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1.
伊犁河谷察南灌区土壤盐分空间变异研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
以伊犁河谷察南灌区为研究区,运用EM38电导率仪测定及室内分析相结合的手段,获取土壤电导率值及0~30 cm、30~60 cm、60~100 cm土壤盐分含量。一方面对各土层土壤盐分含量进行了简单的盐渍化分级统计,另一方面应用地统计学方法,对土壤盐分特征因子进行半方差函数分析及空间插值分析。初步研究表明:察南灌区土壤电导率变异系数为1.31,各土层土壤盐分含量变异系数分别为1.31、1.10、1.49,均呈现空间强变异;0~30cm、30~60 cm、60~100 cm土层土壤中,盐化土所占比例分别为25.37%、21.79%、12.11%,形成了比较明显的盐渍化趋势;在空间分布上,土壤电导率及土壤盐分含量自灌区西北至东南方向总体呈现减小的趋势。另外,研究发现灌区各土壤盐分因子具有强烈的空间相关性,空间变异格局主要是结构性因素作用的结果。  相似文献   

2.
分别采用传统统计学和地统计学方法,定量分析了灌溉前、后黄河三角洲田块尺度下不同深度土层含盐量的空间变异性并分析空间分布特征。结果表明:除灌溉前0~10cm土层土壤含盐量呈强变异性外,其余各土层含盐量均表现为中等变异强度;灌溉前土壤盐分主要积聚在0~ 10 cm和40~60cm土层,灌溉后主要积聚在40~60 cm土层;灌溉使得0~10 cm和10 ~ 20 cm土层土壤含盐量降低,脱盐效果较好;除灌溉后0~10 cm土层的土壤盐分含量呈现弱空间相关性之外,其它土层均呈现强空间相关性;灌溉后与灌溉前相比,除40~60cm层土壤含盐量外,其余各土层土壤含盐量明显降低、土壤含盐量的等值线密集程度减弱、空间分布趋势明显变平缓;灌溉前各土层土壤含盐量高值区均分布在试验区中部偏北,而低值区则分布在试验区西北角,灌溉后除0~ 10cm土层土壤含盐量高值中心分布在试验区中北部外,其余各土层均分布在试验田块的中南部或中部,而低值中心的空间分布规律相似,主要分布在试验田的北部。  相似文献   

3.
退化草原土壤理化性质空间异质性及其对土壤水分的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
测定分析锡林郭勒盟正镶白旗额里图牧场退化草原草地生态系统0~120 cm土层土壤理化性质(质量含水量、容重、饱和含水率、电导率、pH和有机质),运用经典统计学和地统计学方法探讨其空间异质性及各理化性质对土壤水分的影响。结果表明:退化草原土壤呈弱碱性,电导率、容重和pH随土层加深而增大,而饱和含水率和有机质含量随土层加深而减小,由此可见土壤pH与有机质含量随土层加深呈相反规律,除容重和pH呈弱变异,其余土壤特性指标均呈中等变异,除80~120 cm土层外,其余土层土壤含水量变异系数随土壤含水量的增大而降低;本研究区各土层土壤含水量、有机质、pH表现出强烈的空间相关性,容重由随机性因素引起的变异程度最小,饱和含水率由结构性和随机性因素共同引起空间变异,影响本研究区土壤理化性质的因素较复杂;各土层土壤饱和含水率变程普遍较大,为13. 94~52. 77 km,较长距离其空间连续性较好,0~10 cm土层pH变程最大,有机质变程最小,而80~120 cm土层恰好相反; 0~10 cm和80~120 cm土层土壤质量含水量均与饱和含水率呈显著正相关,10~20 cm和80~120 cm土层土壤水分相对较大,土壤持水力较强,中间土层(20~80 cm)土壤含水量与有机质和pH存在显著相关关系。  相似文献   

4.
田块尺度下土壤水分和盐分的空间变异性   总被引:17,自引:5,他引:17  
通过对 16m× 16m田块 2 89个土壤剖面的取样分析 ,测定土壤水分、pH、盐分、电导率。结果表明 ,土壤含水量均服从非正态分布 ;盐分的分布类型除 6 0~ 80cm呈非正态分布外 ,其它各层均服从正态分布。土壤水分和盐分的变异系数均呈中等变异强度。通过结构分析 ,发现土壤水分和盐分在一定范围内存在空间相关性。对土壤水分和盐分空间分布的动态变化进行了比较 ,同时采用CoKriging方法进行估值 ,与Kriging法相比 ,其估计方差减少百分数最大达到了 12 1.4 8% ,117.83%。  相似文献   

5.
以我国高放废物处置库预选场址之一的甘肃北山沙枣园地区为地质背景,旨在探索极旱荒漠地区土壤盐分特征研究方法与理论,从而为高放废物处置库选址和场址性能评价服务.文中采用地质统计学和聚类分析方法研究了沙枣园预选场址土壤表层盐分特征.结果表明:研究区土壤阴离子聚积以SO42-、Cl-为主,阳离子聚积以K++Na+、Ca2+为主;土壤盐分总量空间分布特征为岩体周边第四纪沉积物中大于岩体内沟谷沉积物中;区内土壤盐分的变异主要取决于Ca2+、Cl-、SO42-这3种盐分离子;土壤盐分积累主要以CaSO4、NaCl、KCl形式存在;该区土壤盐分空间相关性强,各盐分离子空间自相关变化尺度相似,变程大都集中在4500~7000m.  相似文献   

