青海高原干旱地区小麦主栽品种田间化感作用评价

为探索以小麦和杂草共存的生态群落为基础的生态防控技术,采用田间小区自然生长的方法,对青海高原10个主栽小麦品种(系)的化感作用进行评价。通过计算各小麦品种(系)对田间主要杂草各项生长指标的抑制率、化感指数,综合评价各小麦品种(系)在田间的控草作用强弱。结果表明:各小麦品种对田间杂草总株数抑制率为23.67%~45.85%,鲜重抑制率为43.64%~76.23%,干重抑制率为34.19%~76.24%;10个品种(系)对田间优势杂草自生油菜(Brassica napus L.)和密花香薷(Elsholtziadensa Benth.)的化感指数(RI值)绝大多数为负值,说明10个品种(系)对田间优势杂草种群均表现出抑制作用,其中高原448号品种田间化感抑草作用最强。基于最远邻近距离法,将10个小麦品种(系)进行聚类分析得出:高原448号、阿勃化感抑草作用最强,高原437号、青春38号、乐麦5号、互麦14、互麦15号、通麦1号化感抑草作用中等,互助红和品系74化感抑草作用最差。     

作物化感品种对农田杂草的调控

农田施用大量除草剂不仅引起环境和生态问题,而且导致除草剂抗性杂草不断发生。因此,需要建立生态安全的杂草管理策略以改变杂草控制对除草剂依赖的现状。利用作物化感品种调控农田杂草是极具开发潜力的杂草控制策略,这些作物化感品种自身能够产生和释放化感物质调控杂草,从而减少对人工除草剂的依赖。鉴于此,近10余年来,以作物化感品种为中心的农田杂草控制策略一直得到广泛的关注和研发。本文综述了作物化感品种调控农田杂草和相应抑草机制的最新进展,尤其是可商业化种植的作物化感新品种选育及其在除草剂减量控制杂草的实践。在此基础上,阐释了作物化感品种间亲属合作行为以及基于化感物质的新型除草剂研发对解决农田杂草难题的机遇和挑战。     

旱直播稻抑草潜力的评价

利用旱直播稻自身的竞争及化感作用,评价旱直播稻品种（品系）对杂草的抑制作用。采用田间小区试验方法,评价旱直播稻对杂草的竞争能力和耐受能力。通过测定旱直播稻特征化感次生物质含量计算出的化感指数来评价其化感潜力;在旱直播稻播种后45 d,杂草生物量与旱直播稻的生物量成显著负相关、与相对竞争强度成显著的正相关。旱稻品系‘HF04’和‘HF011’对杂草的抑制作用最强,前者抑草能力强表现在竞争力,后者抑草能力强表现在耐受杂草竞争力和化感作用。     

播娘蒿、猪殃殃对小麦的化感作用

以10个常规小麦品种为受体,采用室内生物测定法,通过分析麦田杂草播娘蒿、猪殃殃水浸提液对不同小麦品种发芽和幼苗生长的影响,探讨2种杂草对不同小麦品种化感作用的差异,客观评价不同小麦品种的抗草潜力。结果表明,2种杂草对不同品种小麦均存在不同程度的化感作用,以RI值作为化感作用的评价指标,播娘蒿水浸提液对不同品种小麦的化感作用由大到小为衡观35洲元9369山农17周麦24泰山6426西农979新麦26济麦22084380山农21,猪殃殃水浸提液对不同品种小麦的化感作用由大到小为洲元9369周麦24衡观35山农17泰山6426济麦22新麦26084380西农979山农21。     

利用前茬作物残茎根防除直播稻田杂草

采用滤纸培养皿法,研究了五种油菜和七种小麦残茎根对直播稻田主要杂草千金子、稗草和鳢肠的化感抑草作用,并采用模拟大田环境的盆钵法对抑草作用较强的品种进行验证试验和对下茬水稻的安全性进行评估.结果显示:史力丰和汇油50两个油菜品种的水提取液对三种杂草均表现出较好的抑制作用,尤其对千金子的萌发抑制作用较强,抑制率分别为65.33%和55.33%,对杂草的幼根也具有十分明显的抑制作用,化感指数RI值分别达到-0.82和-0.85;不同浓度的史力丰残茎根的水提取液对杂草表现出低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的现象;模拟大田试验中,史力丰的残茎根在25 kg/m3的混土用量下能很好地抑制千金子、稗草和鳢肠生长.彤值分别可达-0.91、-0.64和-0.67,且对水稻较安全.研究表明,在田间留一定量的史力丰残茎根进行浅耕混土处理是杂草生态防除的一项有效措施.     

