灰飞虱对水稻条纹叶枯病的传毒特性初步研究

灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallen)是水稻条纹叶枯病(Rice stripevirus)的传毒介体。水稻分蘖期前感染病毒后,心叶卷曲而后枯死;拔节期后感病,穗部大多畸形扭曲不实。70年代云南中部地区的富民、姚安、大姚、易门、禄丰、永胜、昆明等县市都曾发生,部分地区整片枯死甚而成灾。1982年从易门县秧田分别捕获越冬代成虫和第一代若虫带回本所室内进行传毒特性研究,结果表明:在平均气温19.6℃条件下,水稻条纹叶枯病毒在灰飞虱体内的循回期平均为12.7天,终身带毒,能连续传毒或间歇传毒。健稻喂饲带毒虫30分钟即能染病,以秧苗2—3叶期最易感染。雌虫自然带毒率和获毒率分别比雄虫高出33.3％及55.6％。     

灰飞虱传毒特性研究初报

灰飞虱是水稻条纹叶枯病(RSV)的传毒介体,不论长翅型或短翅型成虫都能带毒,并能传毒发病,但以雌虫所占比例较高。各龄若虫也都能带毒,并传毒发病,龄期愈大,带毒率愈高。不同病区虫源自然带毒率差异较大,重病区的保山(邹里)带毒率最高达61.9%,传毒频次多,传毒发病率达17.8%;轻病区的巍山带毒率为10%,传毒发病率仅0.86%;宜良和姚安则介于两者之间。在平均温度21.6—22.3℃条件下,潜育期平均为19.4—20.3天;在平均温度24.9-25.6℃下,潜育期平均为13.5—14.4天。水稻返青期,分蘖初期、盛期、末期都能传毒发病,拔节、孕穗及灌浆期传毒后未见发病,在保山灰飞虱1年发生六至七代,全代历期除越冬代(第七代)长达131.4天外一至六代为34.3—68.4天;卵历期除第一代为21.6天外,二至七代为7.9—12.8天;若虫历期除越冬代(第七代)为71.6天外,一至六代为13.1—26.2天;成虫历期除越冬代达50天外,一至六代为6.4—25.8天。一般雌虫比雄虫寿命长。     

灰飞虱携带水稻条纹叶枯病毒检测研究

采用斑点免疫结合(DIBA)与生物测定方法对采自浙江长兴和嘉兴两地的灰飞虱带(传)毒率进行了检测。结果发现,两地灰飞虱均有部分虫口携带水稻条纹叶枯病毒(RSV),平均带毒率为6.15%,传毒率为3.96%;斑点免疫结合(DIBA)测定的灰飞虱带毒率,均高于生物法测定的灰飞虱传毒率,两者之比为1:0.65。该检测结果为病害预测和防控提供了重要科学依据。     

水稻条纹叶枯病防治的2个偏向

由于毒源的累积作用,本地水稻条纹叶枯病的发生逐年加重,在生产中造成一定损失。笔者经大面积调查分析,该病的防治存在 2个偏向。 　　1)未见病时"怕"用药。由于草害发生重,人工除草用工量太大,因此,本地农户对秧田使用除草剂积极性很高,而对螟虫、灰飞虱的防治重视不够。特别是农民对灰飞虱传毒为害普遍缺乏认识。事实上,秧苗期灰飞虱为害,本身造成的损失极小,而传毒为害损失大。灰飞虱传毒致病 (水稻条纹叶枯病 )隐症期较长,约 20 d(天 )后植株才表现叶面黄化,植株矮缩,直至死苗。生产中,植保部门指导秧苗期用药防治灰飞虱…     

灰飞虱不同虫态传播水稻条纹叶枯病毒的研究

通过对采自浙江嘉兴各县区及湖州等10个地区的越冬代灰飞虱传播水稻条纹叶枯病毒的测定发现,不同地区的灰飞虱传毒率存在差异;灰飞虱不同虫态传毒率也不同。高龄若虫的传毒率明显高于长翅型和短翅型成虫,且3种虫态传毒率之比保持稳定。     

