水杨肟酸对致病疫霉生长及其对嘧菌酯敏感性的影响

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了离体条件下水杨肟酸对致病疫霉菌丝生长的影响,同时测定了添加水杨肟酸对致病疫霉在不同生长阶段对嘧菌酯敏感性的影响。结果表明:水杨肟酸在低浓度时对致病疫霉菌丝生长有一定的促进作用,但随其浓度升高,对病原菌的抑制作用逐渐增强,10μg/m L时,水杨肟酸对致病疫霉菌丝生长的抑制率小于10%,50μg/m L时,其平均抑制率大于70%。与单用嘧菌酯的处理相比,嘧菌酯中添加10μg/m L的水杨肟酸时,致病疫霉对嘧菌酯的敏感性不受水杨肟酸的影响,其抑制菌丝生长的平均EC50值分别为0.08和0.10μg/m L,抑制孢子囊萌发的平均EC50值分别为0.65和0.67μg/m L;同时,添加10μg/m L的水杨肟酸对孢子囊产量、游动孢子释放以及休止孢萌发均无显著影响;但嘧菌酯中添加50μg/m L的水杨肟酸时,除对致病疫霉菌丝生长无显著影响外,对其他各生长阶段均有显著影响。因此,在离体条件下测定致病疫霉对嘧菌酯的敏感性时,可不必添加水杨肟酸。     

旁路氧化与设施蔬菜灰葡萄孢霉菌菌丝生长对嘧菌酯敏感性的关系

首次研究分析了灰葡萄孢霉菌群体中旁路氧化与菌丝生长对嘧菌酯敏感性之间的关系。结果表明,旁路氧化酶的专化性抑制剂水杨肟酸(SHAM)对不同菌株菌丝生长的影响不同:50 μg /mL SHAM对采自浙江、江苏、山东三地的142株灰葡萄孢霉菌菌丝生长的抑制率在-29.03% ~48.33%之间,平均为10.49%。SHAM处理对嘧菌酯抑制菌丝生长的活性表现出明 显的协同增效作用:无SHAM时,嘧菌酯对上述群体菌丝生长的EC50(EC50Q)值在0.20~51.48 μg /mL 之间,平均为6.56 μg /mL;当SHAM浓度为50 μg /mL时,EC50 值在0.04~5.25 μg /mL 之间,平均为2.21 μg /mL。旁路氧化的相对贡献值F 最低为0.17,最高为24.40,平均为3.19。另外,少数在没有SHAM存在时对嘧菌酯表现"耐药性"的菌株在SHAM存在下对嘧菌酯也很敏感。     

草莓炭疽病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性及旁路氧化在胶孢炭疽菌对QoIs敏感性中的作用

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了草莓炭疽病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性,并分析了旁路氧化与胶孢炭疽菌对Qo Is类杀菌剂敏感性的关系。结果表明:无旁路氧化酶(alternative oxidase,AOX)专化性抑制剂水杨肟酸(SHAM)作用时,吡唑醚菌酯对采自浙江临安、建德、诸暨3地的65株草莓炭疽病菌菌丝生长的EC50(EC50Q)值在0.09~24.26μg/m L之间,平均为6.65μg/m L;当有50μg/m L的SHAM存在时,其EC50[EC50(Q+S)]值在0.06~48.98μg/m L之间,平均为10.58μg/m L。旁路氧化的相对贡献值F[F=EC50Q/EC50(Q+S)]最低为0.02,最高为11.17,平均为0.96,其中78.46%的菌株的F值1。进一步采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析了不同敏感性的草莓和葡萄炭疽病菌在吡唑醚菌酯处理下其AOX基因表达的时间动态。结果显示:吡唑醚菌酯处理能诱导AOX基因的表达,在处理后6~12 h内,各菌株AOX基因的表达水平均显著增强,但表达量的差异与菌株对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性之间无显著相关性。本研究表明,旁路氧化在不同病原菌中的情况是非常复杂的。     

嘧菌酯对油菜菌核病菌的抗菌活性及抗菌机制研究

测定了嘧菌酯对油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum菌丝生长、菌核产生和菌丝呼吸作用的影响。结果表明,嘧菌酯对油菜菌核病菌菌丝生长具有明显的抑制作用,且药剂处理浓度在1.0 μg/mL 时能显著抑制其菌核产量。旁路氧化酶专化抑制剂水杨肟酸(SHAM)对嘧菌酯的抗菌活性有显著的协同作用,协同增效系数达到3.27~14.13倍。药剂处理后48 h内,嘧菌酯抑制菌丝生长的剂量曲线与抑制菌丝呼吸的耗氧速率曲线趋势相似;48 h以后,单位质量菌丝耗氧速率上升,且高于空白对照,而菌丝的生长量并没有增加,表明菌丝体正常呼吸作用受嘧菌酯抑制48 h 后会发生耗氧增强的生理应急反应。水杨肟酸在嘧菌酯处理后1 h内对菌丝呼吸没有抑制作用,但在嘧菌酯处理1 h后对菌丝呼吸表现为抑制作用,表明油菜菌核病菌菌丝在以细胞色素为载体的呼吸链的电子传递受到嘧菌酯阻断后,可以诱导耗氧更高的旁路氧化途径。     