广东省稻田杂草控制效果及影响因素

为了解常规管理条件下对广东稻田杂草的控制效果及其影响因素,于2015年对粤东、粤西、粤北地区及珠江三角洲的早、晚季稻田杂草进行了调查分析。结果表明:在常规控制措施下稻田中综合草害指数与水稻产量呈负相关,推荐剂量的除草剂不能有效控制稻田杂草的危害,特别是在早季需要辅以人工措施对稻田杂草进行管理。稻田杂草对除草剂产生了不同程度的抗药性。化学除草剂成本低,水稻种植者目前仍可以通过更换除草剂品种和加大剂量对杂草进行控制。化感抑草品种的推广需要在品质和产量上进一步满足生产的需要。在杂草耐药性增加、环境和政策要求减少化学除草剂投入的双重压力下,选育具有化感抑草效果的水稻品种,结合农艺措施,应该成为今后稻田控草的发展方向之一。     

青海高原地区春小麦品种田间化感作用评价

为明确青海高原地区不同春小麦品种对麦田主要危害杂草旱雀麦Bromus tectorum的化感作用,本研究通过田间一致性试 验对青海高原地区的20个春小麦品种(系)进行化感作用评价,筛选出强化感作用品种。分别于春小麦3～5叶期和成熟期调查受体旱雀麦的生长性状,转化为化感作用指数,并结合聚类分析,将20个小麦品种按化感作用的强弱分为强、中、弱３类。结果表明,20个春小麦品种(系)对受体旱雀麦的田间生长均具有化感抑制作用,其中‘青春38号’‘黑丝麦1号’‘通麦2号’和‘互麦11号’为田间化感作用较强的春小麦品种。该研究为青海高原地区春小麦化感抑草品种选育提供了新资源,同时为青海高原地区化学农药减量和生态环境保护提供了新策略。     

植物化感作用在农田杂草防除中的应用

杂草是农业生产中的重要问题之一,给农业生产造成巨大损失,长期使用除草剂不仅污染环境,而且杂草易产生抗药性。植物化感作用作为一种天然的生态机制,为防治杂草提供了一种有效的方法。本文就化感作用的基本定义、向自然界的释放途径、利用化感作用控制杂草的方法和植物化感作用在杂草防除中的应用前景进行了论述。     

化感作用及其在杂草防除中的应用

化感作用在植物界中广泛存在,在杂草防除方面潜力巨大.重点对化感作用的判定、化感物质的释放途径、化感作用的作用机制及其在杂草防除中的应用进行了讨论,并对化感作用在杂草防除中的应用方式和应用潜力进行了探讨.     

不同基因型小麦麦茬对杂草的化感抑制作用

采用改进的田间抑制圈生物测定方法,分析了10种不同基因型小麦材料麦茬对杂草生长的影响.结果表明,不同基因型之间以及同一基因型的不同材料之间对杂草的影响均呈现显著差异,说明化感作用基因在稳定遗传的同时存在一定的变异.以现代品种"丰产3号"麦茬地杂草的生物量为对照,其他小麦品种麦茬对杂草均有一定的抑制作用;对10个小麦品种麦茬地杂草的生物量与残茬滞留时间(天)逐步回归分析发现,杂草生长与时间存在明显的正相关关系,其中小麦残茬抑制杂草生长的化感作用有效天数为3～29天,而后杂草生物量逐渐增大,最后达到稳定;染色体组型为AA、AABB及AABBDD的麦茬化感抑制作用均随残留时间的变化而逐渐减弱,抑制杂草的平均有效期分别为21、24和25天,说明小麦在从二倍体到四倍体到六倍体的染色体组变异与倍体变化的长期进化过程中,小麦的遗传可塑性可能有助于化感作用的增强.     

Allelopathic studies of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is a common name for cereal grasses of a genus of the grass family, cultivated for food since prehistoric times by the people of the temperate zones and now the most important grain crop of those regions. It has allelopathic potential if used as a cover crop for weed control in various cropping systems. Research results indicate that, among modern varieties, there is a variable resistance potential against weeds. Numerous allelochemicals have been identified in wheat, mainly belonging to the categories of phenolic acids, hydroxamic acids and short-chain fatty acids. Some researchers conceived that wheat allelopathy is genetically controlled, but systematic research on gene behaviors is lacking. The negative effects of wheat on other crops under different agricultural production systems have been reported. Research is needed to determine the genetic control of wheat allelopathy prior to the development of allelopathic wheat varieties. Further research is needed to conduct in vitro studies to isolate, identify and quantify allelochemicals from living wheat plants at different growth stages. Also, the relationship between heritages of modern varieties and the allelopathic characteristics of wheat during their evolution and selection by humans is still unclear. There is also a lack of research on the modern varieties as to whether the allelopathic potential can be genetically transferred to the next generation. In the future, more models and assessment systems must be developed to illuminate the essence of allelopathy and the genomes of wheat with allelopathic traits should be constructed to make available allelopathic bioinformation on wheat.     