人工饲养不同世代灰飞虱群体传播水稻黑条矮缩病毒的比较

为明确人工饲养对灰飞虱传毒能力的影响,本文利用人工饲养至第55代、23代和8代的3个无毒灰飞虱群体,研究灰飞虱携带和传播RBSDV能力的差异。每个群体经饲毒、度过循回期后,选择雌、雄成虫各50头,单头单苗接种1叶1心期健康玉米。接种4 d回收灰飞虱,利用RT-PCR检测带毒率,并调查灰飞虱死亡率;接种43~50 d后调查玉米粗缩病发病率。结果表明:人工饲养55代、23代和8代的灰飞虱群体平均带毒率分别为68.24%、58.93%和62.09%,统计分析表明差异不显著;3个群体平均传毒率分别为31.22%、20.32%和29.91%,55代和8代群体均显著高于23代(P0.05);3个群体平均死亡率分别为54.19%、65.24%和77.72%,其中55代群体极显著低于8代(P0.01),二者与23代群体差异不显著。3个群体灰飞虱的带毒率63.09%高于传毒率27.15%,差异极显著(P0.01)。结论:人工群体饲养至第55代的灰飞虱与仅饲养至第8代的灰飞虱在携带和传播RBSDV方面未发现显著差异,且均保持了较好的能力。     

水稻条纹叶枯病传毒介体灰飞虱种群转移扩散规律及控制技术研究

1990年以来,水稻条纹叶枯病 (Rice stripe virus)在江苏发生逐年加重, 2000年、 2001年连续 2 a严重发生,有的田块基本失收,已对水稻生产构成了严重威胁和造成了重大的产量损失.灰飞虱数量逐年增加和感病品种广泛种植是水稻条纹叶枯病严重发生的主要原因之一,研究传毒媒介昆虫灰飞虱的种群转移扩散规律及其控制技术对减轻水稻条纹叶枯病害的发生有现实意义.     

通过治虫防水稻黑条矮缩病的策略探讨

自90年代以来，水稻黑条矮缩病在本地发病面积不断扩大，为害逐年加重，据统计1999年，全台州地区发病面积已达到1.33万hm2。其中以连作晚稻发病最重，一般发病田块丛发病率为10%～30%，严重的达30%～80%，最重的田丘丛发病率达95%以上。业已成为当前威胁我市水稻生产的一种灾变性病害。该病是由灰飞虱(Laodelphax Striatellus Fallen)传毒所致，在目前生产上尚未抗病免疫良种与有效治疗病毒病药剂可提供的状况下，治虫防病成了防治水稻黑条矮缩病的主要手段，但治虫防病的效果常受到多种因素的影响而不尽人意。笔者认为要取得理想的效果，首先应搞清传毒昆虫灰飞虱在本地的发生规律及侵染特性，其次是了解水稻的主要感染期，并依此来制订防治方法。本文是根据我们近几年来在台州临海市病区基点开展水稻黑条矮缩病防治实践的成功经验。对该病治虫防病策略的报道。 1　传毒昆虫灰飞虱的发生时期 　　根据我们室内饲养和田间调查，灰飞虱在本地一年发生6代，各代发生盛期是：越冬代成虫在3月上、中旬；第1代若虫在4月下旬至5月上旬，成虫在5月中，下旬；第2代若虫在6月上、中旬，成虫在6月中、下旬；第3代若虫在7月上、中旬，成虫在7月中、下旬；第4代若虫在8月上旬，成虫在8月下旬至9月上旬；第5代若虫在9月上、中旬，成虫在9月下旬至10月上旬；第6代(越冬)若虫在10月中、下旬，2代后各代发生期相互重叠。     

来安县水稻条纹叶枯病发生规律和防控技术初探

总结了2004—2015年水稻条纹叶枯病在来安发生演变特点,论述了灰飞虱发生期、灰飞虱带毒率、品种抗性、水稻播栽期及灰飞虱传毒前防效等影响该病在来安县发生为害的因素,并提出了合理的防治对策。     

灰飞虱不同虫量与水稻条纹叶枯病发病的相关性研究

通过田间水稻1代灰飞虱成虫高峰期罩笼接虫传毒试验,结果表明,带毒灰飞虱属持久性传毒型介体昆虫,并随虫量的增加,水稻条纹叶枯病发病呈上升趋势,以400～600头/m2时发病较为明显。浸种试验显示,用25%咪鲜胺EC(使百克) 10%二硫氰甲烷EC(浸种灵) 12.5%吡虫啉SL浸稻种有控虫防病效果。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

