进境澳大利亚油菜籽中茎基溃疡病菌的检测

 41 fungal isolates with similar morphological characteristics to Leptosphaeria maculans were obtained by the deep-freezing filter paper method from 2100 seeds of Brassica napus imported from Australia.The isolate 8129-5 showed a slower growth on PDA at 20℃with growth rate of 2.8 mm/day.The colonies on PDA at 20℃ had an irregular or regular margin with white or grayish white compact aerial mycelium.No diffusible pigment was produced on PDA at 31℃ or in liquid Czapek-Dox media at 20℃.PCR detection showed that the isolate 8129-5 could be amplified by L.maculans-specific primers LmacF/LmacR and got expected product of 331 bp.The sequence analysis revealed that the ITS sequence of isolate 8129-5 had 99.8% identity with L.maculans.Pathogenicity of the isolate 8129-5 was confirmed on cotyledons of rape seed by artificial inoculation compared with typical symptom of L.maculans.Based on the morphological characteristics, PCR detection and the result of pathogenicity test, the isolate 8129-5 was identified as L.maculans.     

基于ITS与factor1-alpha序列桉树焦枯病菌的双重PCR快速检测

桉树焦枯病是威胁桉树生长的首要病害,建立准确、有效的桉树焦枯病的PCR快速检测技术是桉树焦枯病前期诊断的必要手段。试验以桉树焦枯病原菌(Calonectria morganii)DNA为模板,分别以ITS和factor 1-alpha序列为靶区域,针对Calonectria属和C.morganii设计了CYS1/CYS2和EF-S-1/EF-A-1两对特异性引物,建立了基于属和种的双重PCR快速检测技术。利用引物CYS1/CYS2可以从全部Calonectria属的供试菌株中扩增出一条351bp大小的条带,单独用特异性引物EF-S-1/EF-A-1进行PCR扩增,仅病原菌扩增出197bp的条带,同时使用2对引物时,病原菌可扩增出两条明亮条带。当体系退火温度为53℃时,DNA灵敏度检测限度达到450fg/μL。野外田间时效检测结果显示,该体系能准确检测出不同发病程度桉树组织上的病原菌,完全符合田间检测的要求。这是关于桉树焦枯病快速检测的首次报道。     

进境油菜籽中黑胫病菌和茎基溃疡病菌的检测

为准确鉴定从进境澳大利亚油菜籽样品中分离的真菌分离物,利用形态学特征、PCR检测、序列分析以及致病性测试等方法对分离物6382-43和6382-51进行了鉴定试验。结果表明,分离物6382-43的形态特征和油菜茎基溃疡病菌Leptosphaeria maculans相似,菌丝生长较慢,菌落边缘不规则,不产生色素。油菜茎基溃疡病菌特异性引物LmacF/LmacR检测为PCR阳性;ITS区序列和油菜茎基溃疡病菌的序列相似性为99.8%;接种幼嫩油菜子叶产生油菜茎基溃疡病的典型症状。分离物6382-51的形态特征和油菜黑胫病菌L.biglobosa相似,菌丝生长较快,菌落边缘规则,产生色素;油菜黑胫病菌特异性引物LbigF/LmacR检测为PCR阳性;ITS区序列和油菜黑胫病菌的序列相似性为100%;接种幼嫩油菜子叶产生油菜黑胫病的典型症状。根据分离物的形态特征、PCR检测结果、序列分析以及致病性测试结果,将进境澳大利亚油菜籽样品中的真菌分离物6382-43和6382-51分别鉴定为油菜茎基溃疡病菌Leptosphaeria maculans和油菜黑胫病菌L.biglobosa。     

苹果轮纹病菌LAMP快速检测方法的建立

为建立快捷、灵敏检测苹果轮纹病菌Botryosphaeria dothidea的环介导等温扩增(loop-medi‐ated isothermal amplification,LAMP)检测方法,以其内转录间隔区ITS序列为靶标,设计6条LAMP引物,对其特异性进行检测,优化反应条件并建立苹果轮纹病菌的LAMP检测方法。引物特异性检测结果表明,2株苹果轮纹病菌反应结果呈绿色为阳性,而其它3株对照菌株反应结果呈橙色为阴性,表明了LAMP检测引物的高特异性。优化后的LAMP最佳反应条件:温度65℃、扩增时间60 min、FIP/BIP、F3/B3、LF/LB引物终浓度分别为1.0、0.25、0.5μmol/L。LAMP检测方法对苹果轮纹病菌DNA的检测灵敏度达到了100 ag/μL,是常规PCR检测灵敏度的100倍。田间疑似轮纹病组织检测结果发现LAMP方法对苹果轮纹病菌的检出率高达68%,而传统分离鉴定方法的检出率仅为24%。表明所建立的苹果轮纹病菌LAMP快速检测方法简便快捷、特异性好、灵敏度高,尤其适用于基层植保机构对于苹果轮纹病菌的田间快速检测。     

