麦田冬前除草注意“三要”

1、时间要适当。10月下旬到11月中旬是冬小麦田杂草的出苗高峰期,出苗数占总数的95％以上,翌年3月下旬到4月中旬,还有少量杂草出苗。冬前杂草处于幼苗期,植株小,组织幼嫩,对药剂敏感,是防除的有利时机。喷药应选择天气晴朗、无风,日平均气温在10℃以上时喷药;     

加拿大一枝黄花生物学特性调查及植株成分分析

加拿大一枝黄花为多年生根茎植物,以种子和地下根茎繁殖.在苏州市于3月30日前后出苗,8月24日现蕾,10月10日普遍开花,盛花期为10月下旬,11月5日种子开始成熟.加拿大一枝黄花植物C/N在20以上,尤其是根部C/N达35.91,用以作食用菌的培养基质,可以适应食用菌不同生长发育阶段对C/N的需要,是理想的食用菌培养基质.用加拿大一枝黄花植株作食用菌培养的基质材料,可以降低成本,增加产量,提高经济效益.     

加拿大一枝黄花的开花及种子成熟规律研究

通过野外观察,运用挂牌标记、逐日观察、切花比较、种子活力检测等方法,对加拿大一枝黄花自然种群的开花和种子形成规律进行了研究,并比较了切花和自然种群种子的活力水平.结果发现,加拿大一枝黄花具有头状花序组成的圆锥花序,头状花序由外围舌状花及中央的管状花构成.种群花期为9月底10月初至11月下旬,历时2个月左右,开花授粉阶段为10月下旬至11月下旬,到12月中旬左右大批种子成熟,各部位种子具有相近的活力.圆锥花序的开花顺序为顶部→中部→下部.主枝和各部位侧枝的圆锥花序开花和种子形成各阶段的持续时间呈现较明显的规律.在开花50%以下时进行切花,其形成的种子活力较小.随着切花时期的提早,种子活力呈现下降趋势.     

麦田野芥菜生物学特性及防除技术

小叶芥油菜俗名野芥菜,又名麻菜,十字花科芸薹属。原为油料作物,60年代初引种作绿肥,种子侵入麦田造成为害。 (一)主要形态特征与生物学特性野芥菜为越年生直立草本,直根系,主根圆锥形,高70～110厘米,长角果,易裂。种子萌发最适温度为16～20℃,土壤含水量为30～35％。如温湿度适宜,小麦播后3～4天野芥菜即出苗;日均温12℃,播后7～8天出苗;日均温8℃,播后10天出苗。冬季生长很慢,3月下旬返青抽薹,3月下旬至4月上中旬开花结籽,5月中旬末角果成熟,金生育期180～200天,     

气候变暖对晋北黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯适播期的影响

以气候变暖为主要特征的气候变化对马铃薯物候期、生长发育及产量都产生很大影响，研究马铃薯生长季热量资源和适播期变化特征，对调整品种布局和合理利用气候资源具有重要意义。利用1981—2016年晋北地区地面气象观测站和农业气象观测站资料，通过趋势分析和相关分析，研究晋北马铃薯气候资源变化特征及对马铃薯产量的影响；基于积温稳定性原理，建立气象产量预测模型，得出最高气象产量对应的适播期，并分析适播期的年代变化特征。结果表明，晋北马铃薯生长季气温以0.32℃·10a^-1速率呈升温趋势，≥5℃积温以47.0℃·d·10a^-1速率呈增加趋势。气候变暖背景下对晋北马铃薯产量影响显著的气候因子主要是出苗～分枝期的平均气温，全生育期的积温、日照时数、需水量，出苗～分枝期、花序形成～可收期及全生育期的最高气温≥30℃的日数。气温和日照基本为负效应，降水在营养生长期为负效应，生殖生长期为正效应。晋北马铃薯适播期随着气候变暖有提前的趋势，20世纪80年代适播期在5月上旬末至5月中旬，90年代适播期在5月上旬，21世纪最初10 a适播期在4月下旬至5月上旬初，2010年以...     

