中国转基因抗虫玉米的商业化策略

玉米是全球播种面积最大的粮食作物,事关世界粮食安全。鳞翅目和鞘翅目害虫是影响玉米产量和品质的重要因素,长期以来多数国家采取以喷施化学农药为主的防控策略,但存在较高的使用成本和环境风险等问题。作为新一代的害虫防控技术,转基因抗虫玉米于1996年开始在美国商业化种植,并迅速推广到巴西等主要玉米生产国家,成为防控草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda和欧洲玉米螟Ostrinia nubilalis等重大害虫的核心技术。该文综述了全球转基因抗虫玉米商业化的历史和防控害虫的作用,分析了美国对欧洲玉米螟和草地贪夜蛾等靶标害虫抗性治理的成功经验以及巴西等南美国家草地贪夜蛾对多种转基因抗虫玉米产生抗性的成因与教训。基于中国转基因抗虫玉米转化事件的研发现状、玉米生产模式、玉米害虫的区域发生特点和迁飞生物学等特性,提出在南方和西南山地丘陵玉米区种植包含Vip3A的多基因叠加抗虫玉米从源头防控草地贪夜蛾,在黄淮海夏玉米区种植包含Cry2A的多基因叠加抗虫玉米从源头防控棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera,在北方春玉米区种植包含Cry1A的多基因叠加抗虫玉米从源头防控亚洲玉米螟Ostr...     

转cry1Ac基因抗虫玉米Bt-799种植对土壤动物群落结构的影响

为调查转基因抗虫玉米种植对非靶标土壤动物群落结构的影响,以转cry1Ac基因抗虫玉米Bt-799及其对应的非转基因对照玉米郑58为试验材料,于2014—2015连续2年在东北黑土区采用手捡法和干漏斗法分别调查大型和中小型土壤动物的类群和数量,比较分析转基因与非转基因玉米田中土壤动物群落组成和多样性,并利用冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)各环境因子在土壤动物群落结构形成中的作用。结果表明,郑58和转基因玉米Bt-799田中大型土壤动物总体群落组成相同,各类群多度无显著差异;2种玉米田间所有类群总体多度、物种丰富度、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均无显著差异,2014年其P值分别为0.949、0.867、0.751、0.998、0.985,2015年其P值分别为0.869、0.406、0.532、0.115、0.410;RDA分析表明玉米品种(系)在大型、中小型土壤动物群落结构形成中几乎没有作用。表明中短期内转基因玉米种植对非靶标土壤动物无显著影响。     

抗虫转基因玉米荒地生存竞争力评价

研究了转Cry1Ac基因玉米及受体非转基因玉米（郑58）在野外自然条件及模拟野外条件下的生存能力,比较玉米与杂草的竞争力及玉米自身成为杂草的可能性,为转抗虫基因玉米的环境生态安全评价提供理论基础。结果表明,生存竞争能力非转基因玉米〈转基因玉米〈杂草,转抗虫玉米虽然在与杂草的竞争中优于非转基因受体,其种子也能越冬,但在试验条件下不会演变成超级杂草。     

转基因棉花的研发现状与发展策略

国内外转基因棉花的研发主要集中于抗虫、耐除草剂、抗病、纤维改良、抗旱和耐盐碱等性状,但只有抗虫、耐除草剂棉花注册应用。自1996年商业化种植以来,年种植面积逐年上升,到2010年全世界转基因棉花的种植面积已达2 100万hm2。转基因棉花的大规模种植,对有效控制棉花害虫与杂草的发生为害发挥了重要作用,显著降低了生产成本,提高了棉花产量。本文综述了国内外转基因棉花的研发动态及其商业化进程,并结合我国棉花产业发展需求,提出了我国转基因棉花的发展对策。     

转cry1Ab和epsps基因玉米对斑马鱼生长和繁殖没有影响

为评估抗虫耐除草剂转基因玉米DBN9936对斑马鱼Danio rerio的饲用安全性,本研究将DBN9936及其非转基因对照玉米DBN9858以22%的比例添加到基础饲料中饲喂斑马鱼56 d,检测转基因玉米饲料对斑马鱼体长、体质量和繁殖的影响,并使用Western blot方法检测了外源Cry1Ab和EPSPS蛋白在斑马鱼肌肉、肝脏、肠道组织中的残留情况。结果显示,转基因玉米饲喂斑马鱼56 d后,转基因玉米组斑马鱼的体长、体质量和繁殖指标与非转基因玉米对照组相比没有显著性差异,斑马鱼不同组织样品中也没有检测到外源Cry1Ab和EPSPS蛋白。56 d饲喂结果表明转基因玉米DBN9936与DBN9858非转基因亲本玉米对斑马鱼具有同样的饲用安全性,本研究为转基因玉米的安全应用提供了科学数据支持。     

