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1.
河北省设施番茄灰霉病菌对啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈的敏感性   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
为明确河北省设施番茄灰霉病菌对啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈的敏感性,2013—2016年,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了采自河北省八个地区的2425株灰霉病菌对啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈的敏感性。2013—2016年监测数据显示,河北省设施番茄灰霉病菌对啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈的敏感性呈下降趋势。2016年从河北省不同地区采集的番茄灰霉病菌对啶酰菌胺具有相似的敏感性,且对啶酰菌胺产生了低水平的抗性,仅在唐山地区检测到了啶酰菌胺的高抗菌株;而不同地区采集的灰霉病菌对咯菌腈的敏感性具有差异,但均为咯菌腈的敏感菌株。因此,啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈仍可用于番茄灰霉病的防治,但应严格控制其使用频率,监测灰霉病菌对其敏感性变化动态。  相似文献   

2.
啶酰菌胺在草莓和土壤中的残留及消解动态   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
通过两年两地的田间试验,采用分散固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用的分析方法,研究了50%啶酰菌胺水分散粒剂在草莓和土壤中的残留及消解动态,并探讨了不同农作物品种、环境气候条件对农药消解速率的可能影响。结果表明:在草莓中添加0.05、0.3和3 mg/kg的啶酰菌胺标准品时,其平均回收率为91%~121%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为5.8%~9.9%;在土壤中分别添加0.1、0.3和3 mg/kg的啶酰菌胺时,其平均回收率为91%~100%,RSD为5.4%~6.5%。草莓和土壤中啶酰菌胺的定量限分别为0.05和0.1 mg/kg。啶酰菌胺在草莓中的消解动态符合准一级动力学方程,半衰期为6.2~11.8 d,但在山东和北京土壤中的消解试验均未拟合出指数方程。试验表明,50%啶酰菌胺水分散粒剂以有效成分337.5 g/hm2的推荐高剂量分别施药3次,采收安全间隔期为3 d时,啶酰菌胺在草莓和土壤中的最大残留量分别为1.97及0.38 mg/kg,最终残留量符合残留要求,可以安全使用。  相似文献   

3.
4种杀菌剂及其复配剂对番茄灰霉病菌的毒力   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
采用菌丝生长速率法测定了咯菌腈、氟啶胺、啶酰菌胺和苯醚甲环唑4种杀菌剂及其两元复配剂对番茄灰霉病菌的毒力。结果显示,咯菌腈、氟啶胺、啶酰菌胺和苯醚甲环唑对番茄灰霉病菌的有效抑制中浓度(EC50)分别为:0.018 0、0.018 1、1.896 8和2.087 4μg/mL。复配剂啶酰菌胺∶苯醚甲环唑1∶5、1∶3和1∶1,咯菌腈∶苯醚甲环唑1∶5增效作用最明显;复配剂咯菌腈∶苯醚甲环唑1∶3,咯菌腈∶氟啶胺1∶3,啶酰菌胺∶咯菌腈5∶1,啶酰菌胺∶苯醚甲环唑3∶1具有增效作用,SR值范围为1.5~4.05,其中以复配剂啶酰菌胺∶苯醚甲环唑1∶5增效作用最好,其SR值为4.05;其余不同配比的各组合复配剂具有相加作用,其SR值范围为0.5~1.46。表明咯菌腈、氟啶胺、啶酰菌胺和苯醚甲环唑4种不同作用机制的杀菌剂可以交替或复配使用,以阻止或延缓灰霉病菌抗药性的进一步加剧,为灰霉病的综合防控和抗药性治理提供理论依据。  相似文献   

