利用近地成像高光谱遥感对小麦全蚀病的监测

<正>小麦全蚀病是检疫性土传病害,近年来随着种子调运和跨区联合收割,有扩散趋势。利用遥感技术宏观、动态和实时的特点,可更好地监测其发生发展。近年发展迅速的成像光谱技术,在对目标物成像的同时可测量其波谱特性,将辐射特性与波谱特性结合为图谱特性,或称图像立方体,     

近地高光谱和低空航拍数字图像遥感 监测小麦条锈病的比较研究

 分别利用近地高光谱和低空航拍数字图像同时对田间小麦条锈病的发生情况进行监测,结果表明近地高光谱遥感参数DVI、NDVI、GNDVI和低空航拍数字图像颜色特征值R、G、B与病情指数存在极显著相关性,整体上,所选近地高光谱参数与病情指数的相关性要优于低空航拍数字图像参数与病情指数的相关性,而且近地高光谱参数DVI、NDVI、GNDVI与低空航拍数字图像参数R、G、B之间均存在极显著负相关关系。分别建立了基于近地高光谱参数GNDVI和低空航拍数字图像参数R的田间小麦条锈病病情估计模型,模型均达到较好的拟合效果,其中近地高光谱参数GNDVI对小麦条锈病的监测效果好于低空航拍数字图像参数R,而低空航拍数字图像具有可以进行大面积快速监测的优势,因此在实际应用中可以根据需要选择其中一种方法或参数来估计田间小麦条锈病的发生和流行程度。     

BP神经网络的沙漠化土地信息提取研究

以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲为例,探讨了基于主成分融合的沙漠化信息的提取方法.由于Landsat-7 ETM 的全色波段与多光谱波段有相同成像条件,影像获取时间一致,两种不同分辨率的数据可以不经配准而实现高精度融合.首先,对Landsat-7ETM 的全色图像与多光谱图像进行主成分融合处理,再利用BP神经网络模型,以相同的训练样本分别对融合前后的影像进行分类,在此基础上进行沙漠化信息的提取.结果表明:主成分变换融合图像的光谱信息保持性、信息量以及空间分解力都较高,且分类精度比Landsat-7ETM 多光谱图像有较大提高,是监测沙漠化土地变化的有效手段.     

基于随机森林模型的小麦白粉病遥感监测方法

正小麦白粉病是危害我国小麦生产的主要病害,及时高精度地监测其发生发展状况对有效制定病害防控策略十分重要。基于目测手查的传统病害调查方式,耗时费力且无法实时监测。随着空间遥感技术的发展,利用遥感开展病害监测已成为及时获取作物病害信息的重要方式。目前作物病害监测方法大致分为统计模型和物理模型,前者灵活易用、操作简单;后者能定量分析病害发生情况,但输入变量较     

地面高光谱和低空遥感监测小麦白粉病初探

利用手持式高光谱仪和基于数字技术的低空遥感系统，对不同严重度小麦白粉病冠层光谱反射率进行了测定，同时调查病情指数，分析不同时期地面平台光谱反射率与病情指数及低空遥感平台反射率与病情指数（disease index，DI）、归一化植被指数（normalized difference vegetable index，NDVI）相关性。结果表明，地面光谱测量冠层光谱反射率和低空遥感数字图像反射率与小麦白粉病病情指数在灌浆期有显著的相关关系，就地面测量结果而言，近红外波段的相关性高于绿光波段，相关系数分别为0．79和0．54；低空遥感数字图像红、绿、蓝三波段中，相关性依次降低，相关系数分别为0．79、0．75和0．62；而且低空遥感图像与归一化植被指数也存在较好的相关关系，蓝、红、绿波段，相关系数依次为0．70、0．68和0．54。这表明利用遥感非破坏性监测小麦白粉痛有着良好的应用前景，对于小麦白粉病发生面积监测有重要意义。     

调节作物生态环境,控制小麦全蚀病

一、作物生态与全蚀病的发生 小麦全蚀病菌主要来源于土壤,对寄主植物有强烈的依赖性,种植制度和作物序列对这一病害的影响至关重要。 耕作制度和作物序列与自然条件、经济水平等因素密切相关。现根据自然条件和小麦区划,将小麦全蚀病发生分布分为三种类型地区,从中可看出其发生危害与作物生态的关系。     

