水杨酸对不同灌水下限青花菜根系生长、根冠比及叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响

以青花菜为试材,采用大田和室内分析相结合的试验方法,研究了0.15 mmol·L-1的水杨酸(SA)对不同灌水下限(相对含水量75%,60%和45%)青花菜根系生长及叶片抗氧化特性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着灌水下限的降低,青花菜主根长、根干鲜重及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先升高后降低,根冠比、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性逐渐升高。(2)SA处理改善了青花菜根系生长特性,降低根冠比,提高结球期抗氧化酶活性,其中60%灌水下限经SA处理后,根系及酶活性指标均与75%灌水下限保持相当水平。由此可知:以相对含水量60%作为灌水下限并配合0.15 mmol·L-1SA处理可以为青花菜高效节水灌溉提供理论支撑。     

外源Ca2＋和H2O2对NaCl 胁迫下枸杞离体叶片叶绿体中活性氧代谢的影响研究

以枸杞离体叶片为材料,研究NaCl胁迫下外源Ca2+和H2O2对枸杞离体叶片叶绿体中O2·产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响.结果表明:在NaCl胁迫下O2·产生速率呈上升趋势,丙二醛含量增大,保护酶APX、CAT、POD活性较对照升高.在NaCl胁迫下,加入外源Ca2+和H2O2时丙二醛(MDA)含量和O2·产生速率较单纯NaCl胁迫下降低;保护酶APX、CAT、POD活性较单纯NaCl胁迫下升高.表明外源Ca2+和H2O2在一定程度上可以缓解NaCl胁迫对植物体造成的伤害.     

硅对盐胁迫下葡萄幼苗生理效应的影响

以酿酒葡萄"赤霞殊"(Cabernet Sauvignon,CS)1年生扦插苗为试材,采用营养液水培系统,研究了根施外源硅(K2SiO3·9H2O,Si)对盐(50 mmol/L NaCl)胁迫下赤霞珠葡萄幼苗叶片生理生化特性的影响.结果表明:盐胁迫处理下,葡萄幼苗叶片超氧阴离子(O2-')产生速率加快,过氧化氢(H2O2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对膜透性增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增强;组织含水量降低;施用2.0mmol/L Si明显抑制了O2-、H2O2和MDA的积累,增加了组织含水量,并进一步提高了抗氧化酶SOD和POD的活性.说明外源Si可通过提高盐胁迫下葡萄幼苗体内的抗氧化酶活性,从而降低活性氧(ROS)水平,一定程度上减轻盐胁迫对植株所造成的细胞膜脂过氧化伤害,增强其耐盐性.     

外源水杨酸对野生龙葵幼苗干旱胁迫的缓解效应

利用20%的PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫,同时用不同浓度（0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 mmol·L^-1）的水杨酸(SA)喷施幼苗,研究了不同浓度水杨酸处理对干旱胁迫下野生龙葵幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：干旱胁迫下,龙葵幼苗植株变矮、鲜重降低、根长缩短,叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量减少,抗氧化酶活性、游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量增加;经SA处理干旱胁迫下龙葵幼苗株高、根长和鲜重都有明显增加,特别是1.5 mmol·L^-1 SA处理组分别增加20.8%、28.0%和29.7%,1.5 mmol·L^-1 SA处理组龙葵幼苗叶绿素含量提高31.9%、脯氨酸含量提高65.4%,可溶性蛋白含量提高42.8%,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）与过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性达到最高,与对照相比分别增加了30.2%、87.8%和50.3%;SA处理使丙二醛（MDA）含量降低了37.8%。综合来看,适当浓度的SA可以缓解干旱对龙葵幼苗造成的伤害,并以1.5 mmol·L^-1外源SA缓解效果最好。     

脱落酸和水杨酸对干旱胁迫下芝麻幼苗生理特性的影响

以芝麻品种"中芝10号"为材料,采用聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)模拟干旱胁迫的方法,研究了脱落酸(ABA)和水杨酸(SA)处理的芝麻幼苗在干旱胁迫(聚乙二醇浓度为0、20%、25%和30%)下的几项生理指标的变化。结果表明,芝麻幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性都比对照组(CK)高,脱落酸和水杨酸都能延缓干旱胁迫时芝麻叶片含水量的降低,丙二醛(MDA)的含量明显升高、可溶性糖(SS)的含量总体先升高后降低,芝麻幼苗的叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,而chla/chlb和car/chl逐渐上升。脱落酸与水杨酸之间表现出一定的差异,说明脱落酸和水杨酸在不同干旱胁迫下提高植物抗逆性的程度不同。     

水分胁迫对不同品种甜高粱幼苗保护酶活性等生理特性的影响

以两个甜高粱品种为材料,研究不同浓度PEG-6000渗透溶液对甜高粱幼苗保护酶活性等生理特性的影响,比较不同品种间的抗旱性差异。结果表明:10%、20%PEG胁迫下两个品种甜高粱幼苗叶片相对含水量下降,质膜相对透性、丙二醛及脯氨酸含量增大,其中农家品种变幅较大;随着PEG胁迫浓度的增加,两个品种叶片还原型谷光苷肽(GSH)含量降低,20%PEG胁迫下甜新2号GSH含量高于农家品种;两种PEG浓度处理下,甜新2号叶片抗氧化酶(APX、POD、SOD、CAT)活性高于农家品种。综合分析表明,相对于农家品种,甜新2号具有较强的抗旱性。     

外源硫化氢对干旱条件下玉米幼苗抗氧化特性的影响

采用10%PEG模拟干旱胁迫的方法,研究了外源硫化氢对干旱条件下玉米幼苗根系和叶片抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT和APX)、膜脂过氧化指标(MDA和膜透性)及叶片非酶抗氧化物质类胡萝卜素含量等抗氧化指标的影响。结果表明:与单独干旱处理相比,0.01、0.1、0.3、0.6 mmol·L-1和1.0 mmol·L-1Na HS使干旱条件下叶片类胡萝卜素含量分别增加了33.3%、63.3%、96.6%、80.0%和26.6%,使叶片POD活性分别增加了14.5%、36.6%、50.3%、91.1%和80.1%。此外,0.01、0.1 mmol·L-1和0.3 mmol·L-1Na HS均能显著提高叶片SOD、CAT、APX活性及根POD、APX活性,并显著降低根叶细胞质膜透性和MDA含量。0.6 mmol·L-1Na HS则使叶片SOD和CAT活性及根POD活性分别提高了7.4%、16.3%和45.0%,并使叶MDA含量及根细胞质膜透性分别降低了12.0%和18.0%。1.0 mmol·L-1Na HS却使根叶APX活性分别降低了13.3%和34.9%,并使叶细胞质膜透性及根MDA含量分别提高了130.1%和10.5%。以上结果说明,低浓度外源硫化氢可以有效提高干旱条件下玉米幼苗的抗氧化能力,尤其是0.3 mmol·L-1Na HS处理效果最好。     

铅胁迫下干旱对国槐和紫穗槐幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了阐明铅胁迫下国槐和紫穗槐对干旱的生理响应机制,进而对比两者在铅胁迫下的抗旱性,为西北矿区耐铅型抗旱植物鉴选提供依据。通过盆栽试验,以1年生的国槐和紫穗槐幼苗为材料,以土壤相对含水量(SRW)100.00%的无铅处理为对照,其余处理外源铅浓度统一设为2 000 mg·kg~(-1),测定不同水分胁迫强度(土壤相对含水量87.84%,70.00%,52.16%,40.00%)国槐和紫穗槐幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化。结果表明:单一铅胁迫(2 000 mg·kg~(-1))下国槐和紫穗槐抗氧化酶活性高于对照;铅和干旱复合胁迫下,SRW 87.84%、SRW 70.00%、SRW 52.16%的处理,随着干旱胁迫强度的升高,国槐幼苗叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性均呈先升高后降低趋势且高于对照,紫穗槐SOD和POD活性呈先升高后降低趋势且高于对照,而CAT活性呈先降低后升高趋势;SRW为40%的处理下,国槐的SOD和CAT活性显著低于对照,POD活性略高于对照;紫穗槐SOD、POD和CAT活性均高于对照。铅胁迫(2 000 mg·kg~(-1))对国槐和紫穗槐的抗氧化酶有激活作用;铅胁迫下,紫穗槐对干旱的抗性强于国槐。     

低温胁迫下外源SA对酿酒葡萄幼苗抗氧化酶活性及内源SA含量的影响

北方春季倒春寒限制了葡萄的栽种范围，严重影响了葡萄的产量和品质。利用室内模拟低温处理研究低温胁迫对葡萄幼苗膜氧化程度、抗氧化酶活性及内源SA含量的影响，结果发现，4℃、12℃低温处理相较于25℃而言，葡萄幼苗叶片MDA含量分别增加135.64%和68.38%,保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性以及内源SA含量显著上升，4℃、12℃处理上升幅度分别为133.05%、53.33%、129.17%、46.22%和59.65%、26.67%、29.17%、24.65%。4℃与12℃处理相比，抗氧化物酶活性及内源SA含量均明显增加，SOD、POD、CAT活性以及内源SA含量分别增加45.97%、21.05%、77.42%及17.31%。恢复常温生长后低温处理幼苗叶片的抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性及内源SA含量没有明显降低，对葡萄幼苗组织的修复具有持续作用，且4℃处理的幼苗抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性分别是12℃处理的1.29倍、1.09倍、1.30倍。利用相关性及逐步回归分析法发现低温下叶片内源SA与MDA含量(R²=0.648)、SOD(R²     

亚低温与干旱胁迫对番茄幼苗渗透调节物质与抗氧化酶活性的影响

以"金棚1号"番茄为试材,采用温室盆栽的方法研究亚低温与干旱胁迫对番茄幼苗渗透调节物质与抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着亚低温干旱交互胁迫时间的延长,番茄幼苗叶片MDA含量、细胞膜相对透性均有不同程度的升高,可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性变化趋势出现先升后降,POD活性呈现倒"V"型变化,CAT活性呈现"M"型变化,番茄幼苗叶片对亚低温胁迫的敏感程度大于干旱胁迫的影响。相关性分析与主成分分析显示:POD、CAT活性与细胞膜相对透性呈极显著负相关,与MDA含量呈显著负相关;SOD活性与MDA含量呈正相关,POD与CAT活性呈显著正相关。     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Identification,incidence and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium proliferatum</Emphasis>on ornamental palms in Spain

During a survey conducted from 1998 to 2002, Fusarium proliferatum was found associated with young and adult palms belonging to the genera Chamaerops, Phoenix, Trachycarpus and Washingtonia showing symptoms of wilt and dieback. The fertility and toxicological profile of 36 strains representing different locations and hosts were studied. All of them except two, which were infertile, belonged to mating population D. Both mating types (MATD-1 and MATD-2) were isolated from the same host species, showing a high potential of genetic recombination in the field. Additionally, eight strains were fertile once crossed as female. Toxin analysis showed differences in the ability of strains to produce fumonisin B₁, moniliformin, beauvericin, fusaric acid and fusaproliferin. Only 17 of them produced all the toxins analyzed. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on Phoenix dactylifera and P. canariensis using nine F. proliferatum Spanish strains and two reference strains from Saudi Arabia. Eight months after inoculation all strains caused disease, with palms showing lesions on the bases of leaves and development of wilt symptoms similar to those originally observed in affected plants. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. proliferatum on P. dactylifera in Spain and also the first report of this pathogen on C. humilis, P. canariensis, P. reclinata, T. fortunei, W. filifera and W. robusta.     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

A new <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizoctonia</Emphasis> sp. closely related to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Waitea circinata</Emphasis> causes a new disease of creeping bentgrass

Isolates of an unidentified Rhizoctonia sp. (UR isolates) were obtained from creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass with reddish brown sheath and foliar rots. Because the UR isolates anastomosed with isolates of three varieties of Waitea circinata (var. oryzae, var. zeae, and var. circinata), colony morphology, hyphal growth rate at different temperatures, pathogenicity, sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were compared. The colony color of mature UR isolates was distinct from isolates of the other three varieties of W. circinata. In pathogenicity tests on creeping bentgrass, the severity of the disease caused by UR isolates was significantly higher than that caused by the three varieties of W. circinata. Sequence similarities of the rDNA-ITS region between UR isolates and between isolates within each variety were high (97–100%), but they were lower among isolates from UR and the varieties of W. circinata (88–94%). In a phylogenetic tree based on the rDNA-ITS sequences, UR isolates formed a cluster separate from each of the clusters formed by the three varieties of W. circinata. These results indicate that the UR isolates clearly differ from the three varieties of W. circinata. We therefore propose that the UR isolates be classified as new Rhizoctonia sp. that are closely related to W. circinata and that the disease on creeping bentgrass should be called Waitea reddish-brown patch disease (Sekikasshoku-hagusare-byo in Japanese).     

Relationships of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barley yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-PAV and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cereal yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-RPV from Iran with viruses of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteoviridae</Emphasis>

Barley yellow dwarf disease is one of the most important problems confronting cereal production in Iran. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) are the predominant viruses associated with the disease. One isolate of BYDV-PAV from wheat (PAV-IR) and one isolate of CYDV-RPV from barley (RPV-IR) were selected for molecular characterisations. A genome segment of each isolate was amplified by PCR. The PAV-IR fragment (1264 nt) covered a region containing partial genes for coat protein (CP), read through protein (RTP) and movement protein (MP). PAV-IR showed a high sequence identity to PAV isolates from USA, France and Japan (96–97%). In a phylogenetic analysis it was placed into PAV group I together with PAV isolates from barley and oats. The fragment of RPV-IR (719 nt) contained partial genes for CP, RTP and MP. The sequence information confirmed its identity as CYDV. However, RPV-IR showed 90–91% identity with both RPV and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS). Phylogenetic analyses suggested that it was more closely related to RPS. These data comprise the first attempt to characterise BYD-causing viruses in Iran and southwest Asia. The nucleotide sequence data reported appear in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the accession numbers AY450425 and AY450454     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Recent observations on leafy gall in Liliaceae and some other families

Corynebacterium fascians, which causes leafy gall, has been shown to be responsible for the unusual symptoms recently found in lilies. The symptoms are described and the different bacterial isolates compared by biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments. No evidence could be found for the existence of specialized strains even though considerable variation in virulence could be demonstrated. Although the role of variation in susceptibility of the different lily cultivars should not be underestimated, it would appear that high inoculum levels ofC. fascians in the soil may be largely responsible for these outbreaks.Also included in this study are the results of biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments ofC. fascians which has been isolated fromKalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaea, Hebe andVerbascum.Samenvatting Reeds een aantal jaren was in lelies een woekering in stengelbollen bekend, die echter sporadisch voorkwam en economisch van weinig betekenis was. Tijdens de zomer van 1977 echter trad de ziekte op één enkel perceel zo ernstig op dat zeer aanzienlijke oogstderving het gevolg was. Behalve de stengelbol kan ook de hoofdbol misvormd zijn. Bovendien kunnen misvormde stengelbollen lange spruiten vormen, zgn. sabeltandvorming. Soms is het wortelstelsel gereduceerd; in de kas zijn verdikte stengels waargenomen. De ziekte staat nu bekend onder de naam woekerziekte.Door de PD te Wageningen en het LBO te Lisse werd de bacterieCorynebacterium fascians (Tilford) Dows. uit het zieke materiaal geïsoleerd. In gezamenlijk onderzoek werd nagegaan of de bacterie de veroorzaker is van bovengenoemde symptomen en of hier sprake is van een op lelie gespecialiseerde stam.Biochemische en serologische vergelijkingen tussen isolaten vanC. fascians uit lelie,Kalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaeea, Hebe enVerbascum laten zien dat er zeer weinig verschillen bestaan. Alle isolaten reageren op een standaard antiserum met titers variërend tussen 1: 640–1: 5120.Een oriënterende inoculatieproef werd uitgevoerd op het LBO in 1977. Daarna werden op de PD 10 van de 25 isolaten uit lelie en 8 uit andere waardplanten getoetst op lelie, chrysant en lathyrus. Uit de inoculatieproeven blijkt, dat de bacterie de veroorzaker is van de waargenomen symptomen. Tussen de isolaten blijkt een groot verschil in pathogeniteit te bestaan (12–100% aantasting), zonder dat dit aan herkomst gebonden is. Het voorkomen van op lelie of andere waardplanten gespecialiseerde stammen is daarom niet aan te nemen.In hoeverre de hevige aantasting een gevolg is van een opbouw van de bacterie-populatie door een te nauwe vruchtwisseling en mechanische rooimethoden moet worden nagegaan.     

Survey of Bacterial and Fungal Seedborne Diseases in Imported and Domestic Potato Seed Tubers

Potato seed tubers are imported to Israel from northern Europe and planted in spring; tubers harvested early from the spring crop are used as seed for the autumn crop. Although only seed lots registered as certified are imported, a previous survey (1984–1994) indicated that most imported lots were affected by latent or active infections caused byErwinia carotovora,Streptomyces scabies, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. andSpongospora subterranae. The survey was extended until 1998, and included additional pathogens:Ralstonia solanacearum,Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes andVerticillium dahliae. Most of these pathogens were also monitored in domestic seed tubers, and are reported for the first time. Brown rot was not observed in any of the imported lots. Blackleg and soft rot caused byErwinia spp. were detected in most of the imported lots; however, less than 7% of the lots were contaminated at high levels, while approximately 65% were contaminated at moderate levels. Common scab was detected in most of the imported lots; 51% of the imported lots were contaminated at moderate or high levels, whereas only 6.5% of the domestic seed lots were contaminated at these levels. Black scurf was detected in most of the imported lots; on average, 47.3%, 44.2% and 1.4% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 7.1% were disease-free. In contrast, most of the domestic lots were either disease-free (45.4%) or had a low disease incidence (37.3%). Only 16.7% of the lots were moderately infected and 0.2% were highly contaminated. Silver scurf was observed in most of the imported lots during all years of the survey, with no differences among the producing countries; on average, 22.7%, 66.1% and 7.5% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 3.7% were disease-free. Most of the domestic lots (76%) were disease-free and only 6.6% were infected at moderate or high levels. Black dot was observed in a considerable portion of the shipments from Holland during all years of the survey, particularly in 1998, when 34% of the lots were infected. The shipments from France and Germany were infected at low levels, except in 1998, when 19% and 11% of the lots, respectively, arrived infected. In shipments from Scotland and Ireland low incidences of the disease were observed in 1994 and 1995. In the domestic lots, black dot incidence was low (<2.4%) except in 1996, when 11% of the lots were infected.V. dahliae was monitored only in domestic seed tubers. The incidence of disease-free lots was 56–64%, whereas in 20–30% of the lots the level of infection was <5%, and in 6–16% of the lots the level was >5%. The survey findings demonstrate transmission of seedborne pathogens; most of these pathogens can become established in the soil and eventually cause severe outbreaks of disease in potatoes grown in Israel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 16, 1999.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.