4.
为评价西瓜蔓枯病菌对啶酰菌胺的抗性风险,了解其抗性机理,室内通过药剂驯化方法获得2株啶酰菌胺的抗性突变体XF21-3和YC60-1,测定了抗性突变体的生物学特性,并通过对Sdh B基因片段的测序比对,分析了西瓜蔓枯病菌对啶酰菌胺的抗性机理。生物测定结果表明:啶酰菌胺对2株抗性突变体的EC50值分别为108和124 μg/mL,抗性倍数(RR)分别为1 007和1 347,均为高抗菌株;抗性突变体的菌丝生长速率和产孢量均大于亲本菌株,但其致病性与亲本菌株无显著差异,对外界环境渗透压的敏感性低于亲本菌株;此外,啶酰菌胺与萎锈灵、戊唑醇、乙霉威及醚菌酯之间均不存在交互抗性,但与噻呋酰胺之间存在交互抗性。Sdh B基因片段测序及比对结果表明,高抗性突变体中Sdh B亚基277位上的氨基酸所对应的碱基由CAC突变为TAC,即由组氨酸(His)突变为酪氨酸(Tyr)。研究表明,西瓜蔓枯病菌在药剂选择压力下容易形成啶酰菌胺的抗性群体,且抗性突变体的离体适合度高于亲本菌株,此外,啶酰菌胺与同类型杀菌剂噻呋酰胺之间存在交互抗性,因此认为西瓜蔓枯病菌对啶酰菌胺具有中等抗性风险;同时进一步验证了Sdh B亚基277位上的氨基酸突变(His→Tyr,CAC→TAC)是西瓜蔓枯病菌对啶酰菌胺产生抗性的原因。  相似文献   

5.
番茄早疫病菌抗啶酰菌胺菌株的适合度及生物学特性   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
为了评价番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani对啶酰菌胺的抗性风险,采用菌丝直径法和孢子萌发法探讨番茄早疫病菌抗啶酰菌胺菌株的适合度变化和生物学性状差异。结果表明:番茄早疫病菌对啶酰菌胺的抗性可稳定遗传;与敏感菌株相比,抗性菌株的菌丝生长减慢,产孢量明显增多,病斑直径达8.5 mm以上,致病力显著增强,产毒量也有增加的趋势,但孢子萌发率无显著差异;啶酰菌胺对抗性菌株的防效显著下降为64.17%~33.49%;抗性菌株的最适p H范围变宽为5~9;中抗菌株的最适温度(25℃)、最佳碳源(淀粉和乳糖)和氮源(蛋白胨)没发生变化,但高抗和极高抗菌株的最适温度范围变宽为25~30℃,最适碳、氮源发生了变化。其中,高抗菌株的最适碳、氮源分别为乳糖和大豆粉;极高抗菌株的最适碳源为淀粉,最适氮源为玉米粉和蛋白胨。表明番茄早疫病菌对啶酰菌胺产生抗性后,较易存活而形成优势群体,因此需采取一定措施延缓抗性的发展、延长啶酰菌胺的使用期限。  相似文献   

6.
灰霉病是葡萄生产上的重要病害之一,严重影响葡萄果实的品质和产量。为明确葡萄灰霉病菌对四霉素和啶酰菌胺的敏感性,本研究分别采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定了四霉素和啶酰菌胺对采自云南省宾川县、湖北省武汉市和辽宁省北镇市60株葡萄灰霉病菌的有效抑制中浓度EC50,建立了敏感性基线,并分析了二者之间的交互抗性。结果显示,葡萄灰霉病菌对四霉素和啶酰菌胺的敏感基线分别为0.245和1.115 μg/mL;上述葡萄灰霉病菌均对四霉素敏感,而11.7%的菌株表现为啶酰菌胺抗性。并且四霉素与啶酰菌胺之间不存在交互抗性(r=-0.040,P>0.05)。因此,四霉素可作为防治葡萄灰霉病的候选药剂,研究结果对两种杀菌剂的科学使用以及葡萄灰霉病的可持续防控具有重要的理论和实践意义。  相似文献   

7.
采用菌丝生长速率法测定了樱桃褐腐病菌Monilinia fructicola对啶酰菌胺的敏感性,同时研究了不同敏感性菌株的生物学性状,探究了琥珀酸脱氢酶B亚基的氨基酸突变与其对啶酰菌胺产生抗性的相关性,并分析了樱桃褐腐病菌对啶酰菌胺与其他3种琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂 (SDHIs)氯苯醚酰胺、氟唑菌苯胺和氟吡菌酰胺之间的交互抗性。结果表明:啶酰菌胺对樱桃褐腐病菌具有较好的抑制活性和治疗作用,但樱桃褐腐病菌已对其产生了一定的抗性,且抗性菌株具有较高的适合度。褐腐病菌SDHB亚基上的氨基酸点突变与其对啶酰菌胺的抗性之间无明显联系。交互抗药性分析表明,啶酰菌胺与氯苯醚酰胺、氟唑菌苯胺和氟吡菌酰胺之间均存在交互抗性。为了延缓抗药性的发生和发展,在樱桃褐腐病防治过程中啶酰菌胺应与SDHIs之外的其他类型杀菌剂进行合理的混用或轮用。  相似文献   

