美国农业部开展水果用药情况调查

正据美国农业部国家农业统计局(NASS)调查结果显示,2017年美国苹果种植者使用杀菌剂、杀虫剂和其他化学药品处理了近90%的果树。2015年的调查结果显示,施用过杀菌剂及其他化学药品的果树约为80%,施用过杀虫剂的果树约为91%,而两次调查中除草剂使用面积均在40%左右。     

360种农药制剂对斑马鱼的急性毒性研究

采用半静态法测定了360种常用农药制剂(包括135种有效成分)对斑马鱼的急性毒性,其中杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂、植物生长调节剂等不同类别农药所占的比例分别为67.5%、16.1%、13.6%、2.8%。结果表明:49%的制剂对斑马鱼表现高毒或剧毒,涉及25种农药有效成分,主要为杀虫剂,杀菌剂和除草剂的毒性相对较低,微生物农药对斑马鱼的急性毒性较低,而部分植物源农药的急性毒性较高;相同有效成分的不同制剂之间由于有效成分含量、剂型及加工工艺的不同,会出现毒性存在差异的情况。     

一九八二年外国公司在我国进行田间药效试验的农药品种

农药类别:杀虫剂31农药类别:杀虫剂33农药类别:杀虫荆35农药类别:特异性昆虫控制剂37农药类别:杀靖剂39农药类别:杀蜿剂41农药类别:杀菌剂西德拜耳农药类别:杀菌剂西德拜耳农药类别.杀菌剂!一l本住友农药类别:杀菌剂49农药类别:除草剂51农药类别:除草荆53农药类别:除草剂55农药类别:除草剂57农药类别:除草剂化学名称LDoomg/kg急性口服急性经皮商品名剂型(有效成分含量)供试作物防治对象国家及公司名称3一异丙基一(1H)苯,100(大鼠)BasagranL(45笼w/v)大豆双子叶杂草西德巴斯福并一2,1一4一酮化物3一唾二喇>2,500(大鼠)(BASF)一2,2一二氧,…     

除草剂占农药总量份额提升

据对有关统计数据的分析 ,随着农药品种结构的调整 ,２０００年１～１０月 ,全国农药产量和出口量与上年同期比较在升降动态变化中 ,除草剂占农药总量份额均较同期提升。全国杀虫、杀菌剂产量分别下降２．３%和９．４ % ,除草剂上升９．５ % ,从而使除草剂占有份额由上年的１６ %增至１８ % ,净提升２个百分点。我国非零售包装农药出口量杀虫、除草剂分别上升２６ %和４０ %、杀菌剂下降２２ %。随着升降幅度变化 ,除草剂占有份额由上年的４０．７ %增到４７．３ % ,净提升６．６个百分点。江苏省农资系统农药销量杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂分…     

种植结构调整导致农药消费结构变化

近年来,作物种植结构的变化造成病虫害发生了变化,市场上对农药的需求也发生了较大的变化。第一,杀虫剂使用量在明显减少,杀菌剂使用量在逐年增多,除草剂使用量增长最快。据抽样调查估测,2011年全省农药使用商品药量为9万t左右,农药使用类别大约杀虫剂占36%,除草剂占23%,杀菌剂占36%,杀螨剂及植物生长调节剂占5%。     

日本农药生产、销售及安全使用概况

加强农药安全使用工作,抓好生产过程中的农药残留控制,是做好无公害农产品生产的关键环节之一。最近,笔者随全国农业技术推广服务中心组织的考察团考查了日本农药安全使用技术推广和管理工作,他们的一些经验值得我们学习和借鉴。1日本农药生产、销售概况1.1生产情况日本是农药生产和销售大国。2000年农药年总产量35.8万t,其中杀虫剂15.7万t,杀菌剂11.2万t,除草剂7.2万t,其他1.7万t。据2001年统计,取得登记的农药厂家219个,登记的农药品种5309个,其中杀虫剂1310个,杀菌剂1280个,杀虫杀菌剂(复配)475个,除草剂1310个,农药肥料44个,杀鼠剂44个,…     

认真贯彻《农药管理条例》规范企业生产经营

江苏常隆化工有限公司的主要产品有：氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂(如灭多威、异丙威等)：拟除虫菊酯系列杀虫剂(如高效氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯等)：磺酰脲类除草剂(如苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆等)；酰胺类除草剂(如乙草胺、丙草胺等)；杂环类杀虫剂(如吡虫啉、啶虫脒等)；生物激素类杀虫剂(如噻嗪酮等)；其他杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂(烯酰吗啉、噻菌灵、异丙隆、克螨特、烯唑醇、杀螨隆等)．并生产各类制剂。     

巴西大宗农化产品销售下降

2006年的前5个月,巴西农药的销售额较去年同期下降了18%(Gazeta Mercantil报告)。杀菌剂的降幅最大,达到38%,其中重要的原因是由于大豆锈病(Phakopsorapachyrhizi)的危害,估计已经使2006年大豆播种面积减少了10%(参见Agrow No 497,P16);杀虫剂的销售也下降了16%,而除草剂的销售     