玉米田节肢动物群落研究进展

玉米是世界上种植最广泛的粮食作物之一,播种面积仅次于小麦和水稻居第三位。中国的玉米播种面积大,分布广,是全球第二大玉米生产国和消费国。节肢动物是包括玉米田在内的农田生态系统重要组成部分,也是维持农田生态系统正常生态功能的重要因素。目前玉米田节肢动物群落的研究主要集中在两个方向:常规玉米田节肢动物群落和转基因玉米田节肢动物群落。现有的研究大多集中于常规玉米田。随着转基因玉米种植规模及商业化进程的快速推进,国内外许多学者开始关注转基因玉米田节肢动物群落结构、动态及其食物网。研究者认为转基因玉米作物的大面积种植对昆虫群落生态功能的影响研究将会成为新的热点与方向。     

转Bt基因抗虫玉米在害虫综合治理中的作用及生态风险

转Bt基因抗虫玉米(简称Bt玉米)作为玉米害虫综合治理的基本措施，自1996年在美国被批准商业化种植以来，已在许多国家广泛应用于农业生产，它的抗虫性和经济效益已得到普遍肯定，与此同时，Bt玉米对生态安全的影响也倍受关注。文章综述了Bt玉米在国内外的研究和应用现状、Bt玉米在害虫综合治理中的作用以及种植Bt玉米的生态风险及对策，包括对非目标昆虫及天敌昆虫的影响、害虫产生抗药性以及治理对策，为今后Bt玉米在我国商业化种植过程中正确评价Bt玉米的生态安全性、充分发挥Bt玉米在害虫综合治理中的重要作用莫定基础。     

法国农民对MON810禁令提出上诉

近日,法国玉米种植者和种子公司就法国再次强制禁止种植孟山都公司出品的MON810转基因抗虫玉米一事,向法国国务委员会提出上诉。委员会建议政府准备起草法律、法令,并就有关政府行为的纠纷予以裁决。上诉者包括玉米种植总会（AGPM）、法国种子公司联盟（UFS）、     

玉米根萤叶甲的抗逆性与防治研究进展

玉米根萤叶甲（Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Leconte）在美国是最重要的玉米害虫。它不仅对一些环戊二烯、有机磷类和氨基甲酸盐类化学杀虫剂产生了很强的抗药性,还对玉米 大豆轮作和调整播期等农业防治措施产生了适应性。此外,该虫有较广的适生性和扩展性。在过去的60年内,它从美国中西部传到了东北部沿海地区,并入侵欧洲定殖为害。新近采用的防治方法主要是种植转Bt基因抗虫玉米。表达经生物工程改良并导入的某个Bt毒素基因如Cry3Bb1、Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1或mCry3A的转基因抗虫玉米可毒杀取食的玉米根萤叶甲。但在转Bt基因玉米使用数年后,田间观察和温室筛选研究显示,玉米根萤叶甲具有对转基因玉米的潜在抗性。本文对该叶甲与防治有关的生物学特性、抗逆性及其机制、防治措施做了综述和讨论,旨在对该害虫的检疫防除有所帮助。     

美国主要农作物面积

<正>据美国农业部估测,美国大豆种植面积创新高。大豆种植面积高达8 510万英亩(3 440万公顷),比上年的种植面积扩大1.7%。转基因除草剂作物占比仍为去年的94%。玉米种植面积为8 890万英亩,比2014年缩减1.9%,为2010年来的最低水平。转基因玉米的播种面积为8 180万英亩,缩减2.9%。混合使用抗虫剂和除草剂转基因作物占播种总面积的77%(2014年为76%),播种面积达到6 850万英亩,     

Altered pesticide use on transgenic crops and the associated general impact from an environmental perspective