广东省辣椒疫霉菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性

从广东省各地采集了54个辣椒疫霉菌株,分别测定了菌丝生长和游动孢子囊形成对嘧菌酯的敏感性。结果表明,嘧菌酯对辣椒疫霉的菌丝生长具有很强的抑制作用,EC₅₀范围为0.1428～1.9509μg/mL,平均为0.9649μg/mL;对游动孢子囊形成的抑制作用更强,EC₅₀范围为0.0010～0.0844μg/mL平均为0.0239μg/mL。正态分析表明,辣椒疫病菌54个菌株菌丝生长对嘧菌酯的敏感性符合正态分布,而孢子萌发则在高浓度区具有拖尾现象,表明自然界中已存在个别具有一定耐药性的辣椒疫霉种群。     

氰烯菌酯对禾谷镰孢菌分生孢子萌发及菌丝生长的影响

氰烯菌酯(2-氰基-3-氨基-3-苯基丙烯酸乙酯,JS399-19) 是一种对禾谷镰孢菌Fusarium graminearum具有专化活性的新型杀菌剂。离体条件下,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了该药剂对禾谷镰孢菌抗性菌株和敏感菌株的生长抑制活性;同时采用孢子萌发法测定了其对禾谷镰孢菌分生孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,氰烯菌酯能够强烈地抑制禾谷镰孢菌敏感菌株菌丝的生长,EC50值分布在0.092~0.141 μg/mL之间;并可降低敏感菌株分生孢子的萌发速率,以及影响其萌发的方式,使芽管从分生孢子基部和中间细胞萌发的比率增加;同时氰烯菌酯使敏感菌株分生孢子膨大、畸形,并使其芽管肿胀、扭曲,明显抑制其芽管的伸长生长;但对抗性菌株的抑制作用和致畸作用不明显。     

辣椒炭疽病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性测定

 从江苏和海南省随机采集分离获得45个辣椒炭疽病菌单孢菌株,根据孢子形态鉴定其病原菌为Colletotrichum gloeosporioides和C.capsici,其中C.gloeosporioides占总菌株数的64.4%.筛选出甘油琼脂(AEA)培养基和水琼脂(WA)培养基,分别作为产孢法和孢子萌发法测定辣椒炭疽病菌对嘧菌酯敏感性的适宜培养基.通过孢子萌发法测定2种病原菌45个菌株对嘧菌酯的敏感性范围在0.009~0.091μg/mL之间,平均EC₅₀为(0.047±0.040)μg/mL.其中29个C.gloeosporioides菌株和16个C.capsici菌株的平均EC₅₀值分别为(0.051±0.047)μg/mL和(0.041±0.024)μg/mL.研究发现旁路氧化酶抑制剂水杨肟酸(SHAM)对嘧菌酯抑制分生孢子萌发有协同增效作用,且嘧菌酯抑制辣椒炭疽病菌菌丝生长的能力较弱.     

黄瓜霜霉病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感基线研究

从山东、河北、武汉等未使用过甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂(strobilurins)的地区采集19个黄瓜霜霉病菌 Pseudoperonospora cubensis 样本,采用叶盘漂浮法室内测定新药剂嘧菌酯(azoxystrobin)对该病菌的毒力,其EC50值范围为11.72×10-5~9.340×10-3 μg/mL。在19个菌系中选择最为敏感的河北定兴菌系进行重复测定,将其EC50平均值2.317×10-4 μg/mL 确定为黄瓜霜霉病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感基线。     

