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1.
宁南半干旱区不同施肥量下马铃薯光合特性研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
用Li-6400便携式光合仪对宁南半干旱区不同施肥量下马铃薯盛花期功能叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)进行测定。结果表明,在马铃薯生育关键期土壤水分亏缺情况下,4种处理叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化曲线均为开口向上的抛物线,而净光合速率日变化是气孔调节作用的结果。合理增加氮磷肥可以提高作物光合能力,但施肥对提高净光合速率的效应受到土壤水分状况的制约。土壤水分状况越差,增加施肥对作物光合能力的提高效应越差。高肥处理时,由于马铃薯植株生长旺盛,营养生长期水分消耗过大,生殖生长期土壤水分供应状况更差,作物受到严重的水分胁迫,导致气孔导度、净光合速率和蒸腾速率大幅下降。  相似文献   

2.
在作物生长旺盛期,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪测定了祁连山高海拔雨养农业区环境因子和油菜、小麦叶片光合生理指标,比较了油菜、小麦及低海拔地区作物光合参数的差异性。结果表明:光合有效辐射和空气温度均呈单峰型日变化曲线,而空气湿度呈"S"型日变化曲线,大气CO2浓度为早晚较低,下午高。油菜和小麦的叶片净光合速率日变化均呈双峰型曲线,存在"午休"现象,且上午光合速率高于下午。油菜的蒸腾速率日变化呈双峰型曲线,小麦的蒸腾速率却呈单峰型曲线。气孔导度日变化大体呈"S"型曲线。光合有效辐射是影响叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率的主要环境因子之一,空气湿度是气孔导度的主要影响因子。大气CO2浓度与小麦叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈显著正相关关系。  相似文献   

3.
小麦光合特性对二氧化碳浓度升高的响应   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
通过采用美国便携式光合作用测定系统实地设置不同CO2浓度,分析了CO2浓度升高对小麦产量贡献较强的两个时期(扬花期和灌浆期)净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度等光合特性的影响,预测了未来高二氧化碳浓度条件下小麦水分利用率的变化趋势.结果表明:小麦不同生育期(扬花期和灌浆期)随着CO2浓度增加,净光合速率,叶片胞间CO2浓度,叶片水分利用率总体呈现逐渐上升的趋势,叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率都呈现先降后升再降的趋势,气孔限制值则呈现逐渐降低的趋势;小麦不同生育期(扬花和灌浆期)CO2浓度与净光合速率,叶片胞间CO2浓度,叶片水分利用率均呈现极显著的正相关,其中与叶片胞间CO2浓度的相关系数最高;与气孔导度和蒸腾速率在扬花期阶段呈现显著正相关,在灌浆期呈现负相关;而与气孔限制值在两个时期均呈现极显著负相关.  相似文献   

4.
对黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区田间春小麦叶片光合生理生态特征及其对环境因子的响应进行了分析,结果表明:天气晴朗时,净光合速率日变化呈典型的双峰曲线,有"午休"现象,上午明显高于下午,且不同生育期峰值出现的迟早不同;蒸腾速率日变化呈不明显的双峰型,其出现最大值的时间晚于净光合速率出现最大值的时间;在生长季节,叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度都受到多个环境因子的共同影响;不同时期,起主导作用的环境因子不同,且同一个因子对几个生理指标的影响程度和强度都有差异,其中,光合有效辐射是对蒸腾速率影响最强烈的环境因子,有显著的相关关系;空气湿度对光合作用的影响大于温度.受环境因子制约最为显著的生理指标是叶片的蒸腾速率和气孔导度.小麦叶片水分利用效率的日变化呈不明显的双峰型,上午高于下午,乳熟期日平均WUE比灌浆期低46.2%,且黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区WUE的高低变化与降水量的高低分布相吻合.  相似文献   

5.
斑枯病对罗布麻光合生理特征的影响及严重度分级   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
为明确斑枯病对罗布麻光合生理特征的影响,并据此制定其斑枯病严重度分级标准,在田间条件下研究了斑枯病不同严重度罗布麻叶片的光合生理特征。结果表明:健康罗布麻叶片净光合速率为15.65μmol·m-2·s-1、气孔导度为0.283 mol·m-2·s-1、蒸腾速率为7.98 mmol·m-2·s-1、胞间CO2浓度为467μmol/mol,回归方程计算所得健康叶片的净光合速率与实测值接近。随着罗布麻斑枯病严重度增加,叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率呈显著指数下降趋势,胞间CO2浓度呈上升趋势;严重度指标与净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度回归方程的决定系数从大到小依次为相对变色面积相对病斑面积病斑数,三者与净光合速率的决定系数依次为0.849、0.796和0.537。根据净光合损失率分别为0、0.1%~10%、10.1%~20%、20.1%~50%、50.1%~80%、80.1%~90%和90.1%~100%及其对应的相对病斑面积和相对变色面积,可将斑枯病严重度分为7级。  相似文献   

