Impact of large-scale vegetation restoration project on summer land surface temperature on the Loess Plateau,China

A large-scale afforestation project has been carried out since 1999 in the Loess Plateau of China. However, vegetation-induced changes in land surface temperature (LST) through the changing land surface energy balance have not been well documented. Using satellite measurements, this study quantified the contribution of vegetation restoration to the changes in summer LST and analyzed the effects of different vegetation restoration patterns on LST during both daytime and nighttime. The results show that the average daytime LST decreased by 4.3°C in the vegetation restoration area while the average nighttime LST increased by 1.4°C. The contributions of the vegetation restoration project to the changes in daytime LST and nighttime LST are 58% and 60%, respectively, which are far greater than the impact of climate change. The vegetation restoration pattern of cropland (CR) converting into artificial forest (AF) has a cooling effect during daytime and a warming effect at nighttime, while the conversion of CR to grassland has an opposite effect compared with the conversion of CR to AF. Our results indicate that increasing evapotranspiration caused by the vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau is the controlling factor of daytime LST change, while the nighttime LST change is affected by soil humidity and air humidity.     

Changes in soil properties and erodibility of gully heads induced by vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau,China

Soil erosion on the Loess Plateau of China is effectively controlled due to the implementation of several ecological restoration projects that improve soil properties and reduce soil erodibility. However, few studies have examined the effects of vegetation restoration on soil properties and erodibility of gully head in the gully regions of the Loess Plateau. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of vegetation restoration on soil properties and erodibility in this region. Specifically, a control site in a slope cropland and 9 sites in 3 restored land-use types(5 sites in grassland, 3 in woodland and 1 in shrubland) in the Nanxiaohegou watershed of a typical gully region on the Loess Plateau were selected, and soil and root samples were collected to assess soil properties and root characteristics. Soil erodibility factor was calculated by the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator method. Our results revealed that vegetation restoration increased soil sand content, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, organic matter content and mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregate but decreased soil silt and clay contents and soil disintegration rate. A significant difference in soil erodibility was observed among different vegetation restoration patterns or land-use types. Compared with cropland, soil erodibility decreased in the restored lands by 3.99% to 21.43%. The restoration patterns of Cleistogenes caespitosa K. and Artemisia sacrorum L. in the grassland showed the lowest soil erodibility and can be considered as the optimal vegetation restoration pattern for improving soil anti-erodibility of the gully heads. Additionally, the negative linear change in soil erodibility for grassland with restoration time was faster than those of woodland and shrubland. Soil erodibility was significantly correlated with soil particle size distribution, soil disintegration rate, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, water-stable aggregate stability, organic matter content and root characteristics(including root average diameter, root length density, root surface density and root biomass density), but it showed no association with soil bulk density and soil total porosity. These findings indicate that although vegetation destruction is a short-term process, returning the soil erodibility of cropland to the level of grassland, woodland and shrubland is a long-term process(8–50 years).     

Soil hydraulic conductivity as affected by vegetation restoration age on the Loess Plateau,China

The Loess Plateau of China has experienced extensive vegetation restoration in the past several decades,which leads to great changes in soil properties such as soil bulk,porosity,and organic matter with the vegetation restoration age.And these soil properties have great effect on the soil infiltration and soil hydraulic conductivity.However,the potential changes in soil hydraulic conductivity caused by vegetation restoration age have not been well understood.This study was conducted to investigate the changes in soil hydraulic conductivity under five grasslands with different vegetation restoration ages(3,10,18,28 and 37 years)compared to a slope farmland,and further to identify the factors responsible for these changes on the Loess Plateau of China.At each site,accumulative infiltration amount and soil hydraulic conductivity were determined using a disc permeameter with a water supply pressure of –20 mm.Soil properties were measured for analyzing their potential factors influencing soil hydraulic conductivity.The results showed that the soil bulk had no significant changes over the initial 20 years of restoration(P0.05);the total porosity,capillary porosity and field capacity decreased significantly in the grass land with 28 and 37 restoration ages compared to the slope farmland;accumulative infiltration amount and soil hydraulic conductivity were significantly enhanced after 18 years of vegetation restoration.However,accumulative infiltration amount and soil hydraulic conductivity fluctuated over the initial 10 years of restoration.The increase in soil hydraulic conductivity with vegetation restoration was closely related to the changes in soil texture and structure.Soil sand and clay contents were the most influential factors on soil hydraulic conductivity,followed by bulk density,soil porosity,root density and crust thickness.The Pearson correlation coefficients indicated that the soil hydraulic conductivity was affected by multiply factors.These results are helpful to understand the changes in hydrological and erosion processes response to vegetation succession on the Loess Plateau.     

