稻曲病发生和侵染规律及防治技术

水稻稻曲病在世界40多个国家和地区均有发生和为害。在我国南北稻区都有发生,其发生程度一般为轻发生,一直是水稻次要病害,没有被重视和少有研究。20世纪80年代我国农村种植结构调整后呈现出上升趋势,尤其是大面积水稻优质化后,稻曲病的发生和为害日渐加重。今年国家新奖励政策出台,农民的种植水稻的积极性提高,优质稻面积扩大,品种增多,施肥水平提高,天气风调雨顺,水稻生长喜人,嫩绿茂盛,造成稻曲病在我省大面积发生和为害,已成为我省水稻的重要病害之一,严重地影响到粮食生产,成为制约我省粮食丰产计划完成的重要障碍。     

鄂州市水稻稻曲病流行的气象条件初探

经过2年的系统调查和对比分析结果表明,水稻幼穗形成期至成熟期日平均最高气温>32℃的天数少,降雨量大,降雨日数多,有利于病菌的侵入和发展流行。2 0 0 4年稻曲病发生严重的主要原因是感病品种的大面积种植,穗期气候条件适宜病害发生流行。     

稻曲病种子传病的研究

据前人报道,稻曲病粒上附有大量厚垣孢子但不能作为初侵染源,并证明该病既不是种子引起的病害,也不是种子侵染而发生的病害,认为目前推广种子处理缺乏科学根据。本研究结果表明:从种子带菌量、越冬厚垣孢子萌发力、人工接种、直接播种试验,初步认为病穗种子是可以传病的,种子消毒仍有必要。     

稻曲病菌厚垣孢子侵染时期和侵染途径的研究

用田间自然发病病粒上新形成的稻曲病菌厚垣孢子,喷雾或注射接种不同生育期的稻穗获得成功。水稻孕穗末期至破口期是稻曲病菌厚垣孢子侵染的主要时期。在孕穗末期喷雾接种2次萌发孢子的发病率高达50.8%。解剖736个病粒内部都含有花药,镜检119条花药和35个柱头发现,病粒内大多数花粉粒的内容物已基本充实,柱头大多处于分枝状突起阶段。解剖刚发病的病粒柱头上有多根菌丝,并向花药等处扩展。萌发的厚垣孢子可以侵染处于乳头状突起期的柱头,并形成菌丝及产生小孢子。稻曲病菌厚垣孢子主要在水稻破口前1—4天至破口时从水稻的柱头侵入引起发病。     

国内稻曲病研究现状

稻曲病又名伪黑穗病、绿黑穗病、谷花病及青粉病,我国与日本还称其为“丰收病”,由真菌引起。1878年库克首先从印度获得标本,并定名为Us-tilago virens。1896年高桥良直经过研究,将其命名为Ustilagrnoidea virens(Cke)Tak,沿用至今。我国对稻曲病加明朝即有描述,李时珍《本草纲目》第22卷“硬谷奴,谷穗煤者”即指此。50年代起,我国对此病开始注意。浙江省70年代后期开始加重,1982年南方晚稻普遍发     

稻曲病为害损失测定与发病因素分析

近年来,水稻稻曲病在大埔县已从次要病害上升为主要病害,对水稻生产造成较大损失。经几年的调查研究,分析出病害发生对产量损失的成因。影响该病发生的主要因素为抽穗期的相对湿度、降雨天数、日照时数等气象因子、氮肥施用不当及品种抗性特征等。根据病害发生流行规律作出防治策略。     

稻曲病菌越冬厚垣孢子萌发力及其侵染力的研究

通过3年系统测定试验,稻曲病菌越冬厚垣孢子在室内和水泥池的土中可以存活5—6月。在种植油菜、苕子、蚕豆、小麦的露天水泥池中,越冬的厚垣孢子均有萌发力。在油菜、苕子、小麦3种越冬作物大田土中越冬的厚垣孢子的萌发率以油菜田最高,为2.04‰。越冬后种子上的厚垣孢子数量大,萌发率可达0.4％—2.97％。稻茬中越冬的厚垣孢子和在3cm浅土中的厚垣孢子,其萌发率分别较冬闲田或冬作田土中和15cm深土中高。越冬厚垣孢子可以侵染早稻的种子、芽鞘、苗叶和苗根,并引起穗期发病。用水泥池内和种子上越冬的厚垣孢子液注射稻穗和涂抹穗苞均可致病。在上年发病的水泥池栽种水稻亦能引起发病。     