The large-scale commercial cultivation of transgenic crops has undergone a steady increase since their introduction 10 years ago. Most of these crops bear introduced traits that are of agronomic importance, such as herbicide or insect resistance. These traits are likely to impact upon the use of pesticides on these crops, as well as the pesticide market as a whole. Organizations like USDA-ERS and NCFAP monitor the changes in crop pest management associated with the adoption of transgenic crops. As part of an IUPAC project on this topic, recent data are reviewed regarding the alterations in pesticide use that have been observed in practice. Most results indicate a decrease in the amounts of active ingredients applied to transgenic crops compared with conventional crops. In addition, a generic environmental indicator -- the environmental impact quotient (EIQ) -- has been applied by these authors and others to estimate the environmental consequences of the altered pesticide use on transgenic crops. The results show that the predicted environmental impact decreases in transgenic crops. With the advent of new types of agronomic trait and crops that have been genetically modified, it is useful to take also their potential environmental impacts into account.     

Managing the risk of insect resistance to transgenic insect control traits: practical approaches in local environments

BACKGROUND: Growers have enthusiastically embraced crops genetically modified to express Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins for insect control because they provide excellent protection from key damaging insect pests around the world. Bt crops also offer superior environmental and health benefits while increasing grower income. However, insect resistance development is an important concern for all stakeholders, including growers, technology providers and seed companies that develop these genetically modified crops. Given the marked benefits associated with Bt crops, insect resistance management (IRM) must be a consideration when cultivating these crops. RESULTS: The technical data and practical experience accumulated with Bt crops in many global regions can inform different aspects of resistance management leading to robust, science‐based IRM plans. A range of elements should be considered in assembling any IRM strategy, including: pest biology/ecology, product deployment patterns, local cropping systems, insect susceptibility monitoring, stakeholder/grower communications, and a remedial action plan should resistance develop. Each of these elements is described in more detail, with specific examples of how these elements can be combined and tailored to the local/regional environments and grower practices. CONCLUSION: IRM plans need to be suitable for the given production situation. What works for large monoculture production systems in North America is unlikely to be appropriate for the small, more diverse agriculture of southeast Asia or Africa. Though it is clear that Bt crops impart considerable value to growers, it is also clear that it is in the best interest of all stakeholders to preserve Bt proteins for the long‐term benefits they provide. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

转Bt基因抗虫作物对非靶标生物的影响

迄今为止,已经获得了大量的抗虫转Bt基因作物。尽管这些作物中表达的Bt蛋白只是针对靶标害虫起到杀虫效果,但是抗虫转Bt基因作物是否会对非靶标生物产生影响一直存在争议。本文就抗虫转Bt基因作物对节肢动物群落、非靶标植食性昆虫、天敌和有益昆虫的影响进行了综述。综合评价认为,现有的抗虫转Bt基因作物对非靶标生物是安全的。     

基于@RISK软件评估玉米褪绿斑驳病毒对我国玉米产业造成的潜在经济损失

为明确玉米褪绿斑驳病毒 （maize chlorotic mottle virus, MCMV）对我国玉米生产的经济损失,通过收集、整理玉米产量、种植面积、市场价格以及MCMV潜在地理分布、危害和防控等相关数据,基于随机模型利用@RISK软件分别预测MCMV在不防控和防控场景下对我国玉米产业造成的潜在经济损失。结果表明,在不防控场景下, MCMV对我国玉米产业造成的潜在经济损失总量的90%置信区间为329.44亿~508.96亿元;而在防控场景下, MCMV对我国玉米产业造成的潜在经济损失总量的90%置信区间为51.62亿~76.23亿元,可挽回潜在经济损失的90%置信区间为278.38亿~437.93亿元。说明MCMV严重威胁我国玉米生产,建议有关部门加强检疫阻截防控工作,保障我国玉米产业安全。     

What are the prospects for genetically engineered,disease resistant plants?

Insect and herbicide-resistant plants are the most widely grown transgenics in agricultural production. No strategy using genetically engineered plants for disease resistance has had a comparable impact. Why is this? What are the prospects for introducing transgenic disease resistant plants to agriculture? We review the biological background for strategies used to make disease resistant GM crops, illustrate examples of these different strategies and discuss future prospects.     