定西关川河流域退耕还林还草对景观格局演变的影响

以甘肃定西关川河流域为研究对象,利用遥感影像和实地调查相结合的方法,获取退耕还林还草前后（1995年、2000年、2005年和2010年）的土地利用数据进行景观格局演变分析。结果表明：从1995-2010年,农地面积由56.86%减少到28.50%,而林地由9.01%增加到20.01%,草地由31.92%增加到48.30%;建筑用地持续增加,水域面积减少较快。流域景观破碎化程度略有上升,斑块形状指数有所降低。景观优势度指数、多样性指数、均匀性指数和连接度指数变化不大。1999年实施的退耕还林还草工程,是林草地面积增加的直接驱动因素。15 a间,有50.95%的农地转变为草地,有46.24%的林地和草地又转变为农地,说明流域人口和城市的扩张,林草地面积扩大的压力仍然很大。此外,关川河流域水域面积的快速减少,说明流域水资源环境呈恶化的趋势。     

黄土高原城郊区植被生产有机物价值的时空差异

选取受人类活动影响深刻的生态脆弱区陕北黄土高原城郊区为研究区,利用研究区太阳辐射、降水量、日照率、地面长波辐射、土地利用等数据和区域生态服务价值测算模型测算了研究区植被净生产力、生产有机物价值的时空差异.结果表明:陕北黄土高原城郊区各类植被净生产力年际间变化大;陕北黄土高原城郊区植被净生产力空间差异显著,而且同一区域不同植被类型净生产力也不相同;陕北黄土高原城郊区植被生产有机物总价值随时间变化明显,其中榆林市城郊区年际间变化最大.     

红砂植被盖度对土壤不同形态碳、氮及细菌多样性的影响

以自然恢复的红砂群落为研究对象,探讨黄土高原红砂植被不同盖度对土壤不同形态碳、氮及细菌多样性的影响,为该地区的人工生态恢复措施提供理论支撑.在兰州市南北两山植被恢复技术研究与示范基地,按照5级盖度分类法设置红砂植被盖度梯度,重点对土壤养分碳氮、微生物量碳氮和细菌多样性开展研究.结果表明:随着植被恢复,土壤有机碳 (SOC)和全氮(TN)、土壤微生物碳 (MBC)和微生物氮(MBN)逐渐提高,并且增加比较快 ,但是当总盖度达到48.73%之后,增加比较缓慢,而且增加的差异不显著.相同的植被盖度对土壤有机碳、全氮和土壤微生物碳、氮的影响趋于一致.土壤细菌多样性随植被盖度有所增加,在植被盖度达到48.73%后多样性维持在彼此接近的水平,尽管微生物多样性群落结构有差异 .在植被稀疏、物种多样性较低的干旱坡地,红砂植被盖度增加明显改善了土壤生态功能, 但是片面追求植被盖度的增加,对土壤特性改善有限.     

