Soil water and salt distribution under furrow irrigation of saline water with plastic mulch on ridge

Furrow irrigation when combined with plastic mulch on ridge is one of the current uppermost water-saving irrigation technologies for arid regions.The present paper studies the dynamics of soil water-salt transportation and its spatial distribution characteristics under irrigation with saline water in a maize field experiment.The mathematical relationships for soil salinity,irrigation amount and water salinity are also established to evaluate the contribution of the irrigation amount and the salinity of saline water to soil salt accumulation.The result showed that irrigation with water of high salinity could effectively increase soil water content,but the increment is limited comparing with the influence from irrigation amount.The soil water content in furrows was higher than that in ridges at the same soil layers,with increments of 12.87% and 13.70% for MMF9(the treatment with the highest water salinity and the largest amount of irrigation water) and MMF1(the treatment with the lowest water salinity and the least amount of irrigation water) on 27 June,respectively.The increment for MMF9 was gradually reduced while that for MMF1 increased along with growth stages,the values for 17 August being 2.40% and 19.92%,respectively.Soil water content in the ridge for MMF9 reduced gradually from the surface layer to deeper layers while the surface soil water content for MMF1 was smaller than the contents below 20 cm at the early growing stage.Soil salinities for the treatments with the same amount of irrigation water but different water salinity increased with the water salinity.When water salinity was 6.04 dS/m,the less water resulted in more salt accumulation in topsoil and less in deep layers.When water salinity was 2.89 dS/m,however,the less water resulted in less salt accumulation in topsoil and salinity remained basically stable in deep layers.The salt accumulation in the ridge surface was much smaller than that in the furrow bottom under this technology,which was quite different from traditional furrow irrigation.The soil salinities for MMF7,MMF8 and MMF9 in the ridge surface were 0.191,0.355 and 0.427 dS/m,respectively,whereas those in the furrow bottom were 0.316,0.521 and 0.631 dS/m,respectively.The result of correlation analysis indicated that compared with irrigation amount,the irrigation water salinity was still the main factor influencing soil salinity in furrow irrigation with plastic mulch on ridge.     

Effects of water salinity and N application rate on water- and N-use efficiency of cotton under drip irrigation

In arid and semi-arid regions, freshwater scarcity and high water salinity are serious and chronic problems for crop production and sustainable agriculture development. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the effect of irrigation water salinity and nitrogen（N） application rate on soil salinity and cotton yield under drip irrigation during the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. The experimental design was a 3×4 factorial with three irrigation water salinity levels（0.35, 4.61 and 8.04 dS/m） and four N application rates（0, 240, 360 and 480 kg N/hm2）. Results showed that soil water content increased as the salinity of the irrigation water increased, but decreased as the N application rate increased. Soil salinity increased as the salinity of the irrigation water increased. Specifically, soil salinity measured in 1：5 soil：water extracts was 218% higher in the 4.61 dS/m treatment and 347% higher in the 8.04 dS/m treatment than in the 0.35 dS/m treatment. Nitrogen fertilizer application had relatively little effect on soil salinity, increasing salinity by only 3%–9% compared with the unfertilized treatment. Cotton biomass, cotton yield and evapotranspiration（ET） decreased significantly in both years as the salinity of irrigation water increased, and increased as the N application rate increased regardless of irrigation water salinity; however, the positive effects of N application were reduced when the salinity of the irrigation water was 8.04 dS/m. Water use efficiency（WUE） was significantly higher by 11% in the 0.35 dS/m treatment than in the 8.04 dS/m treatment. There was no significant difference in WUE between the 0.35 dS/m treatment and the 4.61 dS/m treatment. The WUE was also significantly affected by the N application rate. The WUE was highest in the 480 kg N/hm2 treatment, being 31% higher than that in the 0 kg N/hm2 treatment and 12% higher than that in the 240 kg N/hm2 treatment. There was no significant difference between the 360 and 480 kg N/hm2 treatments. The N use efficien     

Effects of soil moisture on cotton root length density and yield under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in Aksu Oasis farmland