烟草根黑腐病菌的PCR分子检测

 根据烟草根黑腐病菌(Thielaviopsis basicola)与其它烟草病原真菌核糖体基因转录间隔区(internal transcribed spa-cer,ITS)序列间的差异,设计了一对特异性引物TB-5/TB-3,用于T. basicola的分子检测。利用该对引物对包括T. basicola在内的13个烟草病原菌菌株的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,结果表明:只有T. basicola能扩增到一条400bp左右的特异性条带,其它菌株及阴性对照均无扩增产物。对烟草组织和土壤的检测结果也表明,该对引物能特异性的检测到T. basicola基因组DNA的存在。该引物对T. basicola基因组DNA检测的灵敏度为100fg/μL。     

油菜茎基溃疡病菌LAMP-LFD检测方法的建立

本文基于环介导等温扩增技术与横向流动试纸条相结合的方法,建立了一种应用于油菜茎基溃疡病菌(Leptosphaeria maculans)的LAMP-LFD快速检测方法。以油菜茎基溃疡病菌的ITS基因序列为靶序列,设计出一套用于LAMP-LFD检测的引物和探针,优化了反应体系与反应条件(63℃,35 min)。结果表明:只有油菜茎基溃疡病菌出现阳性条带,其他参照菌株和阴性对照均未出现阳性条带,说明LAMP-LFD检测特异性强;灵敏度检测表明,对油菜茎基溃疡病菌的检测极限可低至114 fg/μL,灵敏度比传统PCR高10倍;该方法可从进境船载油菜籽样品中成功检测出油菜茎基溃疡病菌,检测结果与传统的鉴定方法一致。LAMP-LFD检测方法能够快速检测油菜茎基溃疡病菌,具有简便、灵敏、特异性高,不依赖特殊检测设备等优点,极具推广前景。     

基于Dickeya dadantii特有标志基因检测甘薯茎腐病菌

 甘薯细菌性茎腐病是由达旦提狄克氏菌(Dickeya dadantii)引起的一种检疫性病害,近年来在我国多地发生,严重威胁我国甘薯产业的发展。建立特异灵敏的检测D. dadantii的方法对于鉴定检疫病原菌、田间监测病原菌和防控病害有重要意义。本研究对Dickeya属菌株的全基因组序列进行比较基因组学分析,筛选到D. dadantii特有的标志基因,针对标志基因设计引物,其中针对编码登录号为WP_077245517未知蛋白基因的1对引物Dad1-F(5′-CATATCAACCAGACCAGCCGTT-3′)和Dad1-R(5′-CGGCCTGCTTTTAAACAACGTATTA-3′)能只从D. dadantii扩增到167 bp目的片段。由此建立了特异灵敏的常规PCR和实时荧光定量PCR检测D. dadantii的方法,为鉴定检疫甘薯茎腐病病原菌和田间监测病害提供了有效方法。     

基于Dickeya dadantii特有标志基因检测甘薯茎腐病菌

 甘薯细菌性茎腐病是由达旦提狄克氏菌(Dickeya dadantii)引起的一种检疫性病害,近年来在我国多地发生,严重威胁我国甘薯产业的发展。建立特异灵敏的检测D. dadantii的方法对于鉴定检疫病原菌、田间监测病原菌和防控病害有重要意义。本研究对Dickeya属菌株的全基因组序列进行比较基因组学分析,筛选到D. dadantii特有的标志基因,针对标志基因设计引物,其中针对编码登录号为WP_077245517未知蛋白基因的1对引物Dad1-F(5′-CATATCAACCAGACCAGCCGTT-3′)和Dad1-R(5′-CGGCCTGCTTTTAAACAACGTATTA-3′)能只从D. dadantii扩增到167 bp目的片段。由此建立了特异灵敏的常规PCR和实时荧光定量PCR检测D. dadantii的方法,为鉴定检疫甘薯茎腐病病原菌和田间监测病害提供了有效方法。     

