几种增效剂的增效作用机理研究

以敏感和抗性棉铃虫为试虫,比较测定了ＤＥＦ、ＰＢＯ、ＳＶ１和Ｓ２对氰戊菊酯的增效作用。结果表明,四种增效剂对抗菊酯类药剂的ＫＱＲ棉铃虫具有明显或显著的增效作用,而对于相对敏感的ＨＤＳ棉铃虫,它们的增效作用均比对抗性棉铃虫的弱,甚至没有增效作用。增效作用强度与棉铃虫抗性水平及主导抗性机制有关。生化分析表明,ＰＢＯ和ＳＶ１是通过直接抑制多功能氧化酶系（ＭＦＯ）的某种单加氧酶（如甲氧试卤灵－Ｏ－脱甲基酶     

小菜蛾对杀虫药剂抗性的研究 Ⅱ．小菜蛾幼虫的酯酶分析

本文研究了酯酶在小菜蛾Ｐｌｕｔｅｌａｘｙｌｏｓｔｅｌａ抗药性中的作用。离体酯酶活力测定表明，抗性品系（ＧＺ）幼虫的羧酸酯酶活力是敏感品系（ＳＳ）的１．４倍，故羧酸酯酶在抗性品系（ＧＺ）抗药性的作用不大；酸性和碱性磷酸酯酶在抗性和敏感品系的幼虫中差异很小，幼虫的酸性和碱性磷酸酯酶电泳酶谱没有差异。幼虫酯酶同工酶电泳分析显示Ｅｓｔ－１位点的Ｃ基因的频率随着抗性水平的提高而增加，基因型的多态性也提高。     

国外关于棉铃虫不同生长发育阶段抗性表达研究与应用

国外关于棉铃虫不同生长发育阶段抗性表达研究与应用张文吉，张友军（北京农业大学应化系１０００９４）棉铃虫的抗药性发展给我国棉花生产造成重大损失，如何准确地监测棉铃虫的抗性水平和有效地防治抗性棉铃虫并控制其抗药性的继续发展，已成为棉花生产的重大问题。国外...     

多功能氧化酶系(MFO)与棉铃虫抗药性关系初步研究

本文在增效作用测定基础上 ,研究比较了多功能氧化酶系 (MFO)的三个组分 (细胞色素 P4 50、细胞色素 b5、细胞色素 c还原酶 )在相对敏感棉铃虫 (HDS)与抗氰戊菊酯棉铃虫 (KQR)中的含量、活性及其组织分布规律。增效作用测定结果表明 ,PBO及 SV1对氰戊菊酯具有显著的增效作用 ,增效倍数分别达 2 53.99和71.4 4倍 ;初步表明 MFO在 KQR种群棉铃虫的抗药性中起着重要作用 ;随后的生化研究表明 :KQR种群棉铃虫中肠、脂肪体及体壁的三个组分含量均显著或极显著高于 HDS种群棉铃虫相应部位的含量 ,其中细胞色素 P4 50在上述三个部位中的含量分别是 HDS种群棉铃虫的 1.76、3.12、4 .15倍 ,细胞色素 b5含量分别是HDS种群棉铃虫的 1.57、6 .2 8、2 .39倍 ,细胞色素 c还原酶活性分别是 HDS种群棉铃虫的 1.4 0、1.88、1.6 4倍 ,说明多功能氧化酶系与棉铃虫的抗药性密切相关。     

43%、30%百兴乳油大田药效试验示范

４３％、３０％百兴乳油大田药效试验示范张建勋程春河段朝祥张恩涛（北京市顺义县农药厂农药研究所１０１３００）害虫抗药性随着化学农药连年使用而逐渐增加,棉铃虫、小菜蛾、棉蚜及某些螨类的抗药性尤为突出。据报道,增效混剂有明显延缓和治理害虫抗药性的效果,同时...     