Effects of soil moisture on cotton root length density (total root length per unit soil volume) and yield under drip irrigation with plastic mulch were studied through field experiments. The results indicate that spatial distributions of root length density of cotton under various water treatments were basically similar. Horizontally, both root length densities of cotton in wide and narrow rows were similar, and higher than that between mulches. Vertically, root length density of cotton decreased with increasing soil depth. The distribution of root length density is different under different irrigation treatments. In conditions of over-irrigation, the root length density of cotton between mulches would increase. However, it would decrease in both the wide rows and narrow rows. The mean root length density of cotton increased with increasing irrigation water. Water stress caused the root length density to increase in lower soil layers. There is a significant correlation between root length density and yields of cotton at the flower-boll and wadding stages. The regression between irrigation amount and yield of cotton can be expressed as y = -0.0026x2+18.015x-24845 (R2 = 0.959). It showed that the irrigation volume of 3,464.4 m3/hm2 led to op-timal root length density. The yield of cotton was 6,360 .8 kg/hm2 under that amount of irrigation.     

Localized salt accumulation： the main reason for cotton root length decrease during advanced growth stages under drip irrigation with mulch film in a saline soil

High salinity in soil can prevent root growth of most plants. To investigate soil salinity dynamics under drip irrigation with mulch film(DI) and its effects on cotton root length, we conducted field experiments in saline soil based on a monolith method using flooding irrigation with mulch film(FI) as a control at the Korla Experimental Station of the Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China in 2009 and 2010. The results showed that the total root length decreased 120 days after sowing(DAS) under DI, and was mainly centered in the 0–30 cm soil layer and at distances of 30–70 cm from the drip-lines. There was almost complete overlap in the area of root length decline and salt accumulation. In the soil depth of 0–30 cm and at distances of 30–70 cm from the drip-lines at 110 to 160 DAS in 2009 and 171 DAS in 2010, the electrical conductivity(EC) in all soil samples was at least 3 mS/cm and in some cases exceeded 5 mS/cm under DI treatment. However, EC barely exceeded 3 mS/cm and no reduc- tion in root length was observed under FI treatment. Correlation analysis of soil EC and root length density indicated that the root length declined when the soil EC exceeded 2.8 mS/cm. The main reason for the decrease of root length in cotton under DI was localized accumulation of salinity.     

Effects of cotton field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in an arid region of Northwest China

Changes in both soil organic C storage and soil respiration in farmland ecosystems may affect atmospheric CO2 concentration and global C cycle. The objective of this field experiment was to study the effects of three crop field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in a cotton field in an arid region of Northwest China. The three management practices were irrigation methods（drip and flood）, stubble managements（stubble-incorporated and stubble-removed） and fertilizer amendments（no fertilizer（CK）, chicken manure（OM）, inorganic N, P and K fertilizer（NPK）, and inorganic fertilizer plus chicken manure（NPK＋OM））. The results showed that within the C pool range, soil CO2 emission during the whole growing season was higher in the drip irrigation treatment than in the corresponding flood irrigation treatment, while soil organic C concentration was larger in the flood irrigation treatment than in the corresponding drip irrigation treatment. Furthermore, soil CO2 emission and organic C concentration were all higher in the stubble-incorporated treatment than in the corresponding stubble-removed treatment, and larger in the NPK＋OM treatment than in the other three fertilizer amendments within the C pool range. The combination of flood irrigation, stubble incorporation and application of either NPK＋OM or OM increased soil organic C concentration in the 0-60 cm soil depth. Calculation of net ecosystem productivity（NEP） under different management practices indicated that the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK＋OM increased the size of the C pool most, followed by the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK. In conclusion, management practices have significant impacts on soil CO2 emission, organic C concentration and C balance in cotton fields. Consequently, appropriate management practices, such as the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation, and either NPK＋OM or NPK could increase soil C storage in cotton fie     

The fate of fertilizer N applied to cotton in relation to irrigation methods and N dosage in arid area