控制小麦全蚀病扩展蔓延的措施

小麦全蚀病是一种毁灭性病害,蔓延扩展迅速,为害严重。减产轻则1～2成,重的可达5成以上,甚至绝收。丰润县近几年小麦全蚀病迅速扩展,成为制约小麦单产提高的重要因素。为此,县植保站在实践中不断探索全蚀病防治方法,成功地控制了小麦全蚀病的扩展。1 传播侵染特点 小麦全蚀病是1种土传病害,病菌寄生范围广,可寄生小麦、大麦、玉米等多种禾谷类作物和禾本科杂草。可在土壤中的病残体上过腐生生活。所以,潜伏在病残体上的菌丝是病害的主要侵染源。种子带菌和夹杂在种子、粪肥     

小麦条锈病卫星与近地光谱反射率的比较

通过人工接种诱发小麦条锈病,在病害大面积发生后,利用ASD手持式野外光谱仪(325～1075nm)测定小麦条锈病近地冠层高光谱数据,并获取该试验田同一时相SPOT-2卫星遥感数据,进而对卫星及近地小麦条锈病光谱反射率进行比较分析.结果显示,两者在SPOT-2卫星的3个波段上表现一致;1、2波段发病区的冠层光谱反射率分别为19.02%和15.40%,比对照区的18.61%和14.90%高,而在3波段中,发病区和对照区的反射率分别为34.65%和35.90%.由此可见,3波段发病区与对照区的光谱反射率差异更大,可用3波段进行小麦条锈病卫星遥感监测.     

基于无人机成像高光谱的棉叶螨为害等级估测模型构建

为快速、实时、准确地了解新疆棉田棉叶螨（优势种为土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani）的发生情况,利用高光谱图像中的7种植被指数,使用一般线性回归分析方法分别构建不同棉叶螨为害等级棉花冠层叶片叶绿素相对含量（用soil and plant analyzer development（SPAD）值表征）遥感估测模型和棉叶螨为害等级遥感估测模型,实现棉叶螨为害的实时监测。结果显示：不同棉叶螨为害等级对应的棉花冠层光谱反射率存在明显差异,棉叶螨为害等级与棉花冠层叶片SPAD值呈显著负相关关系。在7个不同棉叶螨为害等级对应的棉花冠层叶片SPAD遥感估测模型中,SPAD-红边归一化植被指数估测模型的估测决定系数为0.915,均方根误差为3.451,识别精确度显著高于其他模型。表明利用棉花冠层叶片SPAD遥感估测模型可快速无损地获取棉叶螨为害数据,构建的棉叶螨为害等级估测模型可用于植保人员快速准确获取棉叶螨为害情况。     

多生育期小麦条锈病光谱波段优选及监测研究

针对不同时期对小麦条锈病高光谱监测的敏感波段进行优选,有利于从根本上提高病害监测的精度。本研究以小麦条锈病这种小麦中主要的病害为例,基于3年份多个生育期的小麦条锈病大田控制试验,结合t检验、相关性分析等统计检验和偏最小二乘判别分析法(PLS-DA)、偏最小二乘法回归(PLSR)成分系数对信息重要性的指示意义,建立一套病害诊断特征波段筛选方法,并针对病害发展在不同阶段的特点,分别优选出各阶段最适于病害监测的波段。经过分析,将病害侵染分为3个阶段,并在能够进行防治的前期和中期分别采用不同策略进行波段优选,得到适于早期监测的4个波段:576、705、712、1416 nm;适于中期监测的5个波段:558、632、675、696、712 nm。采用上述波段在前期和中期进行病情监测,前期分类精度达到了0.78,中期反演精度预测值与真实值的标准误差(RMSE)值0.12,这一结果表明这些波段能够为病害发展过程提供高光谱监测,为进一步的特征构建提供依据。     

Variation in the effects of take-all disease on grain yield and quality of winter cereals in field experiments