6.
应用地统计学的半方差分析和Kriging空间插值,以新疆第二师三十一团灌区为例,分析了塔里木河下游绿洲灌区不同深度土壤全盐及盐基离子的空间变异特征与分布规律。结果表明:研究区春季土壤总体呈碱性,各土层阴离子均以SO■为主,阳离子均以K~+和Na~+为主,灌区内根域层(0~60 cm)土壤盐分、Ca~(2+)、Cl~-的半方差函数模型符合高斯模型,Mg~(2+)、K~++Na~+符合球状模型,深层(60~100 cm)土壤盐分、HCO~-_3、SO■符合指数模型,各变量空间自相关范围差异较大。盐分分布特征受人类活动和地势、水源的影响较大,根域层(0~60 cm)土壤盐分含量呈现由西北部向东南部逐渐升高的趋势,变化范围在2.28~3.27 g·kg~(-1)之间,深层(60~100 cm)土壤盐分含量呈现由西北部向东南部逐渐降低的趋势,变化范围在2.31~4.63 g·kg~(-1)之间。HCO~-_3在整体上与根域层(0~60 cm)土壤盐分含量分布特征相同,其它各离子含量无明显变化规律。灌区内土壤盐分垂直分布的总趋势大致相同,根域层(0~60 cm)土壤含盐量与深层(60~100 cm)土壤含盐量差异不大,变化范围在2.28~4.63 g·kg~(-1)之间。  相似文献   

7.
膜下滴灌棉田冻融期土壤水分盐分变化特征   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过分析2014年11月—2015年3月北疆地区膜下滴灌棉田冻融期土壤盐分、水分与温度变化,探讨了不同土层水热盐在冻融期的变化和耦合关系。结果表明:冻融期土壤表层和深层含水量较高,中间层含水量较低;土壤剖面盐分在0~80 cm呈现层状分布,浅层土壤发生盐分明显累积,土壤盐分变异系数20 cm土层为0.525、40 cm土层为0.257、80 cm土层为1.041。在冻融期,土壤水分盐分沿剖面分布发生明显变化;土水势梯度、土壤温度梯度是冻融期土壤水分盐分迁移的主要因素,土壤水热盐之间变化具有高度的耦合性。  相似文献   

8.
基于EM38的封丘县土壤盐渍化调查研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
针对目前封丘县存在的土壤盐渍化问题,利用EM38磁感应电导仪在田闻定位、定点测量,对其土壤盐渍化现状进行调查.运用经典统计学方法,研究了土壤盐分的变异特征.利用Kriging插值方法,绘制了0~30、30~60、60~90、90~120 cm各层土壤盐分空间分布图.结果表明,EM38所测样点的表观电导率测定值EMH(水平位)和EMv,(垂直位)的相关系数均达到了90%以上,测定数据准确,其结果均具有较高的可信度.根据统计分析,对于0~30,30~60 cm土层的土壤电导率宜采用EM38水平测量模式(EMH)的表观电导率进行解译,而60~90,90~120 cm土层的土壤电导率宜采用EM38垂直测量模式(EMv)进行解译.从含盐量的平均值来看,各土层变化范围在0.498~0.543 g/kg,各层土壤盐分含量的变异系数分别为0.582、0.249、0.304与0.367,属于中等变异强度.研究区土壤盐溃化评价结果:盐渍化土壤主要集中在东南部,呈现明显的趋势效应,并且在整个剖面,盐分表层最高,随着深度增加呈先减小后增大的趋势.  相似文献   

9.
民勤绿洲灌区表层土壤盐分空间变异性研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
土壤盐渍化是干旱半干旱区土地退化的主要原因之一,揭示土壤盐渍化程度与空间分布特征是区域盐渍化防治与治理的重要依据。文中以民勤灌区表层土壤盐分数据为基础,结合经典统计学与地统计学方法,研究该区土壤全盐及盐基离子的空间变异特征和分布规律。结果表明:该区表层土壤总体上偏碱性,阳离子以Na~+为主,阴离子以SO_4~(2-)为主,Cl~-和HCO_3~-离子呈中等变异性,而全盐和K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)离子则呈强变异性。全盐和各盐分离子均表现出强烈的空间相关性,空间自相关距离为4.62-11.13km,表明全盐及各离子在空间自相关范围内具有很大的相似性。Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-离子与全盐的空间分布具有较高的一致性,低值区集中在灌区西南部和北部中心地区,高值区主要分布于灌区中部、北部偏东和偏西的一些区域。  相似文献   

10.
基于若羌县2015年143组0~20 cm土层土壤6种微量营养元素(Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Mo和B)的实测含量,运用多元统计分析、地统计学和Arc GIS技术相结合的方法,对研究区土壤微量营养元素的含量和空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明:Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Mo和B变异系数介于18.2%~47.4%,均属于中等变异。Fe、Mn、Zn、Mo和B的块金效应均小于25%,空间相关性较强,空间变异主要受到土壤母质等结构性变异主导;Cu的块金效应介于25%~75%之间,属于中等空间相关,空间变异受到人为活动等随机因素和结构性因素的共同影响。Fe、Mn、Zn和Cu的空间分布格局相似,总体呈现出从研究区四周向中心含量逐渐增大的趋势;Mo和B的空间分布格局相似,总体呈现出从南向北含量逐渐增大的趋势。土壤有机质、pH值和不同的成土母质、土壤类型、土地利用类型对土壤微量营养元素均有不同程度的影响。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

15.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

16.
Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.  相似文献   

17.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

18.
Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.  相似文献   

19.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

20.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

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