甘肃黄土高原不同海拔气候变化对马铃薯生育脆弱性的影响

利用黄土高原不同海拔高度马铃薯生长发育定位观测资料和对应平行气象观测资料,分析气候变化对马铃薯生长发育敏感性的影响,以及马铃薯生育脆弱性变化特征.结果表明,研究区域降水量年际变化呈下降趋势,降水量变化曲线线性拟合倾向率在马铃薯生长季5-10月绝对值最大,表现为高海拔区大于低海拔区的特征.气温年际变化呈上升趋势,气温变化曲线线性拟合倾向率表现为高海拔区小于低海拔区的特征.作物生长季干燥指数呈显著上升趋势,干燥指数变化曲线线性拟合倾向率也表现为高海拔区小于低海拔区的特征,20世纪90年代后干燥指数明显上升,气候趋于暖干化.影响马铃薯生长发育的主导气象因子是气温,气候变暖,气温增高,导致马铃薯生育前期的营养生长阶段缩短,而生殖生长阶段延长,全生育期延长.块茎膨大期气温增高导致马铃薯生育脆弱性增加,马铃薯对气温变化的敏感性和气温增高导致马铃薯生育脆弱性均随海拔增高而降低.开花期降水减少导致马铃薯生长发育及产量形成的脆弱性增加,此时段以干旱为主的气象灾害频率的增加使马铃薯生育脆弱性增加,马铃薯对降水量变化的敏感性和降水量减少导致马铃薯生育脆弱性却随海拔增高而降低.     

河北坝上地区马铃薯产量变异的气候决定因子分析

河北坝上地区马铃薯主要在雨养条件下种植,年际间产量具有很大的变异。基于2010—2017年连续8 a的马铃薯生育期数据、产量数据和生育期内的气象数据,探讨了坝上地区马铃薯产量变异的气候决定因子,并分析了1961—2017年马铃薯生长季气候因子的变化。结果表明:1961—2017年坝上地区马铃薯生长季内总辐射平均每10 a下降66 MJ·m~(-2);最低温度和最高温度平均每10 a分别升高0.5℃和0.4℃;生长季内总降水无显著变化趋势,但年际间具有很大的波动性。试验年份马铃薯产量在8 250～24 500 kg·hm~2之间,变异系数为27.8%。生长季内总辐射对马铃薯产量具有一定的促进作用,但不显著(P0.05);出苗～薯块形成期(R~2=0.31,P0.05)和薯块形成～薯块膨大期(R~2=0.52,P0.01)两个阶段的最高温度对马铃薯产量产生了显著的负影响;薯块膨大～成熟期的最大连续无有效降水日数决定了马铃薯产量变异的68%。薯块膨大～成熟期的最大连续无有效降水日数和有效降水、薯块形成～薯块膨大期的最高温度和总辐射共同可以决定坝上地区马铃薯产量变异的82%。马铃薯生育期内降水总量不是坝上地区马铃薯产量变异的决定因子,有效降水及分配情况与马铃薯产量相关性更大,未来持续升温的气候情境下坝上地区雨养马铃薯产量提升应从提高降水有效性和培育耐高温品种两方面制定措施。     

膜下滴灌棉花土壤温度的动态变化规律

试验研究田间膜下滴灌棉花根际土壤的温度变化表明,覆膜能使土壤明显增温,温度梯度变化使地膜覆盖具有提墒作用。在一日内和棉花整个生育期的温度,膜中明显比膜边和垄沟都偏高,土壤浅层温度增加较快且变幅很大。不同深度土壤温度出现最高温度时间随深度增加而延迟。地温变幅与深度可以拟合成指数函数关系,且膜中14∶00时两者相关性最好。     

气候变化对马铃薯晚疫病发生发展的影响——以甘肃省定西市为例

应用气象观测资料和马铃薯晚疫病发生地点、面积、发展趋势等资料,采用数理统计方法,分析气候要素变化特征、马铃薯晚疫病发生发展及其与气象条件的关系。结果表明:研究区域降水量年际变化呈下降趋势,气温年际变化呈显著上升趋势,大部分区域相对湿度略增、平均风速略减、日照时数减少。研究区域马铃薯晚疫病历年发病面积比例呈显著上升趋势,发病面积比例以每年3.55%的速度增加。马铃薯晚疫病发病面积比例与5～10月马铃薯生长季相对湿度、降水量、气温等呈正相关,而与日照时数、平均风速呈负相关。降水减少是马铃薯晚疫病发生发展的不利因素,气温增高、相对湿度增加、平均风速减小、日照时数减少均是有利的因素。当可控条件一定时,气象条件是马铃薯晚疫病发生发展的主导因素。气候变化导致马铃薯晚疫病呈上升趋势。     

基于气象因子驱动的阴山地区马铃薯产量预测模型

为了及时掌握马铃薯产量,提高产中、产后气象服务能力,指导马铃薯生产,以内蒙古阴山旱作区马铃薯生产为例,利用16个旗县1980-2007年气象和产量资料及发育期等其它相关资料,采用相关和回归分析等方法,分区域分析了影响马铃薯产量的关键气象因子,并建立了气象产量预测模型.结果表明:(1)降水是影响产量的关键因子,温度次之;前山地区高温胁迫的影响大于后山,降水不足的影响则相反;干旱少雨、高温胁迫是制约该地区马铃薯产量提高的主要因素.(2)用逐步回归方法建立的幼苗期-结薯期、幼苗期-淀粉积累期、结薯期-淀粉积累期和生长季4个时间段的气象产量预测模型均达到极显著水平,拟合率75％以上,产量预测平均误差11.1％,误差变幅0.34％ ～ 27.9％,近85％的预测值准确率超出80％,对区域预测结果好于各旗县;(3)结薯期是对水热最敏感的时期;不同时间段模型中以生长季和幼苗-结薯期模型预测结果较好.所建模型可以在马铃薯产量预测业务中应用.     