6.
为了明确荒漠绿洲区不同灌溉定额对春小麦光合特性及产量的影响,通过田间观测试验,分析了6种不同灌水定额对春小麦的叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度日变化以及子粒产量的影响。结果显示,高灌溉定额下(360、420、480 mm),春小麦叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率曲线的变化曲线呈单峰曲线变化,无"午休"现象,而低灌溉定额下(0、240、300 mm)光合速率呈双峰曲线,有"午休"现象,同时高灌溉定额处理下的气孔导度大于低灌溉定额处理;土壤含水量与全生育期春小麦光合速率之间的关系式呈二次曲线关系,当土壤含水量增加到约12%~13%时,光合速率达到最大临界值,而后出现下降。W4处理下的春小麦叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率高于其它处理,子粒产量、千粒重和水分利用效率(WUE)也最大,是适宜该地区春小麦生长的最佳灌溉量。可见,过度灌溉抑制了春小麦的光合速率,导致减产。同时,降低了春小麦的水分利用效率,造成水资源的浪费。  相似文献   

7.
通径分析在SPSS逐步线性回归中的实现   总被引:19,自引:2,他引:17  
运用SPSS.17对充分供水状态下老芒麦的蒸腾速率(Evap)、净光合速率(Pn)与环境因子中的光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气中的CO_2浓度(Air CO_2)、空气湿度(RH)、大气温度(AT)、叶面温度(LP)、胞间CO_2浓度(Cint)的关系进行逐步回归分析和通径分析,计算环境因子对蒸腾速率、净光合速率的决策系数。在通径分析前对蒸腾速率、净光合速率进行正态分布检验,对分析结果进行显著性检验,直至回归方程中各变量均达到显著水平。运用相关、偏相关等,从不同角度研究环境因子与老芒麦蒸腾速率、净光合速率的相关性。结果表明:胞间CO_2浓度、大气温度、空气湿度对净光合速率起抑制作用,胞间CO_2浓度、空气湿度对蒸腾速率起促进作用。  相似文献   

8.
植物净光合速率的关键影响因子关系到草原生产力的波动和稳定性。实地测定锡林浩特草原22个样地27种共82株植物的光合指标和环境影响因子,采用Pearson相关性分析、多元回归分析、通径分析、决策系数分析等方法,分析各因子与草原植物净光合速率的关系。结果表明:锡林浩特草原区植物净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率呈极显著正相关,与胞间CO2浓度呈显著负相关;净光合速率与水分利用效率呈线性相关;在影响草原植物的环境因子中,净光合速率随大气相对湿度的增加而增大,而空气温度对净光合速率的影响并不显著;由通径分析可知,水分利用效率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和大气相对湿度成为影响净光合速率的主要因素。决策系数表明,锡林浩特草原区植物的蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度4个生理因子是净光合速率的主要决策变量,而环境参数中的空气温度和大气相对湿度,则成为净光合速率的限制性因素。影响草原植物净光合速率的因素有蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔导度和大气相对湿度。  相似文献   

9.
模拟酸雨对春小麦开花期叶片光合特性及产量的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本试验采用pH为1.5、2.5、3.5、4.5和5.6的模拟酸雨在春小麦开花期对其进行喷淋,测定不同pH模拟酸雨处理后春小麦叶片的光合参数与春小麦产量.研究结果表明:随着酸雨pH的下降,春小麦叶片净光合速率下降了24.20%~58.23%,气孔导度下降了35.90% ~ 58.37%,蒸腾速率下降了36.70% ~ 56.69%,胞间CO2浓度上升了73.26%~101.06%,叶绿素相对含量下降了1.96% ~ 15.99%,产量下降了12.54%~32.53%.酸雨对春小麦叶片光合特性的影响随酸雨的氢离子浓度增大而愈显著.酸雨pH与净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素相对含量及春小麦最终产量均呈极显著正相关,与胞间CO2浓度呈显著负相关.  相似文献   

10.
不同灌溉量梯度下胡杨和新疆杨苗期的抗旱性比较   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
在新疆和田地区墨玉县选取两年生的胡杨和新疆杨实生苗,栽植于苗圃进行不同灌溉水量的处理。不同处理下土壤的含水量分别为田间持水量的85%,70%,47%和24%。测定不同处理水平下胡杨和新疆杨在不同时刻的叶片水势,结果表明:胡杨和新疆杨的水势在一天中的变化趋势呈"V"字型,胡杨的水势日平均值高于新疆杨。利用Licor-6400便携式光合仪对两种杨树的净光合速率和蒸腾速率进行了测定,结果显示相同处理下胡杨的净光合速率和蒸腾速率的日平均值大于新疆杨,胡杨的瞬时水分利用效率高于新疆杨。此外,还测量了两种杨树的叶片的稳定碳同位素比率,结果显示胡杨的δ13C值显著大于新疆杨(p<0.05),表明它的长期水分利用效率较高。运用隶属函数综合各个指标的比较结果来看,胡杨的抗旱性强于新疆杨。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

13.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

14.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

15.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

16.
Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.  相似文献   

17.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

18.
Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.  相似文献   

19.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

20.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

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