泾河流域不同时期土壤侵蚀状况及分区的植被建设研究

从20世纪80年代到2003年,泾河流域侵蚀呈更强的发展态势。其中,极强和剧烈侵蚀比重分别增加了1.30%和1.97%。按照侵蚀模数所属侵蚀等级,把2000年流域土地利用类型进行分类,得出以中、低覆盖度草地和丘陵耕地为主的土地利用结构是流域水土流失产生的主要原因。植被建设与恢复是缓解区域水土流失的重要途径。根据泾河流域内和流域周边25个气象站点的林地生态需水量与当地生长季降水量的匹配程度,通过插值方法,将流域分为适宜或较适宜造林区（乔灌林区）、欠适宜造林区（耐旱灌木林与高覆盖度草地区）和非适宜造林区（中覆盖度草地区）3类,结果显示,这3类区由东北向西南呈倾斜的条带状分布,分别占流域总面积的53.69%,22.16%和24.15%。为研究气候变化对植被分区的影响,分别评价了1961-1980年和1981-2004年两个时段流域林地生长季降雨量变化及对应的林地区域分异状况,结果显示：生长季降雨量整体表现为减少趋势,最大减幅在50 mm左右,总体减幅高于全年平均降水量的减幅,减幅区涉及范围较广;在局部地区降雨有所增加,最大增幅为20 mm左右,增幅区位于下游的泾阳县、淳化县以及上游的定边县,受此影响,非适宜造林区和欠适宜造林区呈现向南推进态势,适宜或较适宜造林区面积减少了11.44%。本文的研究结果可为当地植被建设提供参考。     

Scenario simulation of water retention services under land use/cover and climate changes: a case study of the Loess Plateau,China

Comprehensive assessments of ecosystem services in environments under the influences of human activities and climate change are critical for sustainable regional ecosystem management. Therefore, integrated interdisciplinary modelling has become a major focus of ecosystem service assessment. In this study, we established a model that integrates land use/cover change (LUCC), climate change, and water retention services to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of water retention services in the Loess Plateau of China in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050). An improved Markov-Cellular Automata (Markov-CA) model was used to simulate land use/land cover patterns, and ArcGIS 10.2 software was used to simulate and assess water retention services from 2000 to 2050 under six combined scenarios, including three land use/land cover scenarios (historical scenario (HS), ecological protection scenario (EPS), and urban expansion scenario (UES)) and two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, where RCP is the representative concentration pathway). LUCCs in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050) are dominated by transformations among agricultural land, urban land and grassland. Urban land under UES increased significantly by 0.63×10³ km²/a, which was higher than the increase of urban land under HS and EPS. In the Loess Plateau, water yield decreased by 17.20×10⁶ mm and water retention increased by 0.09×10⁶ mm in the historical period (2000-2015), especially in the Interior drainage zone and its surrounding areas. In the future (2020-2050), the pixel means of water yield is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (96.63 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (95.46 mm), and the pixel means of water retention is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (1.95 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (1.38 mm). RCP4.5-EPS shows the highest total water retention capacity on the plateau scale among the six combined scenarios, with the value of 1.27×10⁶ mm. Ecological restoration projects in the Loess Plateau have enhanced soil and water retention. However, more attention needs to be paid not only to the simultaneous increase in water retention services and evapotranspiration but also to the type and layout of restored vegetation. Furthermore, urbanization needs to be controlled to prevent uncontrollable LUCCs and climate change. Our findings provide reference data for the regional water and land resources management and the sustainable development of socio-ecological systems in the Loess Plateau under LUCC and climate change scenarios.     

Revegetation with artificial plants improves topsoil hydrological properties but intensifies deep-soil drying in northern Loess Plateau,China

Knowledge about the effects of vegetation types on soil properties and on water dynamics in the soil profile is critical for revegetation strategies in water-scarce regions, especially the choice of vegetation type and human management measures. We focused on the analysis of the effects of vegetation type on soil hydrological properties and soil moisture variation in the 0–400 cm soil layer based on a long-term(2004―2016) experimental data in the northern Loess Plateau region, China. Soil bulk density(BD), saturated soil hydraulic conductivity(Ks), field capacity(FC) and soil organic carbon(SOC) in 2016, as well as the volumetric soil moisture content during 2004–2016, were measured in four vegetation types, i.e., shrubland(korshinsk peashrub), artificial grassland(alfalfa), fallow land and cropland(millet or potato). Compared with cropland, revegetation with peashrub and alfalfa significantly decreased BD and increased Ks, FC, and SOC in the 0–40 cm soil layer, and fallow land significantly increased FC and SOC in the 0–10 cm soil layer. Soil water storage(SWS) significantly declined in shrubland and grassland in the 40–400 cm soil layer, causing severe soil drought in the deep soil layers. The study suggested that converting cropland to grassland(alfalfa) and shrubland(peashrub) improved soil-hydrological properties, but worsened water conditions in the deep soil profile. However, natural restoration did not intensify deep-soil drying. The results imply that natural restoration could be better than revegetation with peashrub and alfalfa in terms of good soil hydrological processes in the semi-arid Loess Plateau region.     