Quantitative information on the fate and efficiency of nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied to coarse textured calcareous soils in arid farming systems is scarce but, as systems intensify, is essential to support sustainable agronomic management decisions. A mesh house study was undertaken to trace the fate of N fertilizer applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv., Huiyuan701) growing on a reconstructed profile (0-100 cm) of a calcareous (>15% CaCO 3 ) sandy loam soil. Two irrigation methods (drip irrigation, DI; and furrow irrigation, FI) and four N application rates (0, 240, 360 and 480 kg/hm 2 , abbreviated as N 0 , N 240 , N 360 , and N 480 , respectively) were applied. 15 N-labelled urea fertilizer was applied in a split application. DI enhanced the biomass of whole plant and all parts of the plant, except for root; more fertilizer N was taken up and mostly stored in vegetative parts; N utilization efficiency (NUE) was significantly greater than in FI. N utilization efficiency (NUE) decreased from 52.59% in N 240 to 36.44% in N 480 . N residue in soil and plant N uptake increased with increased N dosage, but recovery rate decreased consistently both in DI and FI. Plant N uptake and soil N residue were greater in DI than in FI. N residue mainly stayed within 0-40 cm depth in DI but within 40-80 cm depth in FI. FI showed 17.89% of N leached out, but no N leaching occurred in DI. N recovery rate in the soil-plant system was 75.82% in DI, which was markedly greater than the 55.97% in FI. DI exhibited greater NUE, greater residual N in the soil profile and therefore greater N recovery rate than in FI; also, N distribution in soil profile shallowed in DI, resulting in a reduced risk of N leaching compared to FI; and enhanced shoot growth and reduced root growth in DI is beneficial for more economic yield formation. Compared to furrow irrigation, drip irrigation is an irrigation method where N movement favors the prevention of N from being lost in the plant-soil system and benefits a more efficient use of N.     

Gross nitrogen transformations and N_2O emission sources in sandy loam and silt loam soils

The soil type is a key factor influencing N(nitrogen) cycling in soil; however, gross N transformations and N_2O emission sources are still poorly understood. In this study, a laboratory ~(15)N tracing experiment was carried out at 60% WHC(water holding capacity) and 25℃ to evaluate the gross N transformation rates and N_2O emission pathways in sandy loam and silt loam soils in a semi-arid region of Heilongjiang Province, China. The results showed that the gross rates of N mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification were 3.60, 1.90, and 5.63 mg N/(kg·d) in silt loam soil, respectively, which were 3.62, 4.26, and 3.13 times those in sandy loam soil, respectively. The ratios of the gross nitrification rate to the ammonium immobilization rate(n/ia) in sandy loam soil and silt loam soil were all higher than 1.00, whereas the n/ia in sandy loam soil(4.36) was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(3.08). This result indicated that the ability of sandy loam soil to release and conserve the available N was relatively poor in comparison with silt loam soil, and the relatively strong nitrification rate compared to the immobilization rate may lead to N loss through NO_3~– leaching. Under aerobic conditions, both nitrification and denitrification made contributions to N_2O emissions. Nitrification was the dominant pathway leading to N_2O production in soils and was responsible for 82.0% of the total emitted N_2O in sandy loam soil, which was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(71.7%). However, the average contribution of denitrification to total N_2O production in sandy loam soil was 17.9%, which was significantly lower than that in silt loam soil(28.3%). These results are valuable for developing reasonable fertilization management and proposing effective greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in different soil types in semiarid regions.     

Integrating multiple electromagnetic data to map spatiotemporal variability of soil salinity in Kairouan region,Central Tunisia

Soil salinization is a major problem affecting soils and threatening agricultural sustainability in arid and semi-arid regions,which makes it necessary to establish an efficient strategy to manage soil salinity and confront economic challenges that arise from it.Saline soil recovery involving drainage of shallow saline groundwater and the removal of soil salts by natural rainfall or by irrigation are good strategies for the reclamation of salty soil.To develop suitable management strategies for salty soil reclamation,it is essential to improve soil salinity assessment pro cess/mechanism and to adopt new approaches and techniques.T his study mapped a recovered area of 7200 m2 to assess and verify variations in soil salinity in space and time in K airouan region in Central Tunisia,taking into account the thickness of soil materials.Two electromagnetic conductivity meters(EM38 and EM31)were used to measure the electrical conductivity of saturated soil-paste extract(ECe)and apparent electrical conductivity(E Ca).Multiple linear regression was established between ECe and ECa,and it was revealed that ECa-EM38 is optimal for E Ce prediction in the surface soils.Salinity maps demonstrated that the spatial structure of soil salinity in the region of interest was relatively unchanged but varied temporally.Variation in salinity at the soil surface was greater than that at a depth.These findings can not only be used to track soil salinity variations and their significance in the field but also help to identify the spatial and temporal features of soil salinity,thus improving the efficiency of soil management.     

