春麦田使用绿黄隆对当茬小麦和后茬作物影响的研究

在兰州一年一熟春麦区，应用超高效除草剂一绿黄隆防除春麦田杂药效试验的同时，观察了绿黄隆对当茬小麦的影响。结果表明，亩用绿黄隆０．７５～４克，不同时期处理和亩用０．７５－１．５克小麦苗期喷雾，对当年后茬玉米、大豆、均无不良影响。亩用绿黄隆２－４克苗期喷雾，对翌年后茬玉米安全，超过４克，对后茬玉米不同程度的药害。     

玉米茬不同处理方式对土壤耕层水分的影响

针对朝阳半干旱区春季十年九旱的实际情况,在秋后玉米地设置了玉米地留茬、留茬覆盖玉米秸秆、翻耕、翻耕后覆盖玉米秸秆和翻耕后覆盖地膜5种不同处理方式,探讨不同处理方式对春播前表层土壤水分的影响.测定结果表明,各处理春播前表层土壤水分含量大小顺序为翻耕后覆膜>翻耕后覆盖秸秆>留茬覆盖秸秆>翻耕无覆盖>留茬无覆盖,其中翻耕覆膜处理土壤含水率为17.03%,比留茬无覆盖处理高4.51%,比翻耕无覆盖处理高2.57%,比留茬覆盖秸秆处理高1.27%,比翻耕覆盖秸秆处理高0.66%.     

金星在荆州地区油菜田使用对后茬作物的安全性

金星在荆州地区油菜田使用对后茬作物的安全性肖家浩，赵福超，吴嗣勋，熊骏（湖北省荆州地区植物保护站）我站受沈阳北方联合化工厂的委托，在油菜田施用金星（胺苯磺隆），对其后茬作物（棉花、大豆、花生、玉米、西瓜及芝麻）进行安全性试验，现将试验结果总结如下。一...     

北方旱寒区冬油菜不同后茬作物根际与非根际土壤肥力研究

以脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶4种土壤酶活性及土壤理化性状为指标,研究了冬油菜后茬作物油菜、胡麻、玉米和小麦的根际与非根际土壤肥力状况。结果表明,4种作物的根际与非根际土壤肥力差异较大。根际土壤的酶活性与理化性状均显著高于休闲对照,而非根际土壤只有脲酶、有机质含量和速效氮等优于休闲对照。相关性分析表明土壤酶与理化性状之间相关性较大,它们都是评价土壤肥力的重要指标。利用隶属函数法将各土壤肥力分为3级,各处理肥力状况依次为:小麦根际(珔F=0.72)胡麻根际(珔F=0.61)油菜根际(珔F=0.56)玉米非根际(珔F=0.44)胡麻非根际(珔F=0.39)小麦非根际(珔F=0.38)玉米根际(珔F=0.37)油菜非根际(珔F=0.29)休闲CK(珔F=0.15)。分析结果表明各项指标采用隶属函数法综合评价冬油菜不同后茬作物根际与非根际土壤肥力是可行的。     

烟嘧·莠去津不同剂型对后茬作物幼苗的影响

通过水培法研究了4种不同烟嘧磺隆·莠去津的剂型(20%烟嘧磺隆.莠去津可分散油悬浮剂、22%烟嘧磺隆.莠去津油悬浮剂、23%烟嘧磺隆.莠去津悬浮剂、79%烟嘧磺隆.莠去津水分散粒剂)对后茬作物幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,烟嘧磺隆.莠去津的不同剂型对于油菜和萝卜主根伸长的影响较大,在浓度仅为10mg/L时,对后茬作物就具有抑制作用;而对油菜和萝卜的芽长则影响较小,当药剂浓度大于80 mg/L才对后茬作物有影响;而对于小麦,可分散油悬浮剂对小麦的主根伸长和芽长的影响较大,而其他3个剂型的影响相对较小。     

长江流域大豆地使用广灭灵对后茬作物残留危害

本文研究了广灭灵在大豆地中的残留时后茬作物的敏感性与危害性。在供试的后茬作物中,广灭灵对小麦最敏感,其敏感性问值一般为20μg／kg;在大豆播后苗前,按推荐剂量每公顷施用36％广灭灵微囊悬浮剂1050ml,对后茬作物无残留危害影响,其安全系数为2,对后茬作物的安全间隔期为120天。     