A systematic review of the literature reveals trends and gaps in integrated pest management studies conducted in the United States

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a broad‐based approach for addressing pests that negatively affect human and environmental health and economic profitability. Weeds, insects and disease‐causing pathogens (diseases) are the pests most often associated with IPM. A systematic review, widely used in other scientific disciplines, was employed to determine the most commonly studied IPM topics and summarize the reasons for these trends and the gaps. In a field synopsis of the literature, 1679 relevant published papers were identified and categorized into one of the following five broad areas: IPM and organic (organic), climate change and pests (climate), rural and urban IPM (rural and urban), next‐generation education (education) and advanced production systems (technology). Papers were examined in greater detail for at least one of the three main pests in a systematic review. A majority (85%) of IPM papers have been in the area of rural and urban IPM, primarily addressing agriculture (78%). Professionals, landowners and the general public were the focus of a majority (95%) of IPM papers on education. Technology is an increasing area of focus in the literature. Over the past 40 years, IPM papers have primarily (75%) addressed insects and been limited mostly to rural and urban settings. Climate change, technology and education specific to pest management studies are increasingly being published and will help broaden the focus that could result in increased adoption and development of IPM. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Thermal and hormonal regulation of the dormancy–germination transition in Amaranthus tuberculatus seeds

The transition from seed dormancy to germination is a multi‐step process. However, distinguishing between physiological processes involved in seed dormancy alleviation and those involved in germination has been difficult. We studied the seed dormancy alleviation process in Amaranthus tuberculatus, an important weed species in midwestern USA. Using three A. tuberculatus biotypes that differ in dormancy level, it was determined that stratification reduced seed dormancy from a high to a low level. Temperature alternation alleviated low seed dormancy and triggered germination. Exogenously applied abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) had no effect on seeds with high dormancy. However, ABA and paclobutrazol (a GA biosynthesis inhibitor) significantly reduced germination of seeds with low dormancy. Hormones could not replace the effects of stratification or temperature alternation on dormancy alleviation. Based on our results, we propose a seed dormancy–germination transition model in which the dormancy of A. tuberculatus seeds is progressively reduced from a high to a low level; but environmental conditions (i.e. stratification) can accelerate the dormancy alleviation process. Under low dormancy levels, the seed is more sensitive to environmental cues that are responsible for removing dormancy and triggering germination (i.e. temperature alternation). Finally, ABA and GA regulation occurs primarily during the final transition from low dormancy to germination rather than the alleviation of high dormancy.     

Description ofPauesia (Pauesia)anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) sp. nov., a parasitoid of the cedar aphidCinara cedri

The first parasitoid species reared from a population of the cedar aphid,Cinara cedri Mimeur, 1935 (Hemiptera: Aphididae), from the peninsula of Anatolia in Turkey is described.Pauesia anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) is closely related to some species of thelaricis group ofPauesia from which it differs in the number of antenomers, the propodeum and features of the female genitalia. Its potential use as a natural enemy in areas where the aphid has been introduced is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005.     

Current statistical issues in Weed Research

The correct design of experimental studies, the selection of the appropriate statistical analysis of data and the efficient presentation of results are key to the good conduct and communication of science. The last Guidance for the use and presentation of statistics in Weed Research was published in 1988. Since then, there have been developments in both the scope of research covered by the journal and in the statistical techniques available. This paper addresses the changes in statistics and provides a reference work that will aid researchers in the design and analysis of their work. It will also provide guidance for editors and reviewers. The paper is organised into sections, which will aid the selection of relevant paragraphs, as we recognise that particular approaches require particular statistical analysis. It also uses examples, questions and checklists, so that non-specialists can work towards the correct approach. Statistics can be complex, so knowing when to seek specialist advice is important. The structure and layout of this contribution should help weed scientists, but it cannot provide a comprehensive guide to every technique. Therefore, we provide references to further reading. We would like to reinforce the idea that statistical methods are not a set of recipes whose mindless application is required by convention; each experiment or study may involve subtleties that these guidelines cannot cover. Nevertheless, we anticipate that this paper will help weed scientists in their initial designs for research, in the analysis of data and in the presentation of results for publication.     