烯酰吗啉与嘧菌酯对辣椒疫霉病菌生物活性的比较

为了分析烯酰吗啉与嘧菌酯对辣椒疫霉病原菌不同发育阶段的敏感性,分别采用离体和活体试验方法比较了供试药剂对病原菌的生物活性。结果表明,烯酰吗啉对辣椒疫霉菌菌丝生长、孢子囊产生以及游动孢子释放具有强烈的抑制作用,EC50分别为0.68、0.21和4.92μg/mL,其活性分别是嘧菌酯的34.7、30.4和4.6倍。烯酰吗啉与嘧菌酯在浓度为12.5μg/mL时对菌丝体细胞膜的电导率无影响,但当烯酰吗啉和嘧菌酯的浓度分别为25μg/mL和50μg/mL时其电导率值明显上升。采用液相氧电极法,测定了三种典型抑制剂与供试药剂对菌丝体呼吸代谢的影响,结果显示,嘧菌酯作用于三羧酸循环(TCA)途径,而烯酰吗啉对三羧酸循环(TCA)途径和磷酸戊糖(HMP)途径有一定的影响。室内盆栽试验结果表明:在相同浓度下,烯酰吗啉与嘧菌酯对辣椒疫病均具有较好的保护效果,两者无显著差异;在辣椒植株接菌后24h采用800μg/mL的药液喷雾处理时,烯酰吗啉对辣椒疫病的防治效果为66%,优于嘧菌酯。     

海南辣椒炭疽病病原菌鉴定及其对嘧菌酯的敏感性分析

2015年3月调查了海南省海口、琼海、万宁、儋州等市(县)的辣椒炭疽病的发生与病情,对采集的样本分离出的7株纯菌株进行了致病性测定及形态学观察,通过生长速率法及孢子萌发抑制法分别测定嘧菌酯对辣椒炭疽病病原菌菌丝和孢子的影响。结果表明,菌株DM4-2和DZ1-3为黑点炭疽菌(Colletotrichum capsici),菌株NP3-9、NP5-3、DZ2-7、HN5-11和HN2-6均为胶胞炭疽菌(C.gloeosporioides)。各菌株对嘧菌酯的敏感性显示,相对于菌丝,其病菌孢子对嘧菌酯的敏感性更高;相对于胶胞炭疽菌,黑点炭疽菌菌株DM4-2和DZ1-3对嘧菌酯更为敏感。     

三种杀菌剂对牡丹黑斑病菌菌丝生长及分生孢子萌发的影响

为筛选防治牡丹黑斑病的化学药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法和涂布平板法分别测定了多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯对牡丹黑斑病菌菌丝生长的抑制活性及对分生孢子萌发和形成的影响。结果表明：苯醚甲环唑对菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,有效中浓度EC₅₀仅为0.30 μg/mL,其次为嘧菌酯6.34 μg/mL和多菌灵92.18 μg/mL;多菌灵可显著降低分生孢子的萌发速率,而苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯对孢子萌发的抑制作用较弱,可使分生孢子及芽管发生畸形,并改变分生孢子的萌发方式;3种药剂均可显著抑制芽管的伸长生长,推迟病菌分生孢子梗的形成时间,但对分生孢子的产生数量无显著影响。多菌灵可作为保护剂在病害发生前期使用,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯可在病害发生期轮换使用。     

Impact of alternative respiration and target-site mutations on responses of germinating conidia of Magnaporthe grisea to Qo-inhibiting fungicides

Qo-inhibiting fungicides act as respiration inhibitors by binding to the Qo center of cytochrome b. Sensitivities of fungi to Qo inhibitors can be influenced by the induction of alternative respiration or by mutational changes of the cytochrome b target site. Previous studies on both mechanisms in Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr were focused on the mycelial stage of the pathogen. The present study describes the expression and impact of both resistance mechanisms during the stage of conidia germination. In the absence of a host, alternative respiration provided a >500-fold rescue from azoxystrobin during the germination of conidia derived from four wild-type isolates of M. grisea. This rescue potential during conidia gemination was substantially more pronounced than for mycelial growth. However, the pronounced effectiveness of alternative respiration during conidia germination was not apparent when barley leaves were protected with azoxystrobin prior to inoculation with conidia. In a comparison of a wild-type strain and an alternative respiration-deficient mutant, azoxystrobin efficacies in suppressing symptom development differed by a factor of two, with full disease control achieved for both genotypes at 1 microg ml(-1) azoxystrobin. In contrast, conidia derived from two QoI-resistant target site mutants were highly resistant to azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin and fully capable of infecting leaf surfaces protected with 10 microg ml(-1) of azoxystrobin. Both target-site mutants had emerged spontaneously in the presence of high azoxystrobin doses when residual mycelial growth was supported by alternative respiration. The effective silencing of alternative respiration in protective applications of Qo-inhibiting fungicides might constitute a strategy of slowing the emergence of highly resistant target site mutants.     