Decomposition characteristics of organic materials and their effects on labile and recalcitrant organic carbon fractions in a semi-arid soil under plastic mulch and drip irrigation

Labile organic carbon(LC) and recalcitrant organic carbon(RC) are two major fractions of soil organic carbon(SOC) and play a critical role in organic carbon turnover and sequestration. The aims of this study were to evaluate the variations of LC and RC in a semi-arid soil(Inner Mongolia, China) under plastic mulch and drip irrigation after the application of organic materials(OMs), and to explore the effects of OMs from various sources on LC and RC by probing the decomposition characteristics of OMs using in-situ nylon mesh bags burying method. The field experiment included seven treatments, i.e., chicken manure(CM), sheep manure(SM), mushroom residue(MR), maize straw(MS), fodder grass(FG), tree leaves(TL) and no OMs as a control(CK). Soil LC and RC were separated by Huygens D's method(particle size-density), and the average soil mass recovery rate and carbon recovery rate were above 95%, which indicated this method was suitable for carbon pools size analysis. The LC and RC contents significantly(P0.01) increased after the application of OMs. Moreover, LC and RC contents were 3.2%–8.6% and 5.0%–9.4% higher in 2016 than in 2015. The applications of CM and SM significantly increased(P0.01) LC content and LC/SOC ratio, whereas they were the lowest after the application of TL. However, SOC and RC contents were significantly higher(P0.01) after the applications of TL and MS. The correlation analysis indicated the decomposition rate of OMs was positively related with LC content and LC/SOC ratio. In addition, lignin, polyphenol, WOM(total water-soluble organic matter), WHA(water-soluble humic acid), HSL(humic-like substance) and HAL(humic acid-like) contents in initial OMs played important roles in SOC and RC. In-situ nylon mesh bags burying experiment indicated the decomposition rates of CM, SM and MS were significantly higher than those of MR, FG, and TL. Furthermore, MS could result in more lignin derivatives, WHA, and HAL polymers in shorter time during the decomposition process. In conclusion, the application of MS in the semi-arid soil under a long-term plastic mulch and drip irrigation condition could not only improve soil fertility, but also enhance soil carbon sequestration.     

Quantifying the impacts of soil water stress on the winter wheat growth in an arid region, Xinjiang

Wheat growth in response to soil water deficit play an important role in yield stability. A field experiment was conducted for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during the period of 2002-2005 to evaluate the effects of limited irrigation on winter wheat growth. 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% and 40% of field capacity was applied at different stages of crop growth. Photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat, such as photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthetically active radiation, and soil water content, root and shoot dry mass accumulation were measured, and the root water uptake and water balance in different layer were calculated. Based on the theory of unsaturated dynamic, a one-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the effect of soil water movement on winter wheat growth using Hydrus-1 D. The soil water content of stratified soil in the experimental plot was calculated under deficit irrigation. The results showed that, in different growing periods, evapotranspiration, grain yield, biomass, root water up- take, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic characteristics depended on the controlled ranges of soil water content. Grain yield response to irrigation varied considerably due to differences in soil moisture contents and irrigation scheduling between seasons. Evapotranspiration was largest in the high soil moisture treatment, and so was the biomass, but this treatment did not produce the highest grain yield and root water uptake was relatively low. Maximum depth of root water uptake is from the upper 80 cm in soil profile in jointing stage and dropped rapidly upper 40 cm after heading stage, and the velocity of root water uptake in latter stage was less than that in middle stage. The effect of limited irrigation treatment on photosynthesis was complex owing to microclimate. But root water uptake increased linearly with harvest yield and improvement in the latter gave better root water uptake under limited irrigation conditions. Appropriately controlled soil wate     