稻曲病发生规律及防治研究

 锦县居北纬41°14'~42°40',东径120°41'~121°49',环绕锦州,濒临渤海,属海洋性湿润气候,以碳酸盐草甸土类为主。     

稻曲病研究进展及防治建议

稻曲病研究进展及防治建议李家荣（云南省植保站昆明６５００３４）稻曲病Ｕｓｔｉｌａｇｉｎｏｄｅａｖｒｉｅｎｓ（ｃｏｏｋｅ）Ｔａｋ发生、分布广，亚、非、欧、美洲均有发生，印度、中国、日本较重。我国近年来随着耕作制度变化，杂交稻推广，生产条件改善，水平提高...     

Epiphytic colonization of Ustilaginoidea virens on biotic and abiotic surfaces implies the widespread presence of primary inoculum for rice false smut disease

Ustilaginoidea virens (Uv), the causative agent of rice false smut disease, infects developing rice spikelets at the booting stage, and transforms individual grains of the panicle into smut balls. Epidemics of the disease occur when the rice booting and heading stages coincide with rainy days. Using a green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐labelled Uv isolate that can form false smut balls on rice panicles, it was found that under high humidity and free water conditions the Uv isolate could colonize leaves of plants belonging to various families including the Poaceae (Oryza sativa, Echinochloa crusgalli, Digitaria sanguinalis and Leptochloa chinensis), the Brassicaceae (Arabidopsis thaliana) and the Solanaceae (Nicotiana benthamiana) without symptoms. Over several days, some conidia could germinate on the leaves of these plants and in water on the surface of Parafilm and cellophane, form hyphae and differentiate conidiophores to generate a large number of secondary conidia, while other conidia were able to directly produce secondary conidia. Conversely, in the absence of water some conidia could either bud to form new conidia or were converted into chlamydospores. These data indicate that Uv is one of a few fungal pathogens reported to have epiphytic characteristics. The rapid generation of a large number of spores on biotic and abiotic surfaces greatly increases the inoculum that can infect rice spikelets, resulting in the occurrence of rice false smut disease epidemics. These findings are important in the development of disease control strategies.     

Optimal application timing of simeconazole granules for control of rice kernel smut and false smut

We investigated the optimal timing of simeconazole (RS-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-3-trimethylsilylpropan-2-ol) application for controlling rice kernel smut in field trials in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, using formulations of simeconazole (1.5% granules). The field tests revealed that a submerged application of simeconazole granules (450–600 g ai/ha) at 1–5 weeks before heading was highly effective against kernel smut, with treatments 1–2 weeks before heading being the most effective. Submerged application of the fungicide at 2–5 weeks before heading was also highly effective against false smut, with treatment 3 weeks before heading being the most effective. These periods overlap the timing for optimal application of simeconazole to control rice sheath blight and ear blight. Consequently, we concluded that treatment with simeconazole 2–3 weeks before heading can be a useful tool for controlling all four diseases.     

Geographic distribution of false smut disease of rice in India and efficacy of selected fungicides for its management

False smut disease of rice caused by the fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, has become a serious production constraint in various rice-growing regions of India. Analysis of rice false smut disease survey data of last 24 years revealed significant changes in the intensity of the disease in various rice-growing regions of India over the years. We evaluated three fungicide formulations viz., trifloxystrobin-tebuconazole (TT) combination (0.04%), kresoxim methyl (KM) (0.1%) and propiconazole (PC) (0.1%) for their effectiveness against false smut disease of rice. Under in vitro condition, TT and PC completely inhibited the fungal growth while KM inhibited the growth by 80%. We evaluated the efficacy of these chemicals in a multi-location trial in 3 hot spot locations, consecutively for three years. A single fungicide spray was given in 3 different crop stages (booting, 50% panicle emergence and 100% panicle emergence). The results indicated that all the treatments significantly reduced the percentage of both infected panicles and spikelets in all the three locations. Both TT and PC were most effective in reducing the disease intensity and increasing the yield when applied either in booting or in 50% panicle emergence stage.     