棉铃虫暴发的宏观因子分析及系统治理策略探讨

通过对黄河中下游棉共棉铃虫（Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｐａａｒｍｉｇｅｒａ Ｈｕｂｎｅｒ）暴发宏观诸因子的分析。重点讨论：（１）具主导意义的宏观气候因子的作用，明确了旱涝与棉铃虫的消长有一致的趋势，由此做出了棉铃虫暴发适宜气候年的宏观趋势估计，与１９９３年前后的大发生吻合。（２）棉铃虫暴发的内在因子作用，即在环境因子的适应性反应，如抗药性增强，多食性危害加剧等。（３）人为因子的重要作用。（４）综合治理方面     

棉铃虫抗药性监测方法

棉铃虫抗药性监测方法吴益东，杨亦桦，沈晋良（南京农业大学植保系，２１００９５）棉铃虫抗药性监测的目的包括：明确害虫的抗性水平，抗性分布情况以及检测抗性治理措施的效果等。要达到这些目的，必须具有一套准确而又简便、快速的抗性监测技术。害虫抗药性监测技术主...     

一种简便,快速的棉铃虫抗性监测方法

一种简便、快速的棉铃虫抗性监测方法湖北省植保总站（４３００７０）彭超美近几年我省棉铃虫持续大发生，用于防治棉铃虫的化学农药量逐渐增加，棉铃虫对农药的抗性也在发生变化。据１９９３年～１９９４年荆州抗性监测站对公安和潜江棉铃虫抗药性监测结果，表明棉铃虫对...     

增效剂Pbo、TPP对田间棉铃虫抗性种群增效作用研究

对西华田间棉铃虫种群，Ｐｂｏ能显著地增加氰戊菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、灭多威的毒力，大幅度地降低其致死中量，ＴＰＰ对两种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂也能表现一定的增效作用；对甲基对硫磷、甲胺磷，无论是Ｐｂｏ还是ＴＰＰ其增效作用均十分有限。增效剂对杀虫剂的增效效果与棉铃虫对该杀虫剂的抗性水平及其主导抗性机制密切相关。     

湖北省1995年棉铃虫的综合防治技术要点

湖北省１９９５年棉铃虫的综合防治技术要点湖北省植保总站（４３００７０）顾卫东棉铃虫是我国，也是我省棉花上的主要害虫。９０年代以来，由于耕作制度的变化，农田生态条件的改变、抗药性的提高和气候条件适宜等因素，我国和我省棉铃虫的发生与危害一直比较严重，特别...     

Chemical interactions with the herbicide propanil on propanil-resistant barnyardgrass

We are examining the interaction of compounds with the herbicide propanil to find synergistic or additive actions that can increase efficacy against propanil-resistant barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli] (R-BYG) without substantial injury to rice. Field tests (herbicidal injury) and laboratory tests (chlorophyll quantification in excised leaves; measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence to determine PSII inhibition) have been conducted on R-BYG and rice tissue exposed to various rates of propanil and additive. Important synergistic interactions on R-BYG in laboratory and field tests were found with propanil plus either the herbicides anilophos or piperophos, or the insecticide carbaryl. In laboratory tests, the insecticide methiocarb and PPG-124 (p-chlorophenyl N-methylcarbamate) were highly effective synergists with propanil on R-BYG. Other important interactions occurred with certain concentrations/application rates when propanil was combined with the herbicides quinclorac, thiobencarb, molinate, or pendimethalin (field tests). Combinations of these or other chemicals with propanil may provide additive or synergistic action useful to control R-BYG without increasing rice injury. Such mixtures might also prevent or delay the development of propanil resistance in this weed species.     

A review of the interactions between multiple insecticide resistance loci

Insecticide resistance is an ever escalating problem worldwide in many pest populations and numerous cases of insecticide resistance are polygenic. Therefore, it is important to investigate the types of interactions that occur between insecticide resistance loci as this will dictate the level of resistance (and effectiveness of a chemical control strategy). Interactions also play a role in the evolution and/or maintenance of multigenic resistance in the field. Given that a limited number of mechanisms confer resistance, it might be possible to establish general rules for interactions between mechanisms. Several variables might dictate the type of interaction, such as the nature of the resistance mechanisms, genotype, etc. Interactions can be synergistic, antagonistic or additive. Based on this literature review, the most common interaction of multiple homozygous resistance loci is synergistic and additive when loci are heterozygous. When one locus is homozygous and the other locus is heterozygous the most common interaction was synergistic, although very few studies have examined this type of interaction. Possible factors that drive these interactions, exceptions to the trends, and future research needs are discussed.     