Effects of agriculture,climate, and policy on NDVI change in a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau

In 1999, the Grain for Green Project was implemented by the Chinese government. Since then, the vegetation of Zuli River Basin, a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau, has been greatly changed. Clearly understanding the impact of natural and artificial factors on vegetation change is important for policy making and ecosystem management. In this study, spatio-temporal variations in vegetation cover in Chinese Zuli River Basin during 1999–2016 were investigated using Landsat normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Analyses of several indicators, including changes in NDVI in different slopes and land use changes and the relationships between climatic factors and NDVI change, were presented to quantitatively evaluate the effects of agriculture, climate, and policy on NDVI change. The NDVI in the Zuli River Basin increased during the study period, and the main contributors to this change were forest in 1999–2011, cropland, abandoned farmland, and grassland in 2009–2016, and land with slopes ≤ 15°. Land with slope > 15°, where the “Project” was implemented, slightly contributed to the increase in regional NDVI. In 1999–2011, the project (?98.16%) combined with climate change (?68.18%) showed negative effects on the increase in NDVI in the Zuli River Basin, but agriculture (22.28%) played a positive role in increasing this index. In 2009–2016 and 1999–2016, the project (38.45% and 35.25%, respectively), the project combined with climate change (49.83% and 46.30%, respectively), agriculture (18.61% and 23.30%, respectively), promoted increases in NDVI in the basin.     

Streamflow responses to climate change and LUCC in a semi-arid watershed of Chinese Loess Plateau

Climate change and Land Use/Cover Change(LUCC) have been identified as two primary factors affecting watershed hydrological regime. This study analyzed the trends of streamflow, precipitation, air temperature and potential evapotranspiration(PET) from 1962 to 2008 in the Jihe watershed in northwestern Loess Plateau of China using the Mann-Kendall test. The streamflow responses to climate change and LUCC were quantified independently by the elasticity method. The results show that the streamflow presented a dramatic decline with a turning point occurred in 1971, while the precipitation and PET did not change significantly. The results also show that the temperature rose markedly especially since 1990 s with an approximate increase of 1.74°C over the entire research period(1962–2008). Using land use transition matrix, we found that slope cropland was significantly converted to terrace between 1970 s and 1990 s and that forest cover increased relatively significantly because of the Grain for Green Project after 2000. The streamflow reduction was predominantly caused by LUCC and its contribution reached up to 90.2%, while the contribution of climate change to streamflow decline was only 9.8%. Although the analytical results between the elasticity method and linear regression model were not satisfactorily consistent, they both indicated that LUCC(human activity) was the major factor causing streamflow decline in the Jihe watershed from 1962 to 2008.     

Dynamics of ecosystem carbon stocks during vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau of China

In the last few decades, the Loess Plateau had experienced an extensive vegetation restoration to reduce soil erosion and to improve the degraded ecosystems. However, the dynamics of ecosystem carbon stocks with vegetation restoration in this region are poorly understood. This study examined the changes of carbon stocks in mineral soil(0–100 cm), plant biomass and the ecosystem(plant and soil) following vegetation restoration with different models and ages. Our results indicated that cultivated land returned to native vegetation(natural restoration) or artificial forest increased ecosystem carbon sequestration. Tree plantation sequestered more carbon than natural vegetation succession over decades scale due to the rapid increase in biomass carbon pool. Restoration ages had different effects on the dynamics of biomass and soil carbon stocks. Biomass carbon stocks increased with vegetation restoration age, while the dynamics of soil carbon stocks were affected by sampling depth. Ecosystem carbon stocks consistently increased after tree plantation regardless of the soil depth; but an initial decrease and then increase trend was observed in natural restoration chronosequences with the soil sampling depth of 0–100 cm. Moreover, there was a time lag of about 15–30 years between biomass production and soil carbon sequestration in 0–100 cm, which indicated a long-term effect of vegetation restoration on deeper soil carbon sequestration.     