第3代稻飞虱主要气象影响因子的通径分析及预测

研究气象因子对第3代稻飞虱发生、发展的影响,为稻飞虱的预报和防治提供科学依据.利用广东省化州市1993~2010年稻飞虱系统调查资料和气象资料,对第3代稻飞虱发生程度与主要气象因子进行相关和通径分析,建立回归预测模型.结果表明:上年8月下旬平均最高气温和当年1月上旬相对湿度是影响第3代稻飞虱发生程度的主导因子,上年8月下旬至9月中旬平均气温的直接作用次之,上年12月中旬至下旬降雨量、上年8月下旬温湿系数等对害虫发生程度的直接作用较小,但通过上年8月下旬平均最高气温发挥间接作用.利用逐步回归方法建立了第3代稻飞虱发生程度的预测模型,模型历史拟合准确率为87.8%,而2011年预测结果与实际发生实况一致.生产中可以应用拟合的模型对稻飞虱的发生为害进行预测预报.     

介绍一种计算有效积温的方法——根据日最高最低气温

推算作物生育期、害虫发生期、各种虫期以及病害潜育期等等数值时，往往都要依据有效积温,而有效积温的计算以往多根据日平均气温(以下简称平均法)。如某一害虫的发育起点温度为10℃,在1981年328日,最高气温(Tx)为15.4℃,最低气温(Tn)为0.8℃,日平均气温(T)为8.1℃,如果按平均法推算,该日有效积温为“0”,然而,追踪24小时气温的变化曲线(图1),就会发现在达到最高气温前后10小时里气温超过了10℃,必然积累了有效温量,这个害虫     

外来入侵生物烟粉虱的生物学特性及种群数量消长规律研究

根据2005～2010年应用塑料黄板涂抹机油系统诱集烟粉虱成虫以及烟粉虱的饲养观察结果表明,烟粉虱在临海地区年可发生11代;其越冬的临界温度为旬平均气温8.5℃。随着寄主植物的生长,成虫逐渐向上部叶片转移,并形成植株自上而下为成虫(初产卵)、若虫和蛹壳(伪蛹)的虫态垂直分布状态。其全年种群数量消长主要呈双峰型曲线变化,其中夏峰期一般在5月中旬至9月上旬;秋峰期一般在10月中旬至11月下旬。影响种群数量消长的主要因素有种群基数、气候条件、耕作制度和洪涝淹没等。其中关键在于气温条件,即烟粉虱虫口密度(M)随气温(T℃)的变化而变化,其线性关系模型为M=0.607T-4.064 5,n=36;r=0.682 6**;其曲线关系模型为M=0.007 1T2+0.351 3T-2.218 8,n=36;r=0.684 6**。当旬平均气温在8～10℃时种群处存活临界状态;当旬平均气温在10～20℃时种群数量处低密度状态,并呈低位运行;当旬平均气温处20℃以上种群数量增速较快,并随气温升高而升高;当旬平均气温处30℃以上时种群数量有所回落,并出现相对低谷期。随后种群数量又回升成峰,并对秋季蔬菜产生较重为害。     

日本豆蚜茧蜂人工保护越冬试验

通化县地处长白山区,每年平均气温在0℃以下的天气约130天左右,冬季最低温度可达-35℃。地面被大雪覆盖日约100天左右。为了摸清日本豆蚜茧蜂(Lysiphlebia japonica)在该地区越冬后的自然存活率,我们进行了越冬存活率观察和人工保护越冬试验,结果如下: 一、自然条件下豆蚜茧蜂越冬存活率观察 日本豆蚜茧蜂每年10月下旬以老熟幼虫在地下1～3厘米植物根上的寄主体内越冬,翌     

应用农业措施控制加拿大一枝黄花的技术研究

应用植物替代、人工拔除和机械旋耕等农业措施控制加拿大一枝黄花研究结果表明,种植替代植物水稻、小麦、玉米和大豆等作物对加拿大一枝黄花均有一定的防效,鲜重防效明显高于株数防效,对株高的防效最小。其中种植水稻的防效达100%。人工拔除加拿大一枝黄花的地上部分和地下部分后种植青菜和芝麻,其株数防效和鲜重防效均可达95%以上。机械旋耕对加拿大一枝黄花株高的控制效果在50%左右,鲜重的防效可达70%,但旋耕后其密度会大量增加。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.