三种杀菌剂对牡丹红斑病病菌分生孢子形成和萌发的影响

为筛选防治牡丹红斑病的杀菌剂,采用涂布平板法测定了多菌灵、戊唑醇、嘧菌酯对病菌分生孢子形成和萌发的影响。结果表明:3种杀菌剂对病菌孢子萌发均有很强的抑制作用,浓度越高,抑制作用越强,以嘧菌酯最强,1μg/mL浓度处理其孢子萌发率低于10%,5μg/mL处理孢子完全不能萌发;3种杀菌剂均可显著抑制病菌芽管的伸长生长,1μg/mL处理下孢子萌发24 h后芽管长度均不足10μm,5μg/mL处理对芽管伸长的抑制率达到90%;3种杀菌剂可使分生孢子及芽管发生畸形,多菌灵的致畸作用最强,0.1μg/mL处理即表现出明显的致畸作用,而戊唑醇致畸作用较弱;嘧菌酯和戊唑醇对病菌产孢结构形成和分生孢子产生数量有强烈的抑制作用,0.05μg/mL浓度下即完全不产孢,但多菌灵在0.05μg/mL浓度下则促进病菌产孢结构形成及产孢量增加。表明3种杀菌剂均可作为保护剂在病害发生前期喷施,但在流行期应尽量使用嘧菌酯和戊唑醇,以减少病菌再侵染数量。     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯对家蚕的生长发育毒性

为评价在桑园及周围农田使用10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂 (WG) 和250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂 (SC) 对家蚕的影响,采用浸叶法对2龄起家蚕连续喂食染毒桑叶,测定了2种药剂对家蚕的急性毒性及生长发育毒性。急性试验结果表明,10%苯醚甲环唑WG和250 g/L嘧菌酯SC对2龄起蚕的96 h-LC₅₀值分别为353.58和498.66 mg/L。生长发育毒性试验结果表明:10%苯醚甲环唑WG最高剂量 (200 mg/L) 和最低剂量 (50 mg/L) 组对2～4龄家蚕的发育历期均有显著影响,但随着龄期增长其影响逐渐减弱;250 g/L嘧菌酯SC可使家蚕幼虫发育历期明显延长,发育严重不齐,其最高剂量组 (250 mg/L) 试虫死亡率显著高于平均水平,不同龄期试虫的发育历期及眠蚕体重与对照组相比均差异显著,对个体生长发育水平影响明显,并出现了未结茧即化蛹的现象。虽然10%苯醚甲环唑WG和250 g/L嘧菌酯SC对家蚕均为低毒、低风险性,但其对家蚕的发育历期、眠蚕体重、繁殖力及其他主要经济学性状等指标均可产生不同程度的影响,因此,桑蚕养殖区在使用这2种杀菌剂时也应注意避免污染桑叶,以免给蚕业生产造成损失。     

Effects of radiation,especially ultraviolet B,on conidial germination and mycelial growth of grape powdery mildew

Conidia ofUncinula necator inoculated on vine leaf disks were exposed to different irradiation conditions during various combinations of irradiation periods. In controlled experiments at constant leaf temperature spore germination and mycelial growth were negatively affected by the UV B doses, irrespective of the exposition duration. In semi-controlled condition experiments, conidia were exposed to shaded, sunny and sunny without UV B radiation conditions. Shaded conditions were always more favourable to spore germination and mycelial growth than sunny conditions. Under two different ranges of temperature (20–24 and 26–31 °C for shaded conditions), the effect of radiation on germination and mycelial growth differed. Thus, the effect of radiation on spore germination and mycelial growth seems to be affected by temperature. In general, radiation effects increased as the number of exposition periods increased, indicating that both spore germination and mycelial growth were reduced, but not totally stopped by the different exposures. Germination was most affected by exposures applied just after inoculation, whereas mycelial growth was most affected by exposures applied one day after inoculation. These results indicate that radiation is an important factor to consider for a better understanding of the relationships between climate and grape powdery mildew epidemics.     

In vitro inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by mixtures of azoxystrobin, SHAM, and thiram

The necrotrophic fungal phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary has a broad host range and frequently causes destructive diseases. The extensive use of common fungicides to control these diseases has selected for resistance in populations of S. sclerotiorum. In this study, 105 isolates of S. sclerotiorum from different geographical regions in Jiangsu Province of China were characterized for baseline sensitivity to azoxystrobin, and the average EC₅₀ value was 0.2932 μg/mL for mycelial growth. Of the mixtures of the fungicides thiram and azoxystrobin that were tested using an in vitro mycelial growth assay, the 1:4 ratio provided the greatest inhibition of S. sclerotiorum. When tested against nine isolates, the 1:4 mixture resulted in a mean synergy ratio of 2.31, indicating synergistic inhibition. Mycelial respiration was inhibited for about 2 h by azoxystrobin alone but for 48 h by the mixture of thiram and azoxystrobin. Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM, a known inhibitor of alternative respiration) also increased the inhibition of mycelial growth and respiration caused by azoxystrobin. These results suggest the need for further study of effects of combinations of azoxystrobin with thiram or SHAM in planta to evaluate their potential for management of diseases caused by S. sclerotiorum.