柑橘溃疡病菌的普通LAMP及快速LAMP检测方法的建立

建立柑橘溃疡病菌的普通LAMP和快速LAMP检测方法,使其能应用于基层检验检疫部门对病害的快速检测.利用柑橘溃疡病菌基因组特有的保守区域设计LAMP引物,通过优化反应条件,建立柑橘溃疡病菌的普通LAMP检测体系;在普通LAMP引物的基础上设计一对环引物,建立柑橘溃疡病菌的快速LAMP检测体系,并以多种参比菌DNA以及健康柑橘叶片基因组DNA为模板对普通LAMP和快速LAMP检测体系的特异性进行了验证,利用柑橘溃疡病菌菌液和DNA溶液梯度稀释液对普通LAMP和快速LAMP检测体系的灵敏度进行了验证.普通LAMP检测体系菌体和DNA检测灵敏度分别达到了2.25×104 cfu和2.03×10-1 ng,快速LAMP检测体系菌体和DNA检测灵敏度分别达到了2.25 cfu和2.03×10-5ng.在特异性测试中,普通LAMP检测体系与快速LAMP检测体系均仅对柑橘溃疡病菌进行扩增,对非靶标菌和柑橘叶片基因组DNA不产生扩增,普通LAMP与快速LAMP检测体系特异性测试结果一致.快速LAMP检测体系在0.5h内就可以达到普通LAMP检测体系的扩增量,是普通LAMP检测体系反应时间的一半,大大提高了检测的效率;快速LAMP检测体系菌悬液和DNA检测灵敏度均比普通LAMP检测体系提高了10 000倍.成功地建立了柑橘溃疡病菌的普通LAMP及快速LAMP检测方法,为柑橘溃疡病菌的检测提供了一种新的简便、快速的检测手段.     

瓜黑星病菌、枯萎病菌和蔓枯病菌的三重PCR检测

通过测定黄瓜黑星病菌(Cladosporium cucumerinum)rDNA的ITS序列,比对近缘种及瓜类几种重要病原菌的ITS序列,设计出特异性引物HX-1/HX-2,经过对引物HX-1/HX-2PCR条件的优化,可以扩增出1条190bp的黄瓜黑星病菌特异性DNA条带,灵敏度达到1pg/μL。进一步将引物HX-1/HX-2和瓜类枯萎病菌、瓜类蔓枯病菌特异检测引物Fn-1/Fn-2、Mn-1/Mn-2组合,建立三重PCR体系,可一次检测出瓜类黑星病菌、瓜类枯萎病菌、瓜类蔓枯病菌3种瓜类植物重要的病原菌。建立了可以应用于田间瓜类黑星病菌PCR检测技术和瓜类主要病害三重PCR检测技术,对瓜类病害的诊断和防治具有重要的指导作用。     

油菜茎基溃疡病菌的实时荧光PCR检测

 根据油菜茎基溃疡病菌Leptosphaeria maculans与其近似种ITS序列的差异,设计了检测L. maculans的引物Lmb3/R2和探针Probe-M,建立了L. maculans的实时荧光PCR检测方法。试验结果表明,来自加拿大、澳大利亚和乌克兰等国的22株L. maculans菌株都能得到阳性扩增,而供试的30株L. biglobosa菌株和6株其他菌株以及空白对照没有荧光信号的增加。该检测方法的灵敏度达到4 pg菌丝DNA,整个检测过程控制在4 h内,其快速、特异和灵敏的特点可以满足进境油菜籽样品的快速初检以及病菌分离物的快速鉴定。     

Epidemiology and management of Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) on oilseed rape in Australia, Canada and Europe

Phoma stem canker (blackleg), caused by Leptosphaeria maculans , is an important disease on oilseed rape (canola, rapeseed, Brassica napus , Brassica juncea , Brassica rapa ) causing seedling death, lodging or early senescence in Australia, Canada and Europe, but not in China. The two forms of L. maculans (A group and B group) that occur on oilseed rape are now considered to be separate species. The epidemiology and severity of phoma stem canker differs between continents due to differences in the pathogen population structure, oilseed rape species and cultivars grown, climate and agricultural practices. Epidemics are most severe in Australia, where only the A group occurs, and can be damaging in Canada and western Europe, where both A and B groups occur, although their proportions vary within regions and throughout the year. Epidemics are slight in China, where the A group has not been found. Dry climates (Australia, western Canada) lengthen the persistence of infected debris and may synchronize the release of airborne ascospores (after rain) with seedling emergence. L. maculans spreads from cotyledon and leaf infections down petioles to reach the stem, with infections on cotyledons and leaves early in the season producing the most damaging stem cankers at the stem base (crown). Development of both crown cankers and phoma stem lesions higher up stems is most rapid in regions with high temperatures from flowering to harvest, such as Australia and Canada. Breeding for resistance (genetic, disease escape or tolerance), stubble management, crop rotation and fungicide seed treatments are important strategies for control of phoma stem canker in all areas. Fungicide spray treatments are justified only in regions such as western Europe where high yields are obtained, and accurate forecasts of epidemic severity are needed to optimize their use.     

