假单胞菌对香蕉枯萎病菌的抑制作用

从已感染香蕉枯萎病的果园中分离到1株对香蕉枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense）抑制作用很好的菌种,命名为G1。采用固体和液体培养法从不同角度证实了G1对香蕉枯萎病菌生长的抑制作用。结果表明,G1的发酵液、无菌滤液、挥发性物质、非挥发性代谢产物的平均抑菌率分别为92.5%、27.4%、73.8%、57.7%,可见抑制作用与活菌体有直接关系,其中产生挥发性物质尤其重要。液体培养的病原菌浓度为1.0×107cfu/mL经G1作用10d后,取样镜检发现G1通过抑制病原菌菌丝正常生长以至不能产孢,从而导致菌丝消融;通过吸附在孢子的周围,融解细胞壁,造成原生质泄露致使孢子死亡。     

胡杨内生真菌曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)链格孢(Altrnaria sp.)的生理特性

采用接种法,对胡杨内生真菌曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)和链格孢(Alternaria sp.)在不同温度、pH、碳源、氮源、培养基及糖质量浓度下进行了生理实验研究.结果表明温度对两种菌株的生长和孢子产生具有明显的影响;曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)pH 5～6时生长良好,而链格孢(Alternaria sp.)pH为4～5时菌株生长良好,两种菌株均以蔗糖为主要碳源;菌丝干质量与培养基质量浓度呈正向关系.     

Attempted somatic hybridization of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and P. striiformis f. sp. hordei

Attempts were made to produce somatic hybrids between isolates of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and f. sp. hordei. A mixed infection was produced on a common susceptible barley host, Fong Tien, using white-spored isolates of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici and yellow-spored isolates off. sp. hordei. Selection was made for non-parental spore colour on selective wheat and barley hosts, and variants thus isolated were analysed for virulence markers, and for isozyme and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) markers, all of which clearly differentiated the parental isolates. Two white-spored (non-parental) isolates were found on the selective barley host which otherwise resembled the parental f. sp. hordei isolate in virulence, isozyme and dsRNA markers. The most likely explanation of the origin of these isolates is mutation to white spore colour in the f. sp. hordei isolate.     

Genetic diversity in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi and Fusarium redolens f.sp. dianthi

Pathogenic isolates were selected representing all known vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) and races of Fusarium oxysporum sensu lato from Dianthus spp. On basis of differences in the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA, six VCGs were classified as F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi and four as F. redolens f.sp. dianthi. All VCGs of F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi were characterized by unique restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), unique overall esterase profiles, and unique virulence spectra, supporting a clonal lineage concept. Two VCGs of F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi nevertheless comprised more than one race, but races within the same VCG shared the same distinct overall virulence spectrum. VCGs belonging to F. redolens f.sp. dianthi also had unique RFLPs and unique virulence spectra, but had grossly identical esterase profiles. Three new races (9, 10 and 11) are described for F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi, and four for F. redolens f.sp. dianthi. Two races previously considered lost were recovered; race 7 was identified as a member of VCG 0021 of F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi while race 3 was identified as a distinct VCG and race of F. redolens f.sp. dianthi. A summary of races and VCGs in F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi and F. redolens f.sp. dianthi is presented.     

Dispersal of Formulations of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli and F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis by Ants

ABSTRACT A natural epidemic of Fusarium wilt on coca (Erythroxylum coca) in Peru prompted the suggestion of possibly using the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli as a mycoherbicide against this narcotic plant. During field trials conducted in Kauai, HI, to test the pathogenicity of the coca wilt pathogen, ants were observed removing formulations from test plots. While removal of formulations by ants was considered detrimental with respect to conducting field tests, ant removal was considered potentially beneficial in disseminating the mycoherbicide. Thus, research was initiated to assess the ability of formulation additives to alter the preference of ants for the formulated mycoherbicide. In Hawaii, preference of indigenous ants for removing formulations was tested using three different food bases (rice, rice plus canola oil, and wheat flour [gluten]). Similar tests were conducted at Beltsville, MD, using F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, in which the formulation based on wheat flour was replaced by a formulation based on canola meal. Formulations based on wheat were preferred by ants in both locations; up to 90% of the wheat plus rice flour granules (C-6) and the wheat gluten plus kaolin granules (pesta) were removed within 24 h, while only 20% of those containing rice without oils were taken. However, when either canola, sunflower (Maryland only), or olive oil was added to the rice formulation, up to 90% of the granules were taken. The formulation based on canola meal was less attractive to ants, as only 65% of the granules were removed within a period of 24 h. Ants showed no preference with respect to presence or absence of fungal biomass. To alter the attractiveness of the C-6 formulation to ants, C-6 was amended with three natural products. Canna and tansy leaves were added to C-6 at a ratio of 1:5 (wt/wt), while chili powder was added at 1:25 or 1:2.5 (wt/wt). Canna, tansy, and the higher rate of chili powder significantly reduced the number of C-6 granules removed by ants. Canna and tansy leaves affected neither germination nor sporulation of the mycoherbicide, while the high concentration of chili powder reduced viability of propagules in the formulation. More F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli-type colonies were recovered from inside ant nests (9 cm depth) than from nest surfaces, indicating that ants may distribute the mycoherbicide in the soil profile. Ants passively carried propagules of F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli outside their bodies, as well as either very closely adhering to the outside or within their bodies.     

PCR-based differentiation of Fusarium oxysporum ff. sp. lycopersici and radicis-lycopersici and races of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

The pathogenic type (form and race) of Fusarium oxysporum, which generates wilt symptoms on tomato, was rapidly identified with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technique. We compared the partial nucleotide sequences of endo polygalacturonase (pg1) and exo polygalacturonase (pgx4) genes from isolates of F. oxysporum ff. sp. lycopersici (FOL) and radicis-lycopersici (FORL) from Japan and designed specific primer sets (uni, sp13, sp23, and sprl) based on the nucleotide differences that appeared among the pathogenic types. PCR with the uni primer set amplified a 670∼672-bp fragment from all isolates of FOL and FORL. With the sp13 primer set, an amplicon of 445 bp was obtained only from isolates of FOL race 1 and 3. With the sp23 primer set, a 518-bp fragment was obtained from isolates of FOL race 2 and 3. The sprl primer set yielded a 947-bp fragment from isolates of FORL, but not from FOL. A combination of amplifications with these primer sets effectively differentiated the pathogenic types of F. oxysporum in tomato.     

肉桂后半啮的生物学特性及其防治

肉桂后半啮是桂皮产品的主要仓储害虫,在广东１ａ发生３～４代,世代重叠。以成虫在土壤缝隙中越冬,翌年３月下旬开始产卵,完成一代约４５～５５ｄ。每年６～７月是肉桂后半啮发生危害的高峰期,采用常规清洁措施结合药物防治效果较好。     

Electron microscopic study of a new microsporean Microsporidium epithelialis sp. n. infecting Tubifex sp. (Oligochaeta)

The cytology of a new microsporean parasite Microsporidium epithelialis sp. n. from the intestinal epithelial cells of the freshwater oligochaete Tubifex sp. (Tubificidae) is described. The microsporean occurred together with an actinosporean of the genus Triactinomyxon, which was found between the epithelial cells. The merogonic and sporogonic stages (mature spores included) of the microsporean parasite are monokaryotic. An individual sporophorous vesicle surrounds each spore. The fixed and stained spore has an average dimension of 1.9-2.5 x 0.9-1.2 microm. The spores are oval with a characteristic surface layer, showing ornamentation-like projections, which are in close contact to the exospore. A short polar filament forming three to four coils traverses the polaroplast with two lamellar layers. The ultrastructure and other characteristic features of this microsporean parasite are distinct from those of the microsporean species described so far from oligochaetes.     

Occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in pigs

The occurrence of Blastocystis sp. was monitored in pigs of various age from 5 pig farms in Southern Bohemia. Prevalence was determined especially via cultivation in modified nutrient broth LES. In sucking pigs up to 2 days old Blastocystis sp. was not found; from 3 days Blastocystis sp. persists throughout the pig life. In droppings and in cultures there both vacuolar and granular forms were observed. Ameboid forms were not found. In culture ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Individual cells of Blastocystis sp. contained a central body, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, rarely a Golgi complex and numerous mitochondria. No essential differences from known ultrastructure of human Blastocystis hominis were found.     

荒漠念珠藻对UV-B辐射的反应及外源抗氧化剂的保护作用

通过分析UV-B辐射对荒漠结皮中的藻类--Nostoc sp.生物学效应的影响,以及外源抗氧化剂对UV-B辐射下藻类的保护作用。结果表明：Nostoc sp.的光合活性[WTBX](Fv/Fm)[WTBZ]随紫外处理强度的增大和处理时间的延长而显著降低,叶绿素荧光产量和相应光合参数（ET₀/ABS、ET₀/TR₀和RC/CS₀）降低,活性氧ROS（reactive oxygen evolution）产量显著增加,光合活性降低。而外源抗坏血酸（ASA）和半胱氨酸（NAC）的加入,可以显著提高紫外辐射条件下藻体的光合活性,降低ROS含量,从而有效保护藻类,且抗坏血酸的效果要优于半胱氨酸。实验结果表明：处于藻类结皮上层的Nostoc sp.有较强的对UV-B辐射的抗性,而外源抗氧化剂可以有效保护藻体免受紫外辐射的伤害。     

Effect of light on sporulation ofalternaria porri f. sp.solani and ofstemphylium botr yosum f. sp.lycopersici in vivo

The highest spore production ofStemphylium botryosum f. sp.lycopersici on tomato leaves during a 24-h wetting period occurred in continuous darkness, and ofAlternaria porri f. sp.solani on potato leaves in a 12-h dark period which had been preceded by a 12-h light period. Sporulation of both pathogens was inhibited by illumination during the entire wetting period or during the last 12 h of it. In inhibitory conditions spore yield increased with a decrease in the incubation temperature and as tested withA. porri f. sp. solani, also with lowered light intensity.     