Detection of quantitative resistance loci associated with resistance to rice false smut (Ustilaginoidea virens) using introgression lines

False smut, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is a rice disease of increasing importance worldwide, with no source of high‐level resistance in the existing rice germplasm. To facilitate breeding varieties with good levels of field resistance to false smut, quantitative resistance loci (QRL) were identified using 213 introgression lines (ILs) from a cross between Teqing (recipient) and Lemont (donor) evaluated using natural infection at two hotspots of false smut in northeast China. Ten QRL affecting percentages of diseased hills, diseased panicles and diseased spikelets were detected and mapped to rice chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 and 12. The Lemont alleles at all QRL increased false smut resistance. Four QRL (qFSR‐6‐7, qFSR‐10‐5, qFSR‐10‐2 and qFSR‐11‐2) had relatively larger and consistent effects across the two testing sites. Promising resistant ILs were identified, most of which had multiple QRL, suggesting that pyramiding multiple QRL by marker‐assisted selection would be an effective strategy for improving rice resistance to false smut. The identified QRL and their linked DNA markers will facilitate this breeding effort in the future.     

单季晚稻稻曲病防治适期研究

通过不同时期接菌诱发试验,得出水稻破口前10～20d是稻曲病菌侵入的敏感期;在不同时期用药防治试验中得出水稻破口前8～15d防治效果最好。据此提出单季晚稻稻曲病的防治适期为水稻破口前10d左右进行。     

Elucidation of the infection process of Ustilaginoidea virens (teleomorph: Villosiclava virens) in rice spikelets

This study reports an efficient inoculation protocol that allowed cytological analysis of the infection process of the rice false smut pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens. Examination of serial semithin and ultrathin sections of infected spikelets showed that the primary infection sites for the pathogen were the upper parts of the three stamen filaments located between the ovary and the lodicules. The stigma and lodicules were also occasionally infected to a limited extent. The pathogen infected the filaments intercellularly and extended intercellularly along the filament base. The host cells were degraded gradually. The pathogen did not penetrate host cell walls directly and did not form haustoria. In the balls the ovary remained alive and was never infected. This suggests that the pathogen is a biotrophic parasite that grows intercellularly in vivo.     

玉米丝黑穗病原菌冬孢子萌发条件研究

通过不同条件对玉米丝黑穗病菌冬孢子萌发率影响的试验研究表明,甲醛处理对玉米丝黑穗病菌冬孢子萌发有明显促进作用,萌发率达88.89%,冬孢子在麦芽糖和水琼脂培养基上萌发率最高达84.49%。在不同温度和pH条件下冬孢子萌发率差异较大。冬孢子在28℃时最适合萌发,达89.67%,在pH为7时萌发率最高达89.02%。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌Jt84防治水稻稻曲病田间应用技术研究

为了明确解淀粉芽胞杆菌Jt84防治水稻稻曲病田间应用技术,本文初步研究生防菌Jt84定殖规律以及不同喷施时期对水稻稻曲病的防效.结果显示:生防菌Jt84在水稻叶表能够有效定殖,7～16 d时,叶表定殖菌量维持在104cfu/cm2,30 d仍可在水稻叶表检测到生防菌Jt84;生防菌Jt84防治水稻稻曲病的最佳防治时期为...     

皖西南近30年来稻瘟病流行规律的分析及对制定监测治理对策的意义

近30年来,稻瘟病在安庆市出现了1982～1985年、1991～1994年、1999～2000年和2004～2005年4个流行时段(周期)。通过对流行规律的分析,提出了流行周期的可预见性和流行周期的可操纵性。