美国果菜类蔬菜2010年农药使用情况分析

美国农业部农业统计中心（National Agricultural Statistics Service,NASS）日前公布了2010年度蔬菜中农药使用情况的统计报告。此报告中的数据采自2010年9月-2011年1月,对19个州的样本进行了统计,考察对象包括29种蔬菜作物。本文依据美国农业部发布的报告,对美国2010年黄瓜、番茄、茄子以及菜用玉米等果菜类蔬菜上常用杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂的使用情况作了详细的计算和分析。按照有效成分统计,黄瓜上使用的杀虫剂有45种、杀菌剂39种、除草剂19种,其中使用最普遍的分别是灭多威、百菌清和乙丁烯氟灵。番茄上使用杀虫剂有34种、杀菌剂23种、除草剂11种,其中使用最普遍的分别是高效氯氰菊酯、百菌清和敌草胺。茄子上使用杀虫剂有24种、杀菌剂17种、除草剂11种,其中使用最普遍的分别是乙基多杀菌素、氢氧化铜和敌草胺。菜用甜玉米上使用杀虫剂有50种、杀菌剂19种、除草剂48种,其中使用最普遍的分别是灭多威、代森锰锌和莠去津。调查数据分析表明,美国在果菜类蔬菜生产中使用的农药品种以传统品种为主。     

1989～1990年度国外农药试验工作会议纪要

农业部农药检定所与有关协作单位,于1990年10月26日至31日和12月11日至16日,分别在河北省秦皇岛市(杀虫剂、杀菌剂)和石家庄市(除草剂)召开了第七届国外农药试验工作会议。参加会议的代表来自27个省、市、区的药检所、植保所、植保站、农垦、大专院校、医科院、中科院等有关专业所、农资和化工部门137个单位的技术人员,共193人。会议对两年来试验的国外农药进行了认真的评价交流。组织了“杀虫剂、杀菌剂抗性发     

Latest generation of halogen‐containing pesticides

Agriculture is confronted with enormous challenges, from production of enough high‐quality food to water use, environmental impacts and issues combined with a continually growing world population. Modern agricultural chemistry has to support farmers by providing innovative agrichemicals, used in applied agriculture. In this context, the introduction of halogen atoms into an active ingredient is still an important tool to modulate the properties of new crop protection compounds. Since 2010, around 96% of the launched products (herbicides, fungicides, insecticides/acaricides and nematicides) contain halogen atoms. The launched nematicides contain the largest number of halogen atoms, followed by insecticides/acaricides, herbicides and fungicides. In this context, fungicides and herbicides contain in most cases fluorine atoms, whereas nematicides and insecticides contain in most cases ‘mixed’ halogen atoms, for example chlorine and fluorine. This review gives an overview of the latest generation of halogen‐containing pesticides launched over the past 6 years and describes current halogen‐containing development candidates. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Selecting the right compounds for screening: use of surface-area parameters

Polar surface area, total surface area and percentage surface area have been calculated from three-dimensional structures of 88 post-emergence herbicides, 93 pre-emergence herbicides and 237 insecticides. Preferred ranges of values of these parameters were identified. Since the compounds in the training sets are used on a wide variety of species and target sites with various application modes, the parameter ranges are necessarily broad. The utility of the surface-area parameter ranges in selection of compounds for agrochemical screening was compared with the use of ranges of the Lipinski Rule of 5 parameters: molecular mass, calculated log P, number of hydrogen-bond donors and number of hydrogen-bond acceptors. The more computationally intensive surface-area parameters did not offer any obvious advantage over the Lipinski Rule of 5 parameters.     

Effects of selected pesticides and adjuvants on germination and vegetative growth of Phomopsis amaranthicola, a biocontrol agent for Amaranthus spp.

Phomopsis amaranthicola, a bioherbicide agent for Amaranthus spp., was tested in vitro for its compatibility with commercial formulations of 16 adjuvants, 24 herbicides, nine fungicides and four insecticides at 2X, 1X (highest labelled product dose rate), 0.75X, 0.5X and 0.25X concentrations. These chemicals were tested for their effects on spore germination. Selected herbicides and fungicides at 1X were also tested for their influence on colony growth and sporulation. All tested compounds were finally categorized in compatibility classes regarding germination, mycelial growth and sporulation such as low, medium and high compatibility. High compatibility in terms of germination and fungal colony growth was only observed with the herbicide bentazone. Many of the adjuvants tested were highly compatible in the germination studies. Most fungicides and insecticides had medium and low compatibility with P. amaranthicola. Effects of pesticides on spore germination did not fully correspond with their effects on colony growth. Thus, it is possible to integrate the use of P. amaranthicola with some herbicides, fungicides, insecticides and adjuvants but not others. A case‐by‐case selection of application methods, such as tank‐mix or sequential application, along with proper timing of applications of the fungus and the chemical agents will be necessary.     