Relationships between take-all intensity and grain yield and quality were determined in field experiments on cereal crops using regression analyses, usually based on single-point disease assessments made during anthesis or grain-filling. Different amounts of take-all were achieved by different methods of applying inoculum artificially (to wheat only) or by using different cropping sequences (in wheat, triticale or barley) or sowing dates (wheat only) in crops with natural inoculum. Regressions of yield or thousand-grain weight on take-all intensity during grain filling were similar to those on accumulated disease (area under the disease progress curve) when these were compared in one of the wheat experiments. Regressions of yield on take-all intensity were more often significant in wheat than in the less susceptible crops, triticale and barley, even when a wide range of disease intensities was present in the latter crops. The regressions usually had most significance when there were plots in the severe disease category. Thousand-grain weight and hectolitre weight usually responded similarly to total grain yield. Decreased yield was often accompanied by a significant increase in the percentage of small grains. When severe take-all was present in wheat, regressions showed that nitrogen uptake was usually impaired. This was sometimes accompanied, however, by increased percentage nitrogen in the grain as a consequence of smaller grain size with decreased endosperm. Significant effects of take-all, both positive and negative, on Hagberg falling number in wheat sometimes occurred. Significant regressions of yield on take-all assessed earlier than usual, ie during booting rather than grain-filling in wheat and triticale and during anthesis/grain-filling rather than ripening in barley, had steeper slopes. This is consistent with observations that severe disease that develops early can be particularly damaging, whilst the crops, especially barley, can later express tolerance by producing additional, healthy roots. The regression parameters, including maximum potential yield (y-axis intercept) and the extrapolated maximum yield loss, also varied according to the different growing conditions, including experimental treatments and other husbandry operations. These differences must be considered when assessing the economic potential of a control measure such as fungicidal seed treatment.     

枯草芽胞杆菌YB-05对小麦全蚀病菌胞内酶活的影响

小麦全蚀病菌是影响小麦产量和质量的主要致病菌之一,前期研究表明枯草芽胞杆菌YB-05对小麦全蚀病菌的生长具有抑制作用。本试验拟通过研究该菌对小麦全蚀病菌相关酶系的诱导变化情况,解析其对小麦全蚀病菌的抑制作用机理。本试验以小麦全蚀病菌Gaeumannomyces gramini（Sacc.）Arx et Oliver var. tritici（Sacc.）Walker为靶标菌,加入终浓度为MIC₅₀枯草芽胞杆菌YB-05发酵液,通过显微镜观察菌株YB-05发酵液对小麦全蚀病菌菌丝结构和形态的影响,通过酶活力测定检测菌株YB-05发酵液对小麦全蚀病菌胞内苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）防御酶活的影响,同时检测菌株YB-05发酵液在离体/活体条件下对小麦全蚀病菌线粒体复合酶Ⅱ/Ⅲ活力的影响。小麦全蚀病菌经菌株YB-05发酵液处理后,显微镜观察到其菌丝变粗、断裂,顶端膨大,分枝增多;处理8 d后,胞内的PAL、POD、CAT、PPO和SOD活性比对照依次高24.52%、72.67%、81.81%、80.36%和112.48%;离体条件处理,线粒体复合酶Ⅱ和Ⅲ的活性与对照组相比差异不显著,而活体条件处理下差异显著,线粒体复合酶Ⅱ和Ⅲ分别比对照组分别降低43.95%和55.87%。菌株YB-05发酵液通过结合小麦全蚀病菌线粒体复合酶Ⅱ和Ⅲ的相关基因,从而影响该基因的表达,抑制小麦全蚀病菌线粒体复合酶Ⅱ和Ⅲ的活力,影响小麦全蚀病菌的呼吸,进而导致抑制小麦全蚀病菌菌丝畸变,从而影响小麦全蚀病菌的正常生长。     

Effects of different cultivated or weed grasses, grown as pure stands or in combination with wheat, on take-all and its suppression in subsequent wheat crops

