86 mg·g^-1、21.88 μmol·m^-2·s^-1、2.29 μmol·mmol^-1，较100%灌溉量分别提高了14.15%、0.31%、3.80%，而MDA含量、SOD活性及CAT活性最低，较100%灌溉量分别降低了8.40%、11.69%、8.23%；发棵期100%灌溉量处理下P_n和WUE最高，较50%灌溉量处理分别提高了53.99%、24.85%，此时脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、POD活性最低，分别为89.06 μg·g^-1、143.45 μmol·g^-1、438.14 U·g^-1，同时超氧阴离子产生速率较50%灌溉量也降低了26.07%；结薯期125%灌溉量处理的P_n和WUE最高，较100%灌溉量分别提高了19.16%、6.76%，而SOD、POD活性较100%灌溉量分别降低了0.93%、6.23%；成熟期75%灌溉量马铃薯叶片P_n最高，较其余各灌溉量处理的P_n分别提高了38.64%、13.81%、14.16%、21.27%，而MDA含量、超氧阴离子产生速率分别为21.107 μmol·g^-1、6.07 nmol·min^-1·g^-1，较100%灌溉量分别降低了19.35%、2.26%。同一生育期低灌溉量（50%灌溉量）块茎中淀粉含量较低。在幼苗期75%灌溉量处理使得块茎的可溶性蛋白含量较100%灌溉量处理提高6.20%。发棵期100%灌溉量块茎中淀粉含量达到最高（15.14%），而结薯期125%灌溉量处理的块茎可溶性蛋白含量处于最高水平，较100%灌溉量下提高4.61%。成熟期75%灌溉量块茎淀粉含量处于最高水平，较100%灌溉量提高12.77%。结合块茎的总鲜重、商品薯率、淀粉含量、维生素C含量、可溶性蛋白含量、还原糖含量等指标，可知在幼苗期、发棵期、结薯期、成熟期灌溉量分别为原灌溉量的75%、100%、125%、75%时马铃薯块茎品质最优而且产量最高，分别为654.30、650.60、773.00、703.53 g·株^-1。     

甘肃省马铃薯区试产量数据的AMMI模型分析

研究利用AMMI模型对2007-2008年甘肃省马铃薯品种区域试验中的10个马铃薯品种、7个试点进行综合评价,分析10个马铃薯品种的稳定性及丰产性,以及7个试点的鉴别力.结果表明:各品种的稳定性大小为L0206-6＞ L0227-17＞ L0227-18＞天2008-8-2＞富薯3号＞CK＞ 34-126＞98-6-2＞35-62＞陇薯6号,其中L0206-6,98-6-2品种的稳定性最强,陇薯6号的稳定性较差;L0227-17,L0206-6,L0227-18以及天2008-8-2的产量最高,98-6-2品种的产量最低.各个试点的鉴别力也具有差异性,各试点的鉴别力顺序为天水＞会川＞安定＞静宁＞临夏＞秦王川＞宕昌,其中天水地区对品种的选择性最高,宕昌地区对品种的鉴别力低.AMMI模型中的主成分值,共解释总互作平方和的93％,比线性回归模型能更有效地分析基因与环境互作效应.     

马铃薯抗旱栽培土壤含水量及产量效益研究

于2014年在宣威市农业技术示范基地开展了玉米间作马铃薯集雨保墒抗旱栽培复合技术试验研究。试验处理包括：T₁：玉米+开沟覆膜‖马铃薯;T₂：玉米+打塘覆膜‖马铃薯;T₃：玉米+平作覆膜‖马铃薯;T₄：玉米平作覆膜单作;T₅：马铃薯单作。结果表明,T₁和T₂处理玉米土壤含水量均高于其它处理,T₁、T₂处理0～7.6 cm土层玉米平均土壤含水量比T₄处理最多增加28.32%,0～20 cm土层最多增加28.12%;间作处理马铃薯的土壤含水量均高于马铃薯单作,T₁、T₂处理马铃薯平均土壤含水量在0～7.6 cm和0～20 cm两个土层分别比T₅处理最多增加23.52%和12.78%;T₁、T₂处理玉米产量、复合产量和土地当量比（LER）均高于T₃处理,其中,T₂处理的土地当量比最大（LER=1.20）,比T₃处理增加10.52%,产量效益明显。     

不同水肥配合对马铃薯产量的影响

通过马铃薯膜下滴灌水肥耦合盆栽试验,以补水时期（X₁）、补灌定额(X₂）、施氮量（X₃）、施磷量（X₄）、施钾量（X₅）为试验因素,采用5因素5水平（1/2实施）的二次旋转回归正交组合试验设计。研究了不同氮、磷、钾配施对马铃薯产量的影响,创建了马铃薯产量与补水时期、氮、磷、钾施用量和灌水量关系方程。结果表明：各因素的作用顺序为：X₅＞X₄＞X₃＞X₂＞X ₁,各因子的交互项对马铃薯产量的影响顺序为X₄X₅＞X₃X₅＞X₂X₄＞X₂X₅＞X₂X₃;在以产量为目标函数时,最高产量为33.785 t·hm^-2时,补水时期为苗期灌水总量为灌溉定额的25%、现蕾期灌水总量为灌溉定额25%、初花期灌水总量为灌溉定额的50%;水肥耦合关系为灌溉定额为822 m³·hm^-2,施氮量、施磷量、施钾量分别为73.5 kg·hm^-2、224.4 kg·hm^-2、223.8 kg·hm^-2。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.