2010年美国洋葱、芦笋用药情况调查与分析

美国农业部农业统计中心（National Agricultural Statistics Service,NASS）日前公布了2010年度蔬菜中农药使用情况的统计报告。此报告中的数据采自2010年9月—2011年1月,对19个州的样本进行了统计,考察对象包括29种蔬菜作物。本文依据美国农业部发布的报告,对美国2010年茎菜类蔬菜洋葱、芦笋上常用杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂的使用情况作了详细的计算和分析。按照有效成分统计,洋葱上使用杀虫剂有36种、杀菌剂37种、除草剂40种,其中使用最普遍的分别是灭多威、代森锰锌和乙氧氟草醚。芦笋上使用的杀虫剂有15种、杀菌剂5种、除草剂28种,其中使用最普遍的分别是甲萘威、百菌清和敌草隆。调查数据分析表明,美国在洋葱、芦笋等茎菜类蔬菜生产中使用的农药品种以传统品种为主。     

Susceptibility of the spider Theridion impressum to 17 pesticides

Susceptibility of immature individuals of the spider Theridion impressum to 17 pesticides (6 insecticides, 4 acaricides, 4 fungicides and 3 herbicides) was tested in the laboratory. The pesticides were applied at recommended rates in a Potter tower. Mortality was evaluated for 4 subsequent days. Broad-spectrum insecticides, cypermethrin+chlorpyrofos (Nurelle), -cypermethrin (Vaztak), and deltamethrin (Decis), were toxic to spiders. Selective insecticides, pirimicarb (Pirimor), Bacillus thuringiensis (Novodor), and triazamate (Aztec), were harmless. All tested acaricides, pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic), flufenoxuron (Cascade), -fluvalinate+thiometon (Mavrik), and bifenthrin (Talstar) showed high toxicity. Of the fungicides, dithianon (Delan), benomyl (Fundazol), iprodione (Rovral), and dodine (Syllit), only dithianon was slightly harmful, while the remaining fungicides were harmful. All herbicides, metazachlor (Butisan), clomazone (Command), and clopyralid (Lontrel), were harmless to T. impressum. Three selective insecticides, 3 fungicides and 3 herbicides are recommended for use in plant protection.     

Effects of agrochemical residues on four spider taxa: Laboratory methods for pesticide tests with web-building spiders

The susceptibility of web-building and hunting spiders from the tropics (Panama), Europe (F.R. of Germany) and the Middle East (Israel) to 30 pesticides (16 insecticides, 4 acaricides, 1 herbicide, 9 fungicides) was determined. Laboratory test methods for juvenile and adult web-building spiders are described.Philodromus sp. (hunting spider), was completely resistant to all substances;Argiope sp. (web-building spider),Linyphia sp. (web-building spider) andChiracanthium sp. (hunting spider) showed medium to high susceptibility. Insecticides affected spiders in a wide range of responses: from no mortality (most compounds of biological origin) and medium mortality (pyrethrin compounds, organophosphorus and carbamate compounds), to high mortality (cyclo compounds). To both groups of spiders (the hunting and web-building), most acaricides were highly toxic, whereas herbicides and fungicides were nontoxic.     

Imidazoles III. Pesticidal screening of some substituted 1-hydroxyimidazoles

The screening of 30 substituted 1-hydroxyimidazoles as herbicides, anthelmintics, insecticides, bacteriostats, fungicides, coccidiostats and nematocides disclosed a broad spectrum of biological activity in all but two compounds. The most pesticidally active imidazoles carried an interdiazal benzenoid or heterocyclic aromatic ring substituent with a phenolic or potentially phenolic group attached thereto.     

An economic comparison of pesticide application regimes for processing tomatoes

In a field experiment aimed at the management of pests, diseases and weeds in tomato agroecosystems using a recommended range of pesticide applications compared with lower chemical input systems, the economics of pesticide use on processing tomatoes in Ohio, USA, was evaluated in 1994 and 1995. The pesticide regimes used included: (i) full-spectrum recommended pesticide use, based on a comprehensive pesticide application schedule including insecticides (carbaryl, endosulfan and esfenvalerate), a fungicide (chlorothalonil) and herbicides (trifluralin and paraquat); (ii) insecticides only, based on applications of the same insecticides and doses used in (i); (iii) fungicides and herbicides only, based on applications of the same fungicides and herbicides used in (i); and (iv) control plots, which received no pesticide applications. All of the costs involved in applying pesticides (chemicals, machinery, labor) were recorded for all treatments for the economic analysis. Overall, the fungicide treatments resulted in higher yields than either the control or the insecticides-only regime, and the profits from the full-spectrum pesticide and fungicide & herbicide regimes were greater than those from the insecticide-only regime and controls in 1994. The yields and profits from all pesticide regimes were substantially less in 1995 than in 1994. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 17, 2002.