Grass species were grown in plots, as pure stands or mixed with wheat, after a sequence of wheat crops in which take-all ( Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ) had developed. Annual brome grasses maintained take-all inoculum in the soil as well as wheat (grown as a continuous sequence), and much better than cultivated species with a perennial habit. Take-all developed more in wheat grown after Anisantha sterilis (barren brome) or Bromus secalinus (rye brome), with or without wheat, than in continuous grass-free wheat in the same year, where take-all decline was apparently occurring. It was equally or more severe, however, in wheat grown after Lolium perenne (rye-grass) or Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue), despite these species having left the least inoculum in the soil. It was most severe in plots where these two grasses had been grown as mixtures with wheat. It is postulated that the presence of these grasses inhibited the development of take-all-suppressive microbiota that had developed in the grass-free wheat crops. The effects of the grasses appeared to be temporary, as amounts of take-all in a second subsequent winter wheat test crop were similar after all treatments. These results have important implications for take-all risk in wheat and, perhaps, other cereal crops grown after grass weed-infested cereals or after set-aside or similar 1-year covers containing weeds or sown grasses, especially in combination with cereal volunteers. They also indicate that grasses might be used experimentally in wheat crop sequences for investigating the mechanisms of suppression of, and conduciveness to, take-all.     

Yield Trends during Take-all Decline in Spring Barley and Wheat Grown Continuously1

The effects of take-all, nitrogen and cropping sequence on grain yield were compared for spring barley and spring wheat grown in extended monoculture. Initial crops showed least take-all and maximum yields. Yields fell to a minimum more rapidly in wheat than in barley while the take-all intensity increased to a maximum; take-all decline occurred and yields improved from the 4th and 5th years respectively. Without nitrogen, yields were at their lowest level; application of nitrogen increased yields considerably with responses in proportion to the rate applied. At optimum rates, yield losses were 33% for wheat and 11% for barley with maximum disease intensity but only 9% and 3% respectively with take-all decline. Potential maximum yields in the absence of take-all were calculated to be greater with barley than with wheat.     

Virulence of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici from fields under short-term and long-term wheat cultivation in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A.

Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici was recovered from 63% of 731 winter wheat plants collected randomly from six sites where wheat had been grown in monoculture for the previous 7–22 years. Typical take-all was not evident at the time the plants were collected. The fungus was isolated by a baiting method without regard to the presence of take-all on the plants. Isolates from fields under short-term wheat cultivation (3 years or less after a break crop) were obtained by plating directly from infected roots of plants with typical take-all. Virulent isolates comprised 89 and 99% of those collected from long- and short-term wheat cultivation respectively. There was also only a slight difference in the proportions of virulent isolates among monoascosporic subcultures from the two groups of isolates. There was thus little evidence that, during prolonged wheat cultivation, declining virulence in the population of G. graminis var. tritici could account for the absence of take-all.     

Take-all in autumn-sown wheat, barley, triticale and rye grown with high and low inputs

Winter cultivars of wheat, barley, triticale and rye were grown under two contrasting husbandry systems (low and high inputs) at two locations (Woburn and Rothamsted) known to be infested with the take-all fungus. The sandy loam at Woburn is less fertile than the silty clay loam at Rothamsted. Root infection in these crops was assessed in spring and summer.
Rye was least infected by the take-all fungus, wheat the most infected and barley and triticale had intermediate levels of infection. Barley yields were less affected by take-all than those of wheat or triticale, because barley was at a later growth stage by the time severe infection occurred. Yields of wheat and barley responded most to the high-input husbandry on the less fertile soil at Woburn. On the basis of quantity of grain, triticale would appear to be a good substitute for wheat on the less fertile soil when inputs are low, but not where they are high. At Rothamsted, yields of wheat and triticale were similar in both input systems. There was no strong support, at either site, for the contention that triticale could be a useful substitute for barley where low or high inputs are used. A total of 177 isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (the causal fungus of take-all) were obtained from infected roots in these experiments and tested for their pathogenicity on wheat and rye seedlings. These tests revealed a range of pathotypes with varying pathogenicities to wheat and rye, but pathogenicities were not correlated with the host plant from which the fungi were isolated.     

Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates to wheat as potential biological control agents against take-all

Two isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens (2–79 and 13–79) from the USA were evaluated in the UK as biological control agents against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici , the cause of take-all in wheat. Biological control agents were applied as seed coatings in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to seven wheat trials sown in 1987 and 1988 on fen peat and clay soils, and as peat-based and microgranule formulations in one of these trials. In a trial of spring wheat on fen peat, all treatments with biological control agents reduced the percentage take-all infection of crown roots and seminal roots, but the effects of only one isolate were statistically significant ( P <0·05). Effects of biological control agents on infection rates in five other trials were not significant. In the trial in which application methods were compared, peat-based inoculum initially appeared most effective but none of the treatments reduced take-all significantly throughout the season. Application of biological control agents was associated with yield increases in several trials; these were not consistently associated with effects on take-all. These results suggest that the isolates of P. fluorescens have potential to reduce take-all and increase yields of wheat in the UK, but the beneficial effects are inconsistent. There is a need to develop isolates which reliably control severe take-all in a variety of soil types.     

Methods for studying population structure, including sensitivity to the fungicide silthiofam, of the cereal take-all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici

Field isolates ( n  = 144) of the wheat take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ( Ggt ) were tested for sensitivity to silthiofam, a take-all-specific fungicide used as a seed treatment, and identified as A- or B-type by PCR–RFLP analysis of nuclear rDNA. A possible association was identified between polymorphisms in ITS2 of the nuclear rDNA and sensitivity to silthiofam. A Ggt -specific PCR assay was developed which simultaneously identified isolates of Ggt as A- or B-type, based on the polymorphisms in the nuclear rDNA. A highly significant correlation between Ggt type using the PCR assay and sensitivity to silthiofam was demonstrated in a collection of 358 isolates from three field experiments designed to test the effects of seed-treatment fungicides on take-all and Ggt populations in winter wheat. In one experiment the percentages of silthiofam-sensitive and B-type isolates were significantly less in populations from plots sown with silthiofam-treated seed in two consecutive years than in populations from plots sown with nontreated seed. However, silthiofam still provided a significant amount of control of take-all. The natural occurrence of fungicide-insensitive isolates, up to about 30% in soils in which the fungicide had never been used, is unusual. The new PCR assay provides a useful tool for studying the population structure of Ggt , and may provide a novel method for assessing the incidence of insensitivity to silthiofam (the target site for which has not yet been identified) in field populations of Ggt .     

Effects of summer fallow management on take-all of winter wheat caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gaeumannomyces graminis</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">tritici</Emphasis>

Crop rotation is the oldest, and perhaps the best cultural practice for reducing the risk of take-all. The effects of crops sown before wheat in a rotation are known in detail, but we know little about the opportunities for reducing take-all risk by planting certain crops in the summer period between wheat harvest and the planting of a subsequent winter wheat crop. We investigated the effects on take-all of five summer fallow crops, two soil tillage treatments and a fungicide seed treatment, in a five site-year experiment. We tested the effects of oats, oilseed rape, mustard, ryegrass and volunteer wheat crops. Bare-soil plots were also included. Take-all epidemics varied with year and site. Summer fallow crops had a greater effect on tilled plots. The incidence and severity of take-all were significantly higher in the wheat volunteer plots, whereas maintaining bare soil provided the lowest level of disease. Oilseed rape had no significant effect on take-all incidence in our experiment. The best candidates for reducing take-all risk appeared to be oats, mustard and ryegrass. These summer fallow crops decreased disease levels only when associated with conventional tillage. Summer fallow crops did not alter take-all decline in the same way as a break crop after a wheat monoculture.     

Importance of the proportion of grassy weeds within legume crops in the perpetuation of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici

Various grass species susceptible to infection by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici were mixed-sown into a legume crop in order to assess their influence on density of inoculum and take-all disease in a subsequent crop of wheat.
In a pot experiment take-all inoculum increased ( P < 0.001) in all treatments containing a proportion (from 20 to 100%, in increments of 20%) of grass in subterranean clover. In a plot trial, most severe take-all occurred in the 20% legume/80% grass stands and least in the 100% legume and 80% legume/20% grass stands. Total grain weight was highest ( P <0.1) after the 100% legume stands. There was no difference in severity of take-all after pure stands of medic, subterranean clover and lupin, but there was more severe take-all after the grass-infested medic stands than after those of subterranean clover ( P < 0.1) or lupin ( P < 0.05). No significant differences ( P > 0.1) in yield occurred in wheat following any of the legumes or mixed stands.