关于黄土高原退耕还林(草)问题

论述了退耕还林 (草 )是黄土高原水土保持、生态环境建设中一项战略性措施 ,分析了在满足农村人口粮食的基本需求情况下 ,退耕坡地仍有很大潜力 ,以及从自然环境特点、历史时期植被分布来看 ,黄土高原广大地区种树种草是可行的 ;并提出了退耕还林 (草 )必须重视的有关问题     

Changes in diversity,composition and assembly processes of soil microbial communities during Robinia pseudoacacia L. restoration on the Loess Plateau,China

Robinia pseudoacacia L. (RP) restoration has increased vegetation cover in semi-arid regions on the Loess Plateau of China, but ecological problems have also occurred due to RP restoration, such as reduced soil moisture. Further, it is still uncertain how microbial diversity, composition and assembly processes change with RP restoration in semi-arid regions. Therefore, amplicon sequencing of small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genes was performed to study soil bacterial and fungal diversity, composition and assembly processes at four study sites with different stand ages of RP plantations (Y10, RP plantation with stand ages less than 10 a; Y15, RP plantation with stand ages approximately 15 a; Y25, RP plantation with stand ages approximately 25 a; and Y40, RP plantation with stand ages approximately 40 a) along a 40-a chronosequence on the Loess Plateau. The diversity of soil bacteria and fungi increased significantly during the restoration period from 10 to 15 a (P<0.05). However, compared with Y15, bacterial diversity was lower at Y25 and Y40, and fungal diversity remained stable during the restoration period between 25 and 40 a. The relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Ascomycota increased during the restoration period from 10 to 15 a. Conversely, after 15 a of restoration, they both decreased, whereas the relative abundances of Actinomycetes, Acidobacteria and Basidiomycota gradually increased. The variations in soil bacterial communities were mainly related to changes in soil total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and moisture contents, while soil fungal communities were mainly shaped by soil organic carbon and nitrate nitrogen contents. Bacterial communities were structured by the heterogeneous selection and stochastic process, while fungal communities were structured primarily by the stochastic process. The RP restoration induced an increase in the relative importance of heterogeneous selection on bacterial communities. Overall, this study reveals the changes in microbial diversity, community composition and assembly processes with RP restoration on the Loess Plateau and provides a new perspective on the effects of vegetation restoration on soil microbial communities in semi-arid regions.     

Human induced dryland degradation in Ordos Plateau,China, revealed by multilevel statistical modeling of normalized difference vegetation index and rainfall time-series

Land degradation causes serious environmental problems in many regions of the world,and although it can be effectively assessed and monitored using a time series of rainfall and a normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)from remotely-sensed imagery,dividing human-induced land degradation from vegetation dynamics due to climate change is not a trivial task.This paper presented a multilevel statistical modeling of the NDVI-rainfall relationship to detect human-induced land degradation at local and landscape scales in the Ordos Plateau of Inner Mongolia,China,and recognized that anthropogenic activities result in either positive(land restoration and re-vegetation)or negative(degradation)trends.Linear regressions were used to assess the accuracy of the multilevel statistical model.The results show that:(1)land restoration was the dominant process in the Ordos Plateau between 1998 and 2012;(2)the effect of the statistical removal of precipitation revealed areas of human-induced land degradation and improvement,the latter reflecting successful restoration projects and changes in land management in many parts of the Ordos;(3)compared to a simple linear regression,multilevel statistical modeling could be used to analyze the relationship between the NDVI and rainfall and improve the accuracy of detecting the effect of human activities.Additional factors should be included when analyzing the NDVI-rainfall relationship and detecting human-induced loss of vegetation cover in drylands to improve the accuracy of the approach and eliminate some observed non-significant residual trends.     