天水旱作区土壤水分变化规律及其与冬小麦产量关系研究

运用天水农业气象基本观测站试验田土壤湿度资料(1980~2005年)及冬小麦产量资料,分析了该地0~100 cm土壤水分运行、变化规律及土壤水分变化对冬小麦产量的影响,分时段对其影响程度进行了定量评述。结果显示:土壤贮水量的年变化呈二次曲线,贮水量最低值出现在6月中旬;累计耗水量的年际变化呈logister曲线;贮水量与冬小麦产量相关最显著的时段在起身到孕穗阶段,4~5月0~100 cm土壤含水量每增加10 mm,产量增加180 kg/hm2。     

不同水肥条件下春小麦耗水量和水分利用率

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤水分和施氮量条件下春小麦的耗水量和水分利用率等相关参数的变化情况。结果表明:春小麦耗水量、生物产量及经济产量均因土壤水分和施氮量的不同而变化。水分充足,春小麦耗水量、生物产量及经济产量均随施氮量的增加而显著增加;中度水分胁迫下,低氮处理的耗水量、生物产量及经济产量均最高,最适氮处理与CK处理接近;干旱条件,低氮与CK处理耗水量和产量接近,而最适氮处理则极显著降低。各生育时期的耗水量和日耗水量在不同生育时期存在差异,其中以灌浆期春小麦日均耗水量为最高。在不同土壤水分条件下,春小麦地上部分干重和籽粒的水分利用效率随施氮量的增加而增加,尤以水分充足条件下水分利用率随施氮量的增加最为显著。     

河北坝上地区不同降水年型下马铃薯耗水特征

基于2010-2017年连续8年的马铃薯生育期和产量数据、以及生育期内气象和土壤数据，利用作物-土壤水分平衡公式的方法，揭示坝上地区马铃薯在不同降水年型下不同生育阶段的耗水特征。结果表明：研究区马铃薯生育期内降水量在260~449 mm之间，其中25%的试验年份为干旱年份；不同生育阶段的耗水量在25~182 mm之间，其中播种~出苗阶段和薯块形成~薯块膨大阶段在湿润年型下耗水量最大，出苗~薯块形成阶段在干旱年型下耗水最多，薯块膨大~成熟阶段在正常年型下耗水最多；薯块形成~薯块膨大阶段的日耗水量显著高于其他阶段，干旱、正常和湿润年型下该阶段的日耗水量分别为3.6、3.9 mm和4.7 mm。2010-2017年马铃薯产量8 250~24 500 kg·hm^-2，水分利用效率32~135 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1，其中干旱年型下马铃薯水分利用效率最高，显著高于其他年型；另外薯块膨大~成熟阶段耗水量的增加对马铃薯产量具有显著的正效应。坝上地区在马铃薯薯块膨大~成熟阶段增加灌溉并且在其他阶段进行适当的干旱胁迫对提升该地区的马铃薯产量具有重要的意义。     

气候变化与品种更新对黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区冬小麦的影响

利用甘肃省通渭农业气象观测站1981—2010年的气象和农气观测资料,运用相关分析、趋势分析和方差分析等方法,就气候变化与品种变化对黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区冬小麦的影响进行了初步研究。结果表明:近30年来该地区在冬小麦生育期内温度升高(增长率为0.225℃·10a~(-1))、降水量减少(减少率为23.879mm·10a~(-1)),气候呈现暖干化趋势。降水的减少与品种更新均导致冬小麦的生育期明显缩短。近30年来,甘肃省通渭县冬小麦产量增加了4 514.97 kg·hm~(-2),冬小麦生育期内温度的增加和降水量的减少对产量增加没有明显促进作用。冬小麦品种的改良可提高产量8.8%~132.0%,其变异系数在4.1%~65.6%之间。方差分析结果表明,不同品种间的平均产量之间存在显著的差异(F=4.056,P0.01)。通过分析产量在年际间、气候要素间和品种间的变化,可以发现品种的更新是冬小麦产量显著提高的原因。     

气象干旱变化特征及其对粮食产量的影响 ——以甘肃武威市为例

干旱是甘肃武威市致灾最严重灾害天气。利用甘肃武威市1960—2019年降水资料和1970—2019年粮食产量资料,运用统计学方法分析了武威市气象干旱和粮食产量的变化特征以及干旱与粮食产量的关系。结果表明：（1）春旱、春末夏初旱、伏旱频数的空间变化比较一致,均为北部荒漠区多于绿洲平原区,绿洲平原区多于南部山区。（2）春旱、夏初旱和伏旱年代频数变化不一致,春旱凉州、民勤呈增加趋势,古浪、天祝及全市呈减少趋势;夏初旱凉州、古浪无变化,民勤、天祝及全市呈减少趋势;伏旱凉州无变化,民勤、古浪呈减少趋势,天祝及全市呈增加趋势;随干旱等级的加重各类干旱频数总体上呈增加趋势。（3）粮食产量（小麦、玉米和总粮食）随年和年代呈显著增加趋势,气象产量的年变化没有明显的规律性,波动性较大;气象产量年代变化呈先增加后减少再增加趋势。气象产量与各类干旱年代频数基本表现为负相关,气象产量与夏初旱频数的相关性水平显著,与其他干旱相关性均不显著。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.