转cry1Ac玉米对亚洲玉米螟的抗性评价

目标性状的有效性评价是转Bt基因抗虫玉米研发和安全性评价研究的重要内容之一。采用酶联免疫吸附剂测定（ELISA）、室内生测和田间人工接虫鉴定研究了转cry1Ac玉米纯合群体BT-X和分离群体BT-38、BT-181、BT-43、BT-105等转化事件Cry1Ac蛋白的表达量以及对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis（Guenée）的室内杀虫和田间抗虫效果。转cry1Ac玉米鲜组织中Cry1Ac蛋白含量在44.07～438.00 ng/g之间,不同转化事件及不同组织之间差异显著,其中BT-X鲜花丝中Bt蛋白表达量显著低于未展开心叶。室内生测试验中除BT-43与对照没有显著差异外,取食其它转基因玉米心叶的亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫6或7天的存活率为0～15.3%,显著低于非转基因对照;取食夏播BT-X鲜花丝6天的幼虫存活率为62.5%,显著低于Bt11及非转基因对照。田间心叶期接虫鉴定显示BT-X高抗亚洲玉米螟。说明转cry1Ac玉米BT-X、BT-181、BT-38和BT-105对亚洲玉米螟有很高的杀虫作用,BT-X田间抗虫效果良好。     

转基因抗虫玉米对节肢动物多样性影响研究进展

随着基因工程技术的发展，越来越多的转基因抗虫作物进入商业化应用，为农业生产带来诸多惠益的同时，对农田生态环境安全也可能存在潜在的风险，特别是抗虫作物对农田节肢动物多样性的影响一直是研究热点。本文通过对靶标生物和非靶标生物影响研究方法及已有研究结果的总结分析，分析了节肢动物多样性研究方法的局限性，提出了可行性建议，以期为我国抗虫玉米环境安全评价研究提供参考。     

Assessment of damage caused by evolved fall armyworm on native and transgenic maize in South Africa

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a transboundary polyphagous insect pest which preferentially feeds on grain crops. The FAW was responsible for economic damage to maize crops in more than 44 African countries by 2019 accounting for the loss of over US$2–5.5 billion. The parallel cultivation of Bt-maize expressing Cry1Ab protein and indigenous maize varieties in some African countries was aimed to enhance output and mitigate the harmful impact of the Lepidopteran insect below the economic injury level. A total of six maize farms (holding at least 4–20 ha of land) in delocalized geographies of Gauteng province, South Africa were randomly selected and assessed for the impact of FAW during the 2017 outbreak. A biotype of S. frugiperda that significantly destroyed Bt maize and non-Bt maize and exhibited tolerance to pesticides under field conditions is reported. It is observed that, whether maize at the tasseling stage carried the Cry1Ab trait or not, S. frugiperda caused a minimum damage of ~62.6% (P?<?0.05, P?=?0.0001, |t|?=?2.78) and maximum damage of ~83.33% (P?<?0.05, P?=?0.0001, |t|?=?2.78) in farms without refuge strategies. Phylogenetic analysis using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene, revealed divergent evolution amongst reported S. frugiperda lineages, the emergence of singleton, and distinct haplotypes within the African continent. It is concluded that S. frugiperda that invaded maize farms in the Gauteng region of South Africa is genetically evolved from those identified in São Tomé and Príncipe, and Nigeria, and tolerant to certain insecticides. Thus, the African continent might have been invaded by several routes and distinct haplotypes.

     

Model of crop:weed competition applied to maize:Abutilon theophrasti interactions. I. Model description and evaluation

A complex set of interactions among crops, weeds and their environment determines the impact of weed interference on crop productivity. These interactions can be simulated with dynamic crop:weed competition models, such as ALMANAC. In this study, ALMANAC was modified to simulate maize: Abutilon theophrasti competition. In the modified ALMANAC model, daily increases in leaf area index (LAI), height and rooting depth are attenuated on the basis of accumulated above-ground biomass and by environmental stress. Also, a simple, flexible method is adopted to partition radiation in a mixed canopy. A maize: A. theophrasti competition study conducted near Aurora, NY, in which a range of weed densities (0–16 plants m⁻²) were established in a maize crop, was used to evaluate the model. The modified ALMANAC proved to be a useful tool for segregating the maize response to competition in 1991 (simulated loss of 35% at the highest weed density) from those in 1992–94 (simulated losses not greater than 16%). Based on these findings, the modified ALMANAC model is judged to be capable of distinguishing between environmental conditions that facilitate large yield losses and those that allow maize to outcompete A. theophrasti .