基于作物缺水指数法的渭河流域干旱特征

选取作物缺水指数（CSWI）对渭河流域进行干旱监测,并利用监测数据对模拟结果进行验证,在此基础上分析渭河流域干旱状况。结果表明:① 模拟值和实测值的相关系数达到0.80,在一定程度上验证了模型的有效性。② 渭河流域2006、2007年和2009年均属于轻度干旱,2008年属于中度干旱;3-7月作物缺水指数逐渐减小;8-12月逐渐增大,1-3月又逐渐减小。③ 对于不同植被类型,林地的作物缺水指数最高,草地和农田的作物缺水指数相当,属于轻度干旱。      

黄土高原南部地区农业用地驱动力分析与动态模拟

利用黄土高原南部地区TM和ETM+遥感影像,在获取区域农业土地利用变化及其驱动因子数据的基础上,采用Binary Logistic回归模型,定量分析区域内农业用地的动态演化特征与空间分布格局,并运用ArcGIS软件进行不同类型农业用地变化模拟与输出。结果表明:1)黄土高原南部地区耕地的分布主要受距县城中心的距离、高程、坡度、坡向、人口密度、地均GDP的影响,其中受坡度影响最大,发生比expβ是0.83130204,高于其他因子;其次是高程和人口密度,发生比expβ分别为0.99932988和1.00011472。2)林地的分布主要受坡度和坡向的影响,坡度影响最大,坡向次之,发生比expβ分别为1.09136459和0.99209087。3)草地的分布受坡度和人口密度的影响较大,发生比expβ分别为1.02784089和0.99843133。影响黄土高原南部地区农业土地利用的自然和人文因素相对集中,主要包括坡地形度和人口密度,这说明该区域农业土地利用的人为干扰较强烈,人类活动是研究区农业土地资源和土地生态系统变化速率不断加快的重要因素。     

Land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Land cover in the Chinese Loess Plateau has undergone dramatic changes since the late 1980s.Revealing the trend in land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units in this stage is a realistic requirement for promoting sustainable development of the Chinese Loess Plateau.Based on the data of geomorphic units and land cover in 1990,2000,2010 and 2018 of the Chinese Loess Plateau,we studied the trend of land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units by using a significance index of land cover change,a proportion index of land cover change and an eco-environmental response model.The results indicated that from 1990 to 2018,the areas of forestland and construction land substantially increased,whereas those of cropland,grassland,wetland and unused land considerably decreased.Land cover change exhibited large geomorphic differences,and the main conversion of land cover was from cropland into other land types.Unstable trend of land cover change in the loess tablelands and sandy loess hills declined,whereas the unstable trends in the other geomorphic units enhanced.Eco-environmental quality varied among different geomorphic units.The expansion of construction land and degradation of forestland,grassland and wetland resulted in the deterioration of eco-environmental quality.The conversion of cropland and unused land into forestland and grassland,and the conversion of grassland into forestland were the main factors that drove the improvement of eco-environmental quality.The findings of this study may provide theoretical reference and support decision making for the optimization of land use structure and the improvement of eco-environmental quality on the Chinese Loess Plateau.     

蒸散发估算方法及其驱动力研究进展

蒸散发是水文循环的重要组成部分,也是度量土壤-植被-大气耦合系统中水文与能量传输的关键指标。因此,准确估算蒸散发,充分理解蒸散发的驱动力对干旱半干旱区水资源高效利用具有重要意义。本文对区域蒸散发估算方法进行了总结与归纳,并从气候变化和人类活动两个角度总结了干旱半干旱地区蒸散发变化的驱动力。最后,评论了当前蒸散发估算方法及其驱动力研究存在的问题,提出未来应加强蒸散发估算模型的改进与完善,合理规划土地利用,提高水资源利用效率,从而促进区域的可持续发展。     

陇东黄土高原土地利用、覆盖变化及驱动力分析

从土地利用和土地覆被的角度出发，利用RS和GIS技术，分析了20世纪最后15a该区土地利用和土地覆被变化在数量、结构和类型上的特点，并进一步分析了该区土地利用／土地覆被变化的驱动力，得出以下结论。15a间除建设用地和草地面积增加外，其他土地利用类型都呈现出不同程度减少。其中耕地减少了20691hm^2，主要转变为建设用地，且减少的耕地多为位置相对优越。产量较高的优质良田；林地减少了12269hm^2，主要转变为草地、早地和建设用地；草地的面积增加了33488hm^2，主要源自干林地和耕地的变化；交通建设用地高速增长，15a间增加了9278．8hm^2。该区土地利用和土地覆被变化的驱动力主要为自然因素、人口压力、经济因素及宏观政策等。