Metabolic mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)

The interactions between six insecticides (methiocarb, formetanate, acrinathrin, deltamethrin, methamidophos and endosulfan) and three potential synergists (piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and diethyl maleate (DEM)) were studied by topical exposure in strains selected for resistance to each insecticide, and in a susceptible strain of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). In the susceptible strain PBO produced appreciable synergism only of formetanate, methiocarb and methamidophos. Except for endosulfan, PBO synergized all the insecticides to varying degrees in the resistant strains. A very high level of synergism by PBO was found with acrinathrin, which reduced the resistance level from 3344- to 36-fold. PBO slightly synergized the carbamates formetanate (4.6-fold) and methiocarb (3.3-fold). PBO also produced a high synergism of deltamethrin (12.5-fold) and methamidophos (14.3-fold) and completely restored susceptibility to both insecticides. DEF did not produce synergism with any insecticide in the resistant strains and DEM was slightly synergistic to endosulfan (3-fold). These studies indicate that an enhanced detoxification, mediated by cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases, is the major mechanism imparting resistance to different insecticides in F occidentalis. Implications of different mechanisms in insecticide resistance in F occidentalis are discussed.     

Using synergists to detect multiple insecticide resistance in field populations of rice stem borer

The rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), an important insect pest of rice in China, has developed resistances to several classes of insecticides in field. In order to investigate multiple resistance mechanisms, synergistic tests were conducted with the Ruian (RA) population and Lianyungang (LYG) population, two representative populations to different insecticides. Results showed that diethyl maleate (DEM), S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), had no significant synergistic or inhibitory effect on the high level of resistance to monosultap (313.4-fold) and moderate level to chlorpyrifos (36.9-fold) in Ruian field population from the year 2011 (RA11). DEF significantly synergized the activity of triazophos in RA11 population (536.8-fold), with synergism ratio of 1.92. DEF and PBO significantly suppressed 43.3% and 40.4% of resistance to fipronil in RA11 population (48.4-fold), respectively, with the synergistic ratios of 1.76 and 1.69. When pretreated with PBO, the activity of deltamethrin against RA11 population were significantly synergized, with synergism ratio of 9.57, and with reducing resistance levels from 152.5- to 15.9-fold. The results of this study indicated that resistance to several classes of insecticide among the field populations of C. suppressalis might be provided by the combination of the multiple resistance mechanisms. Metabolic resistance mechanism might be the major reason for the evolution for resistance to deltamethrin and fipronil, while resistance to monosultap, triazophos and chlorpyrifos is not associated with metabolic resistance.     

The joint action of mixtures of insecticides,or of insect growth regulators and insecticides,on susceptible and diflubenzuron-resistant strains of Spodoptera littoralis boisd