少耕留茬小麦间作玉米的耗水特性

2009—2010年,通过大田试验,在不同灌水梯度下,研究了少耕和秸秆覆盖对小麦间作玉米产量、耗水特性及水分利用效率的影响,旨在为高效节水间作技术体系的构建提供新思路。研究表明：间作处理的土地当量比(LER)为1.46～1.56,间作优势明显;高灌水平与低、中灌水平相比,少耕留茬间作及传统间作中,玉米组分经济产量平均提高44.4%和9.31%,小麦组分经济产量平均提高10.22%和2.36%;少耕留茬显著提高了小麦间作玉米播种前和收获后0～120 cm土层平均贮水量。少耕留茬、间作及灌水量均是影响小麦、玉米耗水量的主导因子,将少耕留茬集成于间作,并结合中灌水处理,为提高小麦、玉米WUE的最优组合。     

绿黄隆在河北省麦田的除草效果及对后茬作物的影响

绿黄隆属超高效麦田除草剂，因其除草效果好，成本低，对小麦安全等特点、深受农民欢迎。但其对后茬作物的安全性问题在河北地区一直没有定论，尤其是在我国北方，麦田施用绿黄隆后下茬玉米、大豆等作物常出现不同程度的药害。为了给生产上提供可靠的理论依据，特进行本试验。一、材料及方法（一）试验设计1．绿黄隆供试剂量力《）．5、1．（）、2．（）g／亩（有效成分，不同），万没空白付照，三次重复，小区面积月）m’，小区之间用汕毡等防渗物隔离。2．上茬小发扶＿L述剂负施用绿茸隆。施药时间为1994年3周匕u，此时小麦处于起身期，…     

咪唑啉酮类除草剂对后茬作物安全性研究初报

1996～ 2 0 0 0年进行了咪唑啉酮类除草剂土壤残留对后茬作物影响的田间小区试验。结果表明 ,金豆 (imazamox,甲氧咪草烟 ) 40、6 0 g/ hm2 (在推荐剂量范围内。有效浓度 ,下同 ) ,施药后 12个月可以安全种植小麦、玉米和白瓜籽 ,2 4个月后可以安全种植油菜、甜菜、白菜、亚麻和马铃薯 ;金豆高剂量 (80、 12 0 g/ hm2 )对敏感作物有一定的药害。金普施特(imazethapyr/ imazamox) 50 g/ hm2 (推荐剂量 ) ,施药后 12个月可安全种植小麦、玉米 ,2 4个月可安全种植油菜、白瓜籽和马铃薯 ,不可种植甜菜、白菜和亚麻 ;倍量 (10 0 g/ hm2 )可使敏感作物严重受害。普施特 (imazethapyr) 75g/ hm2 (推荐剂量 ) ,施药后 12个月可安全种植小麦和玉米 ,2 4个月可安全种植白瓜籽和马铃薯 ;2 4个月后仍对油菜、甜菜、白菜和亚麻有严重药害。     

除草剂对后茬作物的影响

经过田间调查发现,除草剂的大量使用,的确提高了生产效率,解放了大量的劳动力,对农业生产可以说是一大进步。但广泛滥用除草剂,对后茬作物造成严重影响,农药残留改变了土壤的活性,影响了作物的正常生长。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

黑麦草属DNA条形码鉴定技术研究

以毒麦、田毒麦、多花黑麦草、多年生黑麦草、硬直黑麦草、高羊茅与狗牙根等禾本科的7种植物为材料,拟采用 DNA 测序、特异性位点比对、种间遗传距离测定、建立系统树等分析候选 DNA 条形码 psbA-trnH 鉴别黑麦草属常见植物的能力。实验结果表明,以 psbA-trnH 为 DNA 条形码时,建立的系统发育树能较好区分毒麦和田毒麦与其他几种植物。psbA-trnH 序列可以作为黑麦草属植物的潜在条形码。     

棉花黄萎病菌致病型的AFLP分析

 选用41个棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)代表菌系,在温室条件下,对4个棉花品种鄂荆1号(感)、中棉所12(耐)、文-5(抗)和唐棉2号(抗)进行致病性测定,结果可将供试菌系分为落叶型与非落叶型2类。选取8对AFLP引物PCR扩增的结果中,统计带型稳定、清晰且有多态性的条带,共169条作系统聚类分析,将上述菌系分为2大类,第一类为非落叶型菌系,包括10个非落叶型菌系和1个过渡菌系;第二类为30个落叶型菌系。根据聚类分析建立树状图,发现菌系与地理来源存在一定的相关性,而依据菌系致病力强弱分类则相关关系不大。选用25对EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ引物组合,对供试的41个V.dahliae进行AFLP扩增,筛选到2对引物E64(GACTGCGTACCAATTCGAC)、M53(GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACCG)和E49(GACTGCGTACCAATTCCAG)、M65(GAT-GAGTCCTGAGTAAGAG),能分别扩增出433bp和110bp2条仅为V.dahliae非落叶型菌系独有的特异片段,可将落叶型与非落叶型菌系分开,这2条特异片段被命名为EM₄₃₃和EM₁₁₀。     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.