8.
刘妍  张亚  项雅琴  王翀  廖晓兰 《植物保护》2018,44(2):235-240
为探明啶酰菌胺与氟啶胺复配物对水稻纹枯病菌和草莓灰霉病菌的增效潜力,采用菌丝生长速率法测定啶酰菌胺和氟啶胺复配物对水稻纹枯病菌和草莓灰霉病菌的抑制效果,并根据Wadley方法评价复配物增效作用。结果表明:啶酰菌胺和氟啶胺对水稻纹枯病菌均具有抑制作用,其EC50分别为0.483 6μg/mL和0.054 1μg/mL。将啶酰菌胺和氟啶胺按照1∶5、1∶4、1∶3、1∶2、1∶1、2∶3、3∶2、5∶1、4∶1、3∶1和2∶1的比例进行复配,结果表明:按照1∶2、3∶2、5∶1、4∶1、3∶1和2∶1复配对水稻纹枯病菌均具有增效作用,其中以3∶1和3∶2比例复配增效最佳,增效系数分别为7.7和5.46;以1∶1、1∶3、1∶4、1∶5和2∶3复配对水稻纹枯病菌具有相加作用。啶酰菌胺和氟啶胺对草莓灰霉病菌也具有抑制作用,其EC50分别为1.637 1μg/mL和0.028 3μg/mL。将啶酰菌胺和氟啶胺按照上述相同11种比例进行复配,结果显示比例为1∶5、1∶4、1∶1、5∶1、4∶1等8种复配物对草莓灰霉病菌具有相加作用,其中以2∶1和1∶2比例复配相加效果最佳,增效系数分别为1.30和1.00,但比例为3∶2等其他比例复配则对草莓灰霉病菌表现出拮抗作用。  相似文献   

9.
为验证哈茨木霉菌与啶酰菌胺联用对番茄灰霉病菌的增效作用,采用显微镜观察法观察了菌药联用后哈茨木霉菌和番茄灰霉病菌的菌丝形态,用菌丝生长速率法和圆盘滤膜法测定了菌药联用后哈茨木霉菌挥发性物质、非挥发性物质和粗酶液对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌活性.结果显示:啶酰菌胺对哈茨木霉菌的菌丝基本无影响,但能使灰霉病菌的菌丝发生间断性溶解;菌药联用后哈茨木霉菌挥发性物质对灰霉病菌的最高抑菌活性为61.17%,而哈茨木霉菌和啶酰菌胺单独对灰霉病菌的抑菌活性分别为48.79%、0.97%,表现增效作用;菌药联用后哈茨木霉菌非挥发性物质和粗酶液对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌活性未明显增强.研究表明,啶酰菌胺与哈茨木霉菌联用的增效机制是啶酰菌胺导致灰霉病菌的菌丝部分溶解,同时增强了哈茨木霉菌挥发性物质对灰霉病菌的抑菌活性.  相似文献   

10.
番茄早疫病菌抗啶酰菌胺菌株细胞膜透性变化   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
为探究番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani对啶酰菌胺产生抗性后膜透性的变化,采用菌丝生长法、可见分光光度法、电导率法和荧光猝灭法分别测定了抗、感菌株对NaCl渗透压的敏感性、胞内可溶性蛋白和糖的含量、膜渗透率及对啶酰菌胺的吸收量。结果表明:抗性(R-Bos)菌株在2.5 g/L NaCl浓度中生长最快,敏感(S-Bos)菌株则在5 g/L NaCl浓度中生长最快;在0~10 g/L NaCl浓度下,R-Bos菌株的生长明显快于S-Bos菌株,在20~80 g/L NaCl浓度下生长无显著差异;R-Bos菌株的可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量显著增高,分别达61.9%~105.2%和133.1%~161.9%;用啶酰菌胺处理菌株后,所有菌株的渗透率上升,膜透性增大,但R-Bos菌株的渗透率始终低于S-Bos菌株;且R-Bos菌株对啶酰菌胺的吸收量明显减少,为48.3%~49.9%。推测番茄早疫病菌对啶酰菌胺产生抗性后,胞内保水能力提高,对渗透压表现出耐受性,同时膜透性降低使得对药剂的吸收能力下降。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

13.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

14.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

15.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

16.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

17.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

18.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

19.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

20.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

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