Ecological adaptation of weed biodiversity to the allelopathic rank of the stubble of different wheat genotypes in a maize field

The objective of this study was to integrate allelopathic bioassay and point sampling methods to investigate the allelopathic rank of the stubble of different wheat genotypes and its effect on weed biodiversity in a maize field. The study consisted of 17 wheat stubble treatments derived from ten wheat genotypes planted individually (monoculture) or in pairs (mixed culture). The maize was planted in the plots immediately following the wheat harvest and the number of weed species, total weed number, weed density, weed height, and weed cover were determined 50 days later. The results indicate a significant rank effect of allelopathic potential in the stubble of the different wheat genotypes. There was a stronger allelopathic effect from the straw in the mixed-culture treatments compared to the monoculture treatments. Acalypha australis and Setaria viridis were the dominant weed species in the maize fields. The regression analysis shows that the weed biodiversity indices were significantly related to the allelopathic rank. The allelopathic potential exhibited spatial heterogeneity in all the scales, which would trigger resource heterogeneity and change the microhabitat conditions. Therefore, weed biodiversity would respond spatially and biologically to the heterogeneous distribution of allelochemicals from the wheat stubble. The allelopathic rank of the wheat stubble would lead to changes in weed biodiversity by regulating the ecological niche of the weed population. The weeds showed resistance or an adaptive response to exterior pressure, including allelopathic pressure. This study on the effect of allelopathic potential on weed biodiversity provides a solid theoretical basis for sustainable weed management of agro-ecosystems.     

Testing the role of allelochemicals in different wheat cultivars to sustainably manage weeds

Background

Selecting wheat varieties with allelopathic potential or high competitiveness against weeds is a sustainable solution for organic farming to eliminate the use of synthetic herbicides. Wheat is one of the most economically important crops. This study focuses on screening the allelopathic or competitive potential of four wheat cultivars, Maurizio, NS 40S, Adesso and Element, on two weeds of interest due to acquired herbicide resistance, Portulaca oleracea and Lolium rigidum, through germination and growth bioassays and the identification and quantification of benzoxazinoids (BXZs) and polyphenols (phenolic acids and flavonoids).

Results

The different cultivars showed different abilities to manage surrounding weeds and different capacity to exude or accumulate specialized metabolites in the presence of those weeds. Furthermore, each cultivar behaved differently depending on the weed present in the medium. The most efficient cultivar to control the tested monocot and dicot weeds was Maurizio, as it effectively controlled germination and growth of L. rigidum and P. oleracea while exuding large amounts of benzoxazinones through the roots, especially the hydroxamic acids 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one and dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxaxin-3(4H)-one. By contrast, NS 40S, Adesso and Element showed the potential to control the growth of just one of the two weeds through allelopathy or competition.

Conclusion

This study reveals that Maurizio is the most promising wheat cultivar for sustainable weed control, and that the screening of crop varieties with allelopathic potential, which results in the displacement of synthetic herbicides, is an immediate solution in ecological and sustainable agriculture. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Ecological pest management and control by using allelopathic weeds (Ageratum conyzoides,Ambrosia trifida,and Lantana camara) and their allelochemicals in China

The development of pest management and control is striving toward a future of sustainable agriculture. Weeds cause serious problems in agricultural ecosystems and attempts to control them have met with limited success. However, many weeds are allelopathic; that is, they can produce and release allelochemicals to interact with other plant competitors and to attack microbes or insect and other animal predators. These allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals may be put into use for ecological pest management and control or employed for other uses. Currently, little attention has been paid to how allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals potentially can be utilized as an important part of pest management and control in agricultural ecosystems. This review outlines recent research regarding the potential for pest management and control by allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals by studying the cases of Ageratum conyzoides, Ambrosia trifida, and Lantana camara and provides examples of allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals that have been incorporated into ecological pest management and control in China.     