干旱区不同地下水埋深膜下滴灌灌溉制度模拟研究

通过在新疆巴州灌溉试验站进行的膜下滴灌棉花灌溉制度试验,得出了适合当地的常规滴灌制度。为进一步研究浅层地下水对灌溉的补偿效应,利用Hydrus软件对不同地下水埋深下膜下滴灌棉花生育期耗水量进行了模拟。通过引入关键点土壤含水率的概念,提出了膜下滴灌棉花受水分胁迫的标准。结果表明：地下水对棉花的耗水具有一定的补偿作用,地下水埋深越浅,则所需的灌溉定额越小。当地下水埋深小于1.5 m时,滴灌定额为3 300 m³·hm^-2;当地下水埋深为2.0 m时,滴灌定额为4 500 m³·hm^-2;当地下水埋深很大而对作物根区没有补给时,棉花完全依赖于灌溉所需的滴灌定额则为5 550 m³·hm^-2。考虑到干旱区内具有较高的潜在蒸发势,会导致土壤的次生盐渍化,从而危及作物的生长,1.5～3.0 m的地下水埋深是灌区内较理想的水位区间。     

起垄沟播和常规平播下滴灌棉田土壤水盐的运移

为明确滴灌条件下植棉方式对土壤水盐运移的影响，采用田间调查与室内分析相结合的方法，在滨海重度盐碱地开展了起垄沟播和常规平播植棉方式下的水盐运移试验，调查了滴灌前后两种植棉方式不同点位及不同土壤深度的土壤水分、盐分和土壤溶液电导率等指标，分析不同植棉方式土壤水分、盐分和土壤溶液电导率的时空分布特征。结果表明：滴灌条件下起垄沟播的水分入渗深度和盐分淋洗深度均明显大于常规平播植棉方式，起垄沟播植棉膜下(0~20 cm)土壤溶液电导率明显低于常规平播植棉；滴灌对两种种植方式膜外土壤水分和盐分运移未产生明显影响。起垄沟播联合滴灌技术更有利于为棉花生长的水盐环境。研究结果可为盐碱地植棉提供理论参考和实践依据。     

膜下滴灌棉花耐盐预警值的研究

以不同次生盐渍化膜下滴灌棉田为对象,研究次生盐渍化对棉花生长发育的影响,并以此为基础探讨其状态预警问题.结果表明:在各生育期,土壤盐度与株高、干物质重、叶面积指数均呈极显著的负相关关系.低土壤盐度对棉花生物量和产量不会产生影响,说明棉花具有一定的耐盐性.籽棉产量的降低主要是由于土壤盐度的升高使棉花单株结铃数明显减少造成的.不同生育期棉花耐盐程度不同,各棉田的警度随着生育期的进行有逐渐减轻的趋势;0.6 dS/m以下的土壤盐度在各生育期都不会对棉花生长造成较大危害,2.8 dS/m以上的土壤盐度在前期更易对棉花生长造成严重影响,到吐絮期2.8 dS/m左右的盐度已不能对棉田造成较大危害.     

膜下长期滴灌土壤盐分的空间分布特征与累积效应

通过对不同土壤质地和不同滴灌年限两个方面对新疆棉田膜下滴灌盐分的运移与积累规律的研究,结果表明:对于不同土壤质地,壤土中的盐分分布大致呈抛物线型,在40～60 cm处盐分积累量达到最大值.粘土中盐分分布大致呈"S"型,在60～80 cm处土壤盐分积累达到最大值;不同滴灌年限中随着滴灌年限越长,棉田中地表盐分积累越少,而在40～60 cm的盐分积累则越多.分析认为棉田土壤仅通过膜下滴灌淋洗盐分是不够的,必须与一定的灌排水技术相配合才能很好地防止棉田次生盐渍化.     

鲁北平原咸水滴灌对土壤水盐分布和棉花产量的影响

鲁北平原是山东省重要的粮棉油生产基地,合理利用微咸水和咸水资源是亟待解决的问题。通过田间小区试验,以淡水滴灌处理为对照,设置不同矿化度咸水滴灌处理,研究全地膜覆盖条件下,咸水滴灌对棉花农田土壤水盐分布和产量的影响。结果表明,灌出苗水可以明显降低棉田主要根层土壤EC值,降低率在26．8％～29．0％之间。咸水滴灌减少了棉花对土壤水分的吸收,主要影响土层在40～100 cm,灌溉水矿化度越高,影响越大。与淡水滴灌相比,滴灌补灌矿化度6g·L-1以下的咸水对棉花产量没有明显的影响,而滴灌8g·L-1的咸水在降水偏少的年份能明显降低棉花产量。从土壤盐分的积累来看,利用滴灌补灌一次6g·L-1以下的咸水,通过黄河水和夏季降水淋洗土壤盐分,不会造成棉花根系分布层土壤盐分的积累。该研究结果可为鲁北平原区咸水利用提供科学依据。     