Electrophoretic and serological comparisons of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins from different plant species

Preparations of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins (PRs) from differentNicotiana species, tomato,Gynura aurantiaca, bean, and cowpea were compared to each other and to bean chitinase and a constitutive apple agglutinin by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels both in the absence and in the presence of SDS, and by serological double diffusion analysis using antisera against tobacco PRs and bean chitinase. PRs from different plant genera displayed a similar but not identical range of relative mobilities in both native and SDS gels, whereas bean chitinase and apple agglutinin were clearly different. None of the antisera reacted with any of the PR preparations from plant genera other than the one from which the antigen(s) had been derived. Whilst PRs within the genusNicotiana are serologically related and can be identical, PRs from different plant genera seem to be sufficiently different to be considered as genus-specific.     

Contribution of Biological Control to Integrated Pest Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Tropics and Subtropics

The biological control of pest tephritid flies using parasitoids has been successful in relatively few subtropical and tropical regions. The best documented successes were in Hawaii and Florida, USA, Fiji and southern Europe. There were relatively limited successes in Australia, Costa Rica and Mexico. With the accidental establishment of new pest tephritids, such as Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Hawaii or Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock in Australia, foreign exploration for new parasitoids is essential. A renewal of interest in classical biological control has recently occurred, although not at the same level as in the 1940s and 1950s. New parasitoid species are currently being obtained for several tephritids, such as Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), B. latifrons and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). The advances in mass rearing and quality control technology for parasitoids has enabled researchers to perform large-scale field testing of these parasitoids to determine the potential of augmentative releases. Numerous studies on the augmentative release of parasitoids have been done. Historically, the larval—pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been the most frequently studied parasitoid, due to the ease of rearing this species. However, recent successes in rearing other species with different biologies, e.g. the egg—pupal parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), the gregarious eulophid, Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri) and the pupal parasitoid, Coptera sp., will enable researchers to broaden the repertoire of parasitoid species for the future. Both successes and failures in augmentative releases have occurred. Without knowledge of the behavioural ecology of parasitoids, the reasons for success or failure can only be surmised. Recent research on the dispersal and host habitat finding of tephritid parasitoids will provide insights into improving augmentation and conservation strategies. The integrated pest management (IPM) of tephritid flies in the tropics has been less well-developed than research and programmes for tephritids in temperate zones. Significant emphasis is now being placed on the development of quarantine treatment methods that are environmentally sound; thus IPM will take a larger role. Several existing pest management strategies are reviewed which show the potential for compatibility with the activities of tephritid parasitoids. These include trap cropping, insecticides with selective toxicity to the target pests, mass trapping with parapheromones, the sterile insect technique and field sanitation.     

Population dynamics of white grubs in the upland rice and maize environment of Northern Mindanao,Philippines

Soil sampling over a two-year period in Claveria, Northern Mindanao, Philippines, revealed the presence of five white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the deforested, infertile, and highly eroded grassland environment being converted to small farms. Population dynamics data point to Leucopholis irrorata (Chevrolat), Holotrichia mindanaoana Brenske, and H. flachi Brenske being biennial with Adoretus luridus Blanchard and Anomala humeralis Burmeister being annual species. The three biennial species are synchronized to even-numbered years. Small subpopulations of the biennial species show evidence of annual or allochronic cycles. L. irrorata has an annual cycle in other areas of the Philippines on sugarcane but takes two years to develop in Claveria probably due to infertile soils and a longer feeding period. Other subpopulations of young larvae and emerged adults occurring in the late rainy season were 'attempts' at multiple generations or delayed development, but were considered suicidal due to the impending dry season. Synchronization of life stages occurs with pupation and adult emergence with early rains. Habitat preferences of the five species were elucidated by topography, cultivation, and presence of trees. L. irrorata and H. mindanaoana adults were found in 30 flight trees. Most (81%) of the larval stages were found within the top 20 cm of soil but some dug to 70 cm depth. Peak third instar larval densities reached 25.5/m 2 for all five species combined, but due to the biennial cycles of the major species, white grubs present economic importance to upland rice and maize only in odd numbered years. Control efforts are most economically directed during even numbered years giving a two-year benefit in population reduction.