环介导等温扩增技术检测大丽轮枝菌

 本研究基于环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP),通过比对分析大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)与其相近种不同靶标序列间的差异,选取Gpd(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶)基因作为靶标基因,设计并筛选了四条特异性强、灵敏度高的LAMP引物和两条环引物,建立了一种基于颜色判定的简单、快速和灵敏的大丽轮枝菌的检测方法,并进行了特异性、灵敏度实验及田间发病组织的检测。该方法在62 ℃等温条件下进行核酸扩增反应70 min,扩增前加入染料HNB(羟基萘酚蓝),反应后根据染料颜色变化判定扩增结果。特异性试验中,仅含有大丽轮枝菌菌株DNA的反应管扩增后呈天蓝色的阳性反应,而其他供试菌株均呈紫色的阴性反应。该方法的最低检测限为100 pg·μL^-1,在土壤中检测的灵敏度为10个孢子/0.25g土壤。该技术能够检测出棉花发病组织中的目标菌,对采自江苏和山东的24份疑似病害样本进行检测,11份为阳性。该方法的建立为大丽轮枝菌的检测及其所致病害的诊断提供了新的技术。     

Differentiating A and B groups of Leptosphaeria maculans, causal agent of stem canker (blackleg) of oilseed rape

Stem canker or blackleg of brassicas, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans , is one of the most damaging diseases of winter oilseed rape in the UK. Airborne ascospores, released in autumn and winter, initiate leaf infections which may lead to colonization of the petiole and, later in the season, formation of stem lesions and cankers. Although isolates of the pathogen differ in ability to cause damaging stem cankers, this is not readily apparent from leaf spotting or stem lesion symptoms. However, several cultural, biochemical and genetic characteristics appear to be associated with the ability to form damaging stem cankers and isolates can be assigned to one of two groups, termed A and B, on the basis of differences in these characteristics. To investigate the relationship between leaf spotting symptoms and subsequent stem canker formation, and to improve understanding of the epidemiology of this pathogen, it is desirable to differentiate between the stem canker forming A group and the less damaging B group of L. maculans . Characterization of isolate type is also important in seed testing and crop breeding programs, particularly in countries such as Canada and Poland where the A type is not ubiquitous. This article reviews methods, including plant assays, assessments of growth characteristics in vitro , isozyme analyses, secondary metabolite profiling, serology, and nucleic acid analyses, that can be used to differentiate the A and B groups.     

Splash dispersal of Leptosphaeria maculans pycnidiospores and the spread of blackleg on oilseed rape

The fungus Leptosphaeria maculans causes blackleg (phoma stem canker), one of the most serious diseases of oilseed rape. The role of pycnidiospores produced during asexual reproduction is poorly documented and limits the understanding of the pathogen's population dynamics. The objectives of this study were to assess rain-splash dispersal of pycnidiospores of L. maculans from phoma leaf spots, and transmission of the disease from oilseed rape stubble carrying pycnidia. The work was conducted in still air with either a drop generator or a rain simulator. The impact of simulated incident drops on phoma leaf spots resulted in the dispersal of L. maculans pycnidiospores within splash droplets. Ninety per cent of the spores were collected within 14 cm of the source and a few were regularly observed up to 40 cm. Pycnidiospores produced on oilseed rape stubble and dispersed by simulated rain infected oilseed rape trap plants in a spatial pattern that matched the spatial dispersal of the pycnidiospores. In the field, rain-splash dispersal of pycnidiospores could increase the pathogen population and may enhance sexual reproduction by facilitating the mating of initially spatially separated isolates of opposite mating type.     

Strategies to prevent spread of Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) onto oilseed rape crops in China; costs and benefits

Field experiments in Europe have shown that Chinese cultivars of winter oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ) are very susceptible to the pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans (cause of phoma stem canker). Climatic and agronomic conditions in China are suitable for L. maculans since the closely related but less damaging pathogen L. biglobosa occurs on the winter and spring oilseed rape crops there. Major gene resistance to L. maculans is not durable; when introduced into commercial oilseed rape cultivars it is rapidly rendered ineffective by changes in the pathogen population. The threat to Chinese oilseed rape production from L. maculans is illustrated by the way in which L. maculans has spread into other areas of the world where previously only L. biglobosa was present, such as Canada and Poland. Models were developed to describe the spread (in space and time) of L. maculans across Alberta province, Canada, based on survey data collected over a 15-year period. These models were used to estimate the potential spread of L. maculans across the Yangtze river oilseed rape growing areas of China and its associated costs. Short-term strategies to prevent occurrence of severe phoma stem canker epidemics in China include training of extension workers to recognise symptoms of the disease and use of PCR-based diagnostics to detect the pathogen on imported seed. Long-term strategies include the introduction of durable resistance to L. maculans into Chinese oilseed rape cultivars as a component of an integrated disease management programme. The costs of such strategies in relation to costs of a phoma stem canker epidemic are discussed.     

Survival of Leptosphaeria maculans in soil on residues of Brassica napus in South Australia

The survival of Leptosphaeria maculans , which causes phoma stem canker (blackleg), on oilseed rape residues ( Brassica napus ) in South Australia was investigated. Using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for L. maculans DNA, the pathogen was mainly detected in the upper 5 cm of the soil profile, including residues on the soil surface. As the size of organic matter particles in the soil decreased, so did the quantity of L. maculans detected in them. To obtain representative data for a field, at least 30 subsamples needed to be collected over the 0·81 ha area studied. In a survey of 49 commercial fields in South Australia, most L. maculans was detected in fields 1 year after oilseed rape had been grown, with less detected after 2 years and negligible amounts 3 years or more after cropping. The diagnostic DNA-based assay for L. maculans reduced the time and cost of studying L. maculans survival in soil and increased the sensitivity and accuracy of results compared with estimates of propagule number of colony-forming units on a semiselective medium.     

进境澳大利亚大麦夹杂油菜茎基溃疡病菌的检疫鉴定

采用常规平板分离法, 从进境澳大利亚大麦中夹杂的油菜籽上获得1株疑似油菜茎基溃疡病菌的菌株01829?通过致病性测定?形态学观察?特异性引物扩增?ITS序列比对分析, 对01829进行了种类鉴定?结果表明:菌株01829在PDA培养基上生长较慢, 菌落边缘不整齐, 产生大量分生孢子器和分生孢子; 采用特异性引物对LMR1-D和Lmb分别进行PCR检测, 结果均有预期扩增片段产生; 基于ITS序列构建的系统发育树中, 菌株01829和GenBank中其他油菜茎基溃疡病菌相关序列聚在同一分支; 菌株01829接种油菜子叶和茎基部, 在子叶和茎基部接种部位分别引起叶斑和凹陷溃疡斑?根据上述试验结果, 将菌株01829鉴定为油菜茎基溃疡病菌, 这是我国口岸首次从进境澳大利亚大麦中截获油菜茎基溃疡病菌?     

快速检测马铃薯干腐病病原接骨木镰孢的环介导等温扩增技术

 本研究基于环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP),建立了一种快速、准确和灵敏的接骨木镰孢的检测技术。通过比对接骨木镰孢与其近源种之间的候选靶标序列,选取TEF1-α(translation elongation factor 1-α,翻译延伸因子)基因作为靶标,设计并筛选出一套对该病原菌具有种特异性的LAMP引物,建立了检测接骨木镰孢的 LAMP 体系。该体系在反应前加入染料羟基萘酚蓝(hydroxynaphthol blue,HNB),经62℃恒温反应70 min之后,可根据肉眼观察到的反应物的颜色判定结果。特异性分析结果表明,仅接骨木镰孢的DNA经检测后呈天蓝色的阳性反应,而其他供试菌株的DNA均呈紫色的阴性反应。该方法对DNA的最低检测限为100 pg·μL^-1。在采自内蒙古和黑龙江的28份马铃薯干腐病疑似病害样本中,检测到14份阳性样品。该方法的建立为接骨木镰孢的检测及其所致病害的诊断提供了快捷准确的技术。