Biological control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

Fungi known to produce lytic enzymes were used in an attempt to control wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). Some of the fungal species (Penicillium oxalicum, Penicillium purpurogenum and Aspergillus nidulans) damaged hyphae of FOL in vitro and reduced the numbers of microconidia in the soil. Treatments with fungi did not result in a reduction in either chlamydospores of FOL in soil or populations of FOL in the rhizosphere of tomato. P. oxalicum was the most effective agent of biocontrol, and it reduced disease severity in both non-autoclaved (20% decrease) and sterile soil. In sterile soil, P. oxalicum reduced disease with different levels of severity (27% decrease at high levels and 50% decrease at low levels). Disease control by A. nidulans and P purpurogenum was only achieved when disease severity was low in sterile soil (55% and 45%, respectively).     

Genetic diversity among isolates of Fusariumoxysporum f.sp. canariensis

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. canariensis causes vascular wilt disease of Phoenix canariensis , the Canary Island date palm. Seventy-two isolates of this fungus were obtained from diverse geographic locations including France, Japan, Italy, the Canary Islands, and California, Florida and Nevada, USA. The isolates were tested for vegetative compatibility and for similarities based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), single-copy sequences and repetitive DNA (pEY10) polymorphisms. Seventy-one percent of the isolates belonged to a single vegetative compatibility group (VCG 0240), and four closely related mitochondrial RFLP patterns were found. A subset of the isolates was further tested for single-copy RFLPs and repetitive DNA fingerprints. Only four single-copy RFLP haplotypes were found among 25 representative isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. canariensis tested, using nine polymorphic single-locus probe/enzyme combinations. Finally, 32 different pEY10 DNA fingerprints were found out of 57 isolates examined. Overall the results indicate that F. oxysporum f.sp. canariensis is a single lineage with a low to moderate level of genetic diversity.     

Production of conidia by Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae

Conidium production byPeronospora farinosa f. sp.spinaciae (pathotype 3) was measured daily on colonies induced on leaves of spinach cvs Breedblad Scherpzaad (BS) and Huro. Distinction was made between colonies grown at temperatures of 10 and 15°C. Spore production was expressed as number of spores produced per stoma. There was a significant difference between total spore production on lesions on BS at 10 °C and that on lesions on the three other cultivartemperature combinations tested. Also a significant difference in the average sporulation period was observed between lesions produced at 10 and those at 15 °C. The same significant difference in response to temperature was found in the sporulation per stoma in the course of time.Samenvatting De conidiënproduktie vanPeronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae (fysio 3) werd dagelijks bepaald aan kolonies, welke op bladeren van de spinaziecultivars Breedblad Scherpzaad (BS) en Huro werden geïnduceerd. Daarbij werd onderscheid gemaakt tussen kolonies welke zich bij 10 en bij 15 °C hadden ontwikkeld. De sporenproduktie werd omgerekend naar het aantal sporen per huidmondje. Er was een significant verschil tussen de totale sporenproduktie op lesies op BS bij 10 °C en die op lesies op de drie andere getoetste cultivar-temperatuur combinaties. Er kon ook een significant verschil in de gemiddelde sporulatieperiode worden waargenomen tussen de lesies ontstaan bij 10 en bij 15 °C. Een dergelimk significant verschil in temperatuurreactie kon ook worden gevonden in het verloop van de soorulatie per huidmondje in de tijd.     

Control of Glomerella cingulata f.sp. camelliae with fungicides

A critical test of fungicidal activity against the wound pathogen Glomerella cingulata f.sp. camelliae on camellias involved the application of a conidial suspension to scratches on detached leaves, treated with fungicide 24 h previously. In this test, prochloraz at 250–500 μg/ml a.i. in both EC and manganese WP formulations was highly effective, inhibiting leaf rotting by 90–100% compared with 55% or less in some tests with benomyl, chlorothalonil and captafol at 500–1000 μg/ml and captan at 1200 μg/ml. Prochloraz gave similar protection to leaves when applied to whole plants. Protection was less, especially on older leaves, when wounding and inoculating were delayed by 7 or more days after treatment. Prochloraz did not prevent all infection through comparatively large wounds, e.g. leaf scars, made on stems 24 h after treatment.
Poor control of the disease in a nursery was not due to resistance of the pathogen to benomyl; in vitro tests failed to detect full resistance at this time. Under nursery conditions a statutory policy of destroying infected plants and spraying the remainder with prochloraz or prochloraz manganese (both at 500 μg/ml), alternating with benomyl (500 μg/ml) on a weekly basis apparently prevented spread of the disease to healthy plants.