宁南山区膜下滴灌对马铃薯土壤酶活性、土壤养分及产量的影响

在宁南山区海原县关庄乡高台村试验田,采用膜下滴灌节水技术,研究了覆膜不滴灌、滴灌不覆膜、膜下滴灌和不滴灌不覆膜(CK)4种方式下马铃薯生育期的土壤养分、酶活性以及马铃薯产量的差异。结果表明:在0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层中,膜下滴灌种植条件下,与CK相比较,有机质含量分别提高了3.88%、18.23%,碱解氮提高了10.71%、18.75%,速效钾提高了5.92%、2.55%,生育期内土壤脲酶活性提高了27.05%～69.37%、0.17%～38.33%,碱性磷酸酶活性提高了12.70%～23.90%、 6.99%～28.93%,转化酶活性提高了5.65%～68.12%、8.41%～31.63%,纤维素酶活性提高了8.33%～32.94%、19.98%～108.82%,产量提高了107.90%;土壤养分与酶活性及马铃薯产量间存在显著正相关。研究得出,膜下滴灌可以改善土壤微生态环境,提高土壤酶活性,改善土壤养分循环能力,增加产量,是干旱半干区马铃薯旱作节水栽培的有效措施之一。     

膜下滴灌棉花水肥耦合效应研究初报

对膜下滴灌棉花的水肥耦合效应进行了田间试验。结果表明 :在灌水量不足、农业资源未能充分发挥条件下 ,棉花产量与灌水量及耗水量呈线性关系 ;膜下滴灌棉花的水肥耦合效应明显 ,水肥都具有增产效果 ,但过多的水肥投入并不有利于棉花增产。最后对进一步完善膜下滴灌棉花水肥耦合试验提出了建议。     

膜下滴灌水量对土壤水盐运移及再分布的影响

通过对2009年膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移的试验研究,结果表明:膜下滴灌条件下土壤水分的再分布决定了土壤盐分的分布特征,土壤平均含水率在棉花全生育期内呈现逐渐上升的趋势.在棉花生长阶段,随着灌水量的增加,土壤盐分峰值位置呈现下移的趋势.当灌水量从3 000 m3/hm2增加到4 800 m3/hm2时,盐分峰值位置向垂直方向...     

干旱区盐碱地覆膜滴灌条件下土壤基质势对糯玉米生长和灌溉水利用效率的影响

利用埋在滴头正下方0．2m深度的真空表负压计，通过控制土壤基质势下限（-5，-10，-15，-20，-25kPa），研究盐碱地覆膜滴灌条件下土壤基质势对糯玉米（中糯1号）的生长、产量形成过程和灌溉水利用效率的影响。2005和2006年的试验结果表明：糯玉米的株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、地上部分干物质积累量、叶绿素含量等都随着土壤基质势的升高而增加，土壤基质势越高，糯玉米鲜食果穗产量越高，果穗性状也越好；土壤基质势在-5kPa时，糯玉米产量最高；土壤基质势在-10～-15kPa时，灌溉水利用效率最高。     

基于HYDRUS-1D的不同质地土壤入渗过程数值模拟

基于HYDRUS-1D软件,对不同土质(淤泥、粉砂壤土、砂质粘壤土)的灌溉方案进行了系统的数值实验,模拟灌溉结束时及灌溉结束24 h之后的土壤剖面含水量和土壤湿润锋的变化情况。结果表明:在不产生径流的情况下,灌溉结束24 h后土壤的含水量分布和湿润深度只与土壤种类和灌溉量有关,与灌溉速度无关;对透水性较好的土质,灌溉水分重分布明显,以粉砂壤土灌溉速率0.7 cm·h~(-1)和灌溉时间3 h为例,灌溉结束时和灌溉24 h后土壤湿润深度分别为9.2 cm和20.6 cm,有55.3%的灌溉水参加了水分重分布;土壤湿润深度与灌溉量之间存在线性关系,拟合直线的斜率介于5.15(淤泥)和5.95(砂质黏壤土)之间。