The joint action of insecticides, or of mixtures of insect growth regulators and insecticides, on the susceptible (S) strain and diflubenzuron-resistant (R_d) strain of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. was investigated. The joint action of the insecticides and/or insect growth regulator mixtures was determined by mixing them in proportion to their activity equivalents at the LD₂₅ or ED₂₅ levels. A total of 15 mixtures of two synthetic pyrethroids, two organophosphorus, one carbamate and one organochlorine insecticides, were applied to the fourth-instar larvae of the S and R_d strains. The insecticide mixtures cypermethrin/methomyl and cypermethrin/endrin exhibited high and moderate levels of synergism on the S strain, respectively. However the mixtures chlorpyrifos/methomyl, phosfolan/methomyl, and phosfolan/endrin produced antagonism, while the other mixtures showed varying levels of additive effects. The response of the fourth-instar larvae of the S strain, to the joint action of diflubenzuron/juvenoid, diflubenzuron/insecticide, or insecticide/juvenoid mixtures, revealed that diflubenzuron produced high levels of synergism when combined with methoprene and progressively less with fenvalerate, methomyl and cypermethrin. On the other hand, the mixture diflubenzuron/triprene was antagonistic. Fenvalerate with the two juvenoids produced synergism while methomyl showed an additive effect with methoprene. However, the mixtures cypermethrin/methoprene, cypermethrin/triprene and methomyl/triprene produced antagonism. The mixtures that produced potentiation on the fourth-instar larvae of the S strain lost their high potency when tested against the R_d strain. The results also indicated that insecticide/juvenoid mixtures, when applied on 2-day-old pupae of the S strain, were synergistic, except in the case of cypermethrin/methoprene and methomyl/triprene mixtures, for which additive effects were observed. When the mixtures that had synergistic effects on the S strain were tested on the R_d strain, the results revealed that their synergistic effects were apparently reduced. This was attributed to the fact that the generalised levels of tolerance in the R_d strain towards various compounds may have influenced the several defence mechanisms to act against the synergistic action of the chemical mixtures.     

望江县棉花棉铃虫暴发因子分析及防治对策

通过30a的系统调查表明,望江县以四代棉铃虫为主害代,棉铃虫各代次发生程度的主控因子不同,棉铃虫对常用农药表现出明显的抗性,保铃棉32B对各代棉铃虫均表现出良好抗性。对棉铃虫暴发因子进行了探析,认为棉铃虫近几年处于活跃期,旱地种植结构调整、梅天雨日雨量少、棉花生育期提早是棉铃虫暴发的主要原因。并从农业防治、推广抗虫品种、改进化防技术等方面提出了防治对策。     

增效混剂延缓棉铃虫对菊酯农药抗性机制的研究

用同位素标记体壁穿透测定法及不同种群神经敏感性电生理测定法,进行了增效混剂延缓棉铃虫对菊酯抗性机制的初步研究。结果表明,与抗性生物汰选相一致,显示出药剂对增效菊酯混剂汰选种群比对菊酯单剂汰选种群的棉铃虫体壁穿透率高、神经敏感性也高的特点。证明了混剂延缓棉铃虫抗药性确与体壁穿透率和神经敏感性有关,有机制存在,这就为使用增效混剂进行棉铃虫抗性治理的措施打下了部分理论基础。     

棉蚜的综合防治研究

棉蚜是最重要的农业害虫之一，广泛分布于中国和世界各地，严重危害棉花等寄主植物。近年来，棉蚜抗药性发展极快，本文就棉蚜的综合防治(IPM)作一分析研究，旨在为我国的棉蚜防治提供一些思路。     

草地贪夜蛾抗药性现状及化学防治策略

本文就草地贪夜蛾抗药性研究的历史、现状以及如何进行化学防治进行了比较系统的分析。针对国内外草地贪夜蛾发生的现状,从抗药性程度及交互抗性、种群遗传、抗药性机制以及化学防治的关键技术等方面进行了讨论。提出了化学防治要尽量做到药剂品种、时间和空间的配合;掌握好药剂防治的两个窗口期,一是害虫本身敏感的窗口期即从孵化到3龄初,二是孵化后到钻蛀前;分阶段选择适宜药剂类型用于化学防治。除了考虑杀虫剂作用机制类别外,作用方式也要考虑。卵高峰期施用具有触杀活性的药剂配合具有杀卵活性的药剂添加具有渗透功能的助剂,孵化高峰期施用触杀药剂配合胃毒药剂,后期大龄幼虫可以考虑胃毒药剂为主的化学防治策略。     

Neurophysiological effects of insecticides on the labellar taste receptors of Lucilia cuprina Wied

The effect of insecticide concentration on the nerve impulses at the labellar receptors of the blowfly Lucilia cuprina Wied was tested and found to be significant for the DDT type of insecticide, but not for the DDT-pyrethroid type. The experiments were performed at three different times of the day, but time of day had no effect on the multiplicity indices calculated from nerve spikes induced by the compounds. No effects on the nerve response were elicited by the synergistic action of sesamex.