小麦幼苗及其次生代谢产物丁布对杂草的异株克生活性

研究了小麦活体、小麦水提液及小麦次生代谢产物丁布对几种杂草的异株克生活性。小麦与马唐、反枝苋、野燕麦、早熟禾、稗草等杂草混播的盆栽试验呈现出小麦播种密度越大,杂草种子萌发率越低的趋势。小麦水提液对马唐、反枝苋、早熟禾、稗草、野燕麦根和茎的生长均有明显的异株克生作用,IC₅₀(根)<1.5 mg/mL,IC₅₀(茎)<3.0 mg/mL,而对黑麦草、圆叶牵牛无明显的抑制活性。除马唐外,小麦水提液对供试杂草种子萌发抑制效果不明显。小麦次生代谢产物丁布对3种不同杂草的根、茎总体抑制效果为反枝苋>马唐>野燕麦,IC₅₀(根、茎)<1.5mg/mL,IC₅₀(种子萌发)<3.5 mg/mL。比较IC₅₀可知,生物活性:丁布>小麦水提液。丁布是小麦中具有异株克生活性的次生代谢物。     

Effect of allelopathic rice varieties combined with cultural management options on paddy field weeds

BACKGROUND: A number of techniques, including cultural management, allelopathy and bioherbicide, have been considered as alternatives for synthetic herbicides, but successful weed control will require the careful integration of these multiple techniques. This study was conducted to assess the use of allelopathic rice varieties in combination with cultural management options on paddy weeds, in order to develop an allelopathy-based technique to reduce herbicide use in paddies. RESULTS: The weed-suppressive effects of the rice varieties tested varied highly with allelopathic trait, planting pattern and cultural management including planting density, flooding depth and duration and supply of nitrogen. Allelopathic rice varieties PI312777 and Huagan-1 demonstrated much stronger weed suppression than the non-allelopathic variety Huajianxian under the same planting pattern and cultural management. Their weed-suppressive effect was increased with cultural management options. In particular, if integrated cultural management options of allelopathic rice varieties included a low-dose (bensulfuron-methyl, 25 g AI ha(-1), a third of the recommended dose) herbicide application, the emergence and growth of most weeds found in paddy fields was completely controlled. No grain yield reduction for allelopathic varieties occurred under integrated cultural management options, whereas with the non-allelopathic variety a reduction of up to 45-60% was measurable even with the low-dose herbicide application. CONCLUSION: The allelopathic potential of rice varieties will likely have a great impact on paddy weed control if integrated with cultural management options and application of low doses of herbicides. Therefore, it is feasible to reduce herbicide input in paddies if allelopathic rice is grown under integrated cultural management practices.     

Breeding spring wheat for improved allelopathic potential

It is becoming apparent that allelopathy plays a significant role in the competitive ability of cereals against weeds; barley, wheat and rice cultivars with high allelopathic activity have been identified. However, direct breeding efforts to improve allelopathy have to date only been reported in rice. In this study, a breeding programme in spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) was evaluated to determine the efficiency of selection of allelopathy and the ability of breeding lines to suppress weeds in the field. The material used originated from a cross between a Swedish cultivar with low allelopathic activity and a Tunisian cultivar with high allelopathic activity. Allelopathic activity was measured as growth inhibition of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) roots when grown together with the wheat cultivars on agar. For screening of F₂ populations, a single plant bioassay was used for the first time. In the F₆ and F₇ generations, three breeding lines with an average improved allelopathy of 20% and one line with an unimproved allelopathy activity, but with the same phenotype as the high allelopathic lines, were tested together with the low allelopathic Swedish parent. The main result from the field study was a 19% average reduction of weed biomass for the high allelopathic lines, but no significant reduction of the low allelopathic breeding line. Early shoot length and early crop biomass (stages 37–39, Zadoks scale) and straw length of the high allelopathic lines were not significantly different from the Swedish parent. A negative effect was that grain yield was reduced by 9% in the high allelopathic lines. It is suggested that the reduced biomass of weeds in plots planted with the highly allelopathic wheat lines is related to differences in allelopathic activity and not differences in plant growth.     

The role of allelopathy in agricultural pest management

Allelopathy is a naturally occurring ecological phenomenon of interference among organisms that may be employed for managing weeds, insect pests and diseases in field crops. In field crops, allelopathy can be used following rotation, using cover crops, mulching and plant extracts for natural pest management. Application of allelopathic plant extracts can effectively control weeds and insect pests. However, mixtures of allelopathic water extracts are more effective than the application of single-plant extract in this regard. Combined application of allelopathic extract and reduced herbicide dose (up to half the standard dose) give as much weed control as the standard herbicide dose in several field crops. Lower doses of herbicides may help to reduce the development of herbicide resistance in weed ecotypes. Allelopathy thus offers an attractive environmentally friendly alternative to pesticides in agricultural pest management. In this review, application of allelopathy for natural pest management, particularly in small